The paper summarizes the current data on Neolithic Asbestos Ware at the southern periphery of its distribution – the Karelian Isthmus and the southern Ladoga area, northwestern Russia, to study communication networks within the territory of this phenomenon and to trace its southern border. Morphology and ornamentation of pottery with asbestos temper from 33 sites (including very recent discoveries) was analysed and compared with the characteristics of the defined Asbestos Ware types. All the main types of Neolithic Asbestos Ware defined on the territory of Finland – Early Asbestos Ware, Typical Combed Ware with asbestos, Kierikki, Pöljä – are presented in Karelian Isthmus including its southern part. Those territories were well connected with the “core” of the Asbestos Ware tradition in the Saimaa area from the beginning of its appearance. Asbestos Ware from the southern Ladoga shore sites resembles both western and eastern (Karelian) traditions, shows some common traits with Volosovo culture from the Upper Volga and ceramics from Modlona sites from Vologda region, but also has local peculiarities. Analysis of sites distribution shows that the southern boundary of spreading of the Late Neolithic Asbestos Ware follows that of the Early Asbestos Ware and the Late Sperrings (Ka1:2) Ware. Although many spatial and chronological differences in material culture, subsistence strategies and communication networks are visible within time and space frames of the Asbestos Ware phenomenon, it may be assumed that the use of the asbestos temper could be indicative of cultural relations that united certain territories.
{"title":"TRACING THE BOUNDARY: SOUTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE NEOLITHIC ASBESTOS WARE","authors":"T. Gusentsova, M. Kholkina","doi":"10.3176/arch.2019.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2019.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"The paper summarizes the current data on Neolithic Asbestos Ware at the southern periphery of its distribution – the Karelian Isthmus and the southern Ladoga area, northwestern Russia, to study communication networks within the territory of this phenomenon and to trace its southern border. Morphology and ornamentation of pottery with asbestos temper from 33 sites (including very recent discoveries) was analysed and compared with the characteristics of the defined Asbestos Ware types. All the main types of Neolithic Asbestos Ware defined on the territory of Finland – Early Asbestos Ware, Typical Combed Ware with asbestos, Kierikki, Pöljä – are presented in Karelian Isthmus including its southern part. Those territories were well connected with the “core” of the Asbestos Ware tradition in the Saimaa area from the beginning of its appearance. Asbestos Ware from the southern Ladoga shore sites resembles both western and eastern (Karelian) traditions, shows some common traits with Volosovo culture from the Upper Volga and ceramics from Modlona sites from Vologda region, but also has local peculiarities. Analysis of sites distribution shows that the southern boundary of spreading of the Late Neolithic Asbestos Ware follows that of the Early Asbestos Ware and the Late Sperrings (Ka1:2) Ware. Although many spatial and chronological differences in material culture, subsistence strategies and communication networks are visible within time and space frames of the Asbestos Ware phenomenon, it may be assumed that the use of the asbestos temper could be indicative of cultural relations that united certain territories.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83973765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the study was to characterize a group of Late Comb Ware (Ka III) from archeological sites on the Karelian Isthmus: its technology, morphology, chronology, distribution and origin. The Karelian Isthmus is probably the eastern periphery of the Uskela Ware area and a group of ceramics was found that fits most of the main criteria, proposed for the materials in Finland, but with some peculiar features. Uskela-like ceramics in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland is one of the earliest groups of porous ceramics, which coexisted with the Typical Comb Ware and has much in common with it and with the Eastern Swedish Pitted Ware. Due to rather limited area and chronology, for the north-western regions of Russia the existence of Uskela-like ceramics seems to be a rather local episode, while the main area of this ceramics is on the territory of modern Finland. Finally, such pottery on the Karelian Isthmus can probably serve as one of a few evidences of the influence on this area from the territories situated far to the west.
{"title":"A Group of Late Comb Ware from the Karelian Isthmus","authors":"M. Kholkina","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to characterize a group of Late Comb Ware (Ka III) from archeological sites on the Karelian Isthmus: its technology, morphology, chronology, distribution and origin. The Karelian Isthmus is probably the eastern periphery of the Uskela Ware area and a group of ceramics was found that fits most of the main criteria, proposed for the materials in Finland, but with some peculiar features. Uskela-like ceramics in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland is one of the earliest groups of porous ceramics, which coexisted with the Typical Comb Ware and has much in common with it and with the Eastern Swedish Pitted Ware. Due to rather limited area and chronology, for the north-western regions of Russia the existence of Uskela-like ceramics seems to be a rather local episode, while the main area of this ceramics is on the territory of modern Finland. Finally, such pottery on the Karelian Isthmus can probably serve as one of a few evidences of the influence on this area from the territories situated far to the west.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91132336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Middle Ages Perm Finns lived in the territory of the north and middle piedmont of the western Urals. Komi-Zyrians: Vanvizdino (IV–X c.) and Vym (XI–XIV c.) cultures. Komi-Permyaks: Lomovatovo, Nevolino and Polom (late IV–IX c.) as well as Rodanovo (X–XV c.) and Cheptsa (X–XIII c.) archaeological cultures. North-western contacts with Fennoscandian tribes and particularly Baltic Finns played a significant role in the history of Permians. One of the ways to trace the history of their contacts is Nevolino-type belt sets manufactured by Perm craftsmen. Their finding in Finland is a result of Perm merchants’ travelling. They dealt not only in furs but in goods of their own production as well. Long-term previous trade contacts between the Perm population and Central and South-Eastern Asia and well-developed economy laid the groundwork for contacts with western Finns: high-level crafts, hunting, trade skills and qualified people.
{"title":"On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII-VIII Centuries","authors":"E. Goldina, R. Goldina","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"In the Middle Ages Perm Finns lived in the territory of the north and middle piedmont of the western Urals. Komi-Zyrians: Vanvizdino (IV–X c.) and Vym (XI–XIV c.) cultures. Komi-Permyaks: Lomovatovo, Nevolino and Polom (late IV–IX c.) as well as Rodanovo (X–XV c.) and Cheptsa (X–XIII c.) archaeological cultures. North-western contacts with Fennoscandian tribes and particularly Baltic Finns played a significant role in the history of Permians. One of the ways to trace the history of their contacts is Nevolino-type belt sets manufactured by Perm craftsmen. Their finding in Finland is a result of Perm merchants’ travelling. They dealt not only in furs but in goods of their own production as well. Long-term previous trade contacts between the Perm population and Central and South-Eastern Asia and well-developed economy laid the groundwork for contacts with western Finns: high-level crafts, hunting, trade skills and qualified people.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80688901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most commonly archaeology is not recognized as a curriculum subject but may be introduced into history teaching, like in this case study in Estonia. In this article I present an analysis of how archaeology is presented in Estonian National Curriculum and high school (e-)textbooks and what kind of archaeology qualifications history teachers will get in the teacher training in the universities. The aim was to analyse the current situation and possibilities of archaeology teaching at Estonian high schools. Analysis of history and civic teacher training showed that they get the know-how how to teach but what to teach (including archaeology) remains problematic. Archaeology is presented in Estonian National Curriculum, but the prehistory learning goals should be redone concerning the methodological skills and knowledge of content and archaeology goals. It is not about the volume of archaeology, but how and what is taught. Archaeology can teach humanity, which is the most important learning outcome. (E-)textbook analysis indicated that not all textbooks are well equipped with archaeological data. The result of this study shows that archaeology is part of the Estonian history teaching at high school and the extent is good, but it should be taught in a more effective way.
{"title":"A Critical Look at Archaeology Teaching in Estonian High Schools","authors":"L. Vijand","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Most commonly archaeology is not recognized as a curriculum subject but may be introduced into history teaching, like in this case study in Estonia. In this article I present an analysis of how archaeology is presented in Estonian National Curriculum and high school (e-)textbooks and what kind of archaeology qualifications history teachers will get in the teacher training in the universities. The aim was to analyse the current situation and possibilities of archaeology teaching at Estonian high schools. Analysis of history and civic teacher training showed that they get the know-how how to teach but what to teach (including archaeology) remains problematic. Archaeology is presented in Estonian National Curriculum, but the prehistory learning goals should be redone concerning the methodological skills and knowledge of content and archaeology goals. It is not about the volume of archaeology, but how and what is taught. Archaeology can teach humanity, which is the most important learning outcome. (E-)textbook analysis indicated that not all textbooks are well equipped with archaeological data. The result of this study shows that archaeology is part of the Estonian history teaching at high school and the extent is good, but it should be taught in a more effective way.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88086558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Volga-Oka interfluve (Central Russia) Neolithic sites with Pit-Comb Ware were dated to the 3rd millennium BC by the majority of archeologists during the period of 1950–1970. With the appearance of radiocarbon dates for Lyalovo culture, characterized by pit-comb decorated pottery, in 1970, its chronology and periodization correcting was started. At the present time this culture is dated to the period from the end of the 5th till the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. At the beginning of the 21st century, the dating of organic matter in pottery began. The Middle Volga region (south-east area of European Russia) Pit-Comb Ware 14 C dates of organic substances within pottery matrix correspond with the dates, which were obtained by the samples from another material in Volga-Oka interfluve. These dates permit to date the Middle Volga region sites with this type of pottery to the first half of the 5th millennium BC and show that Pit-Comb Ware spread to this region quite quickly, but ended earlier than in staging area.
{"title":"CHRONOLOGY OF PIT-COMB WARE IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION (RUSSIA): [.Sup.14]C DATES OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES WITHIN POTTERY MATRIX","authors":"A. Vybornov, S. A. Kondratiev, I. G. Tolpygina","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The Volga-Oka interfluve (Central Russia) Neolithic sites with Pit-Comb Ware were dated to the 3rd millennium BC by the majority of archeologists during the period of 1950–1970. With the appearance of radiocarbon dates for Lyalovo culture, characterized by pit-comb decorated pottery, in 1970, its chronology and periodization correcting was started. At the present time this culture is dated to the period from the end of the 5th till the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. At the beginning of the 21st century, the dating of organic matter in pottery began. The Middle Volga region (south-east area of European Russia) Pit-Comb Ware 14 C dates of organic substances within pottery matrix correspond with the dates, which were obtained by the samples from another material in Volga-Oka interfluve. These dates permit to date the Middle Volga region sites with this type of pottery to the first half of the 5th millennium BC and show that Pit-Comb Ware spread to this region quite quickly, but ended earlier than in staging area.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74127629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Oras, A. Kriiska, Andres Kimber, K. Paavel, Taisi Juus
Kohtla sacrificial site is a unique deposit of Iron Age weapons and tools concealed in watery context, located in north-eastern Estonia. It was discovered by a metal detectorist in 2013 and thoroughly studied by archaeologists in 2013 and 2014. The two fieldwork seasons resulted in a collection of artefacts and their fragments from the total of at least 400 initial objects. As a result, the Kohtla find is the largest of its kind in Estonia and second largest in the eastern Baltic. AMS dates from the charcoal pieces relating to different layers of the deposit, wooden remains from the sockets of the weapons as well as artefact typochronology indicate that the formation of the deposit was a result of the long-term use of the site from around the turn of common era up to the Pre-Viking Age (550–800 AD), whilst the vast majority of objects seem to belong to the Roman Iron Age (50–450 AD). Here we present the detailed overview of this extraordinary archaeological discovery, describe its context and content, and set it into the broader picture of similar finds both in Estonia and in the wider circum-Baltic context.
{"title":"Kohtla-Vanakula Weapons and Tools Deposit: An Iron Age Sacrificial Site in North-East Estonia","authors":"E. Oras, A. Kriiska, Andres Kimber, K. Paavel, Taisi Juus","doi":"10.3176/arch.2018.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2018.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Kohtla sacrificial site is a unique deposit of Iron Age weapons and tools concealed in watery context, located in north-eastern Estonia. It was discovered by a metal detectorist in 2013 and thoroughly studied by archaeologists in 2013 and 2014. The two fieldwork seasons resulted in a collection of artefacts and their fragments from the total of at least 400 initial objects. As a result, the Kohtla find is the largest of its kind in Estonia and second largest in the eastern Baltic. AMS dates from the charcoal pieces relating to different layers of the deposit, wooden remains from the sockets of the weapons as well as artefact typochronology indicate that the formation of the deposit was a result of the long-term use of the site from around the turn of common era up to the Pre-Viking Age (550–800 AD), whilst the vast majority of objects seem to belong to the Roman Iron Age (50–450 AD). Here we present the detailed overview of this extraordinary archaeological discovery, describe its context and content, and set it into the broader picture of similar finds both in Estonia and in the wider circum-Baltic context.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81124833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the investigations of Kohtla-Vanaküla, 140 spearheads or fragments of spearhead blades were collected. All spearheads from Kohtla are socketed and have a pointed-ovalshaped blade, only four examples are rhomboid. Based on radiocarbon dates the Kohtla spearheads most likely date from the Roman Iron Age. Kunda and Alulinna wealth deposits from north-eastern Estonia contain spearhead assemblages most similar to the ones from Kohtla. The earliest finds of the main spearhead types found in Kohtla are known from Finnish Early Roman Iron Age contexts where this type prevails exclusively. The Finnish finds thus also correlate rather well with the dates obtained from Kohtla. The fact that Kohtla spearheads bear the greatest resemblance namely with finds from Virumaa province and coastal area of Finland indicates that they might come from these regions. However, the Kohtla spearheads are one of the earliest examples of such spearhead types in Estonia allowing to better refine the chronological distribution of this weapon type in the eastern Baltic. Additionally, we present the first metallographic analysis of a spearhead from this time period. The analysis shows that the spearhead was made out of homogeneous steel of good quality, whilst steel was used throughout the weapon and not only on the cutting edge. In comparison with the analysis of socketed axe from the same site, this might be seen as a testament to the higher status of weapons compared to tools.
{"title":"Spearheads from Kohtla-Vanakula Find: Refining Early Iron Age (500 Bc-Ad 550) Spearhead Typo-Chronology in the Eastern Baltic","authors":"A. Tvauri, E. Oras, R. Saage","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"During the investigations of Kohtla-Vanaküla, 140 spearheads or fragments of spearhead blades were collected. All spearheads from Kohtla are socketed and have a pointed-ovalshaped blade, only four examples are rhomboid. Based on radiocarbon dates the Kohtla spearheads most likely date from the Roman Iron Age. Kunda and Alulinna wealth deposits from north-eastern Estonia contain spearhead assemblages most similar to the ones from Kohtla. The earliest finds of the main spearhead types found in Kohtla are known from Finnish Early Roman Iron Age contexts where this type prevails exclusively. The Finnish finds thus also correlate rather well with the dates obtained from Kohtla. The fact that Kohtla spearheads bear the greatest resemblance namely with finds from Virumaa province and coastal area of Finland indicates that they might come from these regions. However, the Kohtla spearheads are one of the earliest examples of such spearhead types in Estonia allowing to better refine the chronological distribution of this weapon type in the eastern Baltic. Additionally, we present the first metallographic analysis of a spearhead from this time period. The analysis shows that the spearhead was made out of homogeneous steel of good quality, whilst steel was used throughout the weapon and not only on the cutting edge. In comparison with the analysis of socketed axe from the same site, this might be seen as a testament to the higher status of weapons compared to tools.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79172607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MANUFACTURE TECHNOLOGY OF SOCKETED IRON AXES","authors":"R. Saage, K. Kiilmann, A. Tvauri","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77659932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since domesticated plants moved from moderate Mediterranean climates in south-west Asia where their domestication took place to different latitudes and altitudes, these species have had to endure both genetic and morphotypical changes. Upon reaching the East Baltic, crops like wheat and barley were exposed to a different environment consisting of a continental climate with very distinct seasonal patterns, different soils, vernalization and photoperiod patterns that were crucial for plant development and growth. In this paper I take previously postulated ideas on the delay of agriculture in north-west Europe and the Alpine region of Eurasia to suggest that similar reasons could have been responsible for the delay of cereal cultivation in the eastern Baltic region. Here I argue that the slow introduction rate of cereal cultivation occurred not only due to human choice, as alternative wild resources were available, but due to the time it took for crops to adjust to environmental changes. In addition, the establishment of an ultimate crop species package was an important development that allowed better plant adaptation to novel environmental conditions and the reduction of crop failure. In this publication the term “geographical margin” is used not in the sense of climatic hostility and difficulties for human subsistence but rather from the perspective of plant species of south-west Asian origin.
{"title":"THE POSSIBLE GEOGRAPHIC MARGIN EFFECT ON THE DELAY OF AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION INTO THE EAST BALTIC","authors":"G. M. Matuzeviciute","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Since domesticated plants moved from moderate Mediterranean climates in south-west Asia where their domestication took place to different latitudes and altitudes, these species have had to endure both genetic and morphotypical changes. Upon reaching the East Baltic, crops like wheat and barley were exposed to a different environment consisting of a continental climate with very distinct seasonal patterns, different soils, vernalization and photoperiod patterns that were crucial for plant development and growth. In this paper I take previously postulated ideas on the delay of agriculture in north-west Europe and the Alpine region of Eurasia to suggest that similar reasons could have been responsible for the delay of cereal cultivation in the eastern Baltic region. Here I argue that the slow introduction rate of cereal cultivation occurred not only due to human choice, as alternative wild resources were available, but due to the time it took for crops to adjust to environmental changes. In addition, the establishment of an ultimate crop species package was an important development that allowed better plant adaptation to novel environmental conditions and the reduction of crop failure. In this publication the term “geographical margin” is used not in the sense of climatic hostility and difficulties for human subsistence but rather from the perspective of plant species of south-west Asian origin.","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84159799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kriiska, E. Oras, Triine Nirgi, Merrit Shanskiy, A. Heinsalu, Santeri Vanhanen, T. Luoto
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AT THE KOHTLA-VANAKÜLA IRON AGE SACRIFICIAL SITE, NORTH-EAST ESTONIA","authors":"A. Kriiska, E. Oras, Triine Nirgi, Merrit Shanskiy, A. Heinsalu, Santeri Vanhanen, T. Luoto","doi":"10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/ARCH.2018.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42767,"journal":{"name":"Estonian Journal of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88828193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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