Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.18
Alen Miletić
This investigation was conducted during the Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown period as a cause of closure of schools and higher education institutions. Learning dances, in which physical contact dominates, became extremely demanding and challenging at that time. The basic aim of this study was to analyse some metric characteristics of newly - constructed test for assessing the level of performance of samba and rumba steps learned in distance learning condition. The second aim was to determine differences by gender on the level of acquired skills in both samba and rumba. The sample of subjects consisted of 24 female and 15 male kinesiology students (aged 21-24). Three independent experts evaluated the performance of dances according to criteria described in newly-constructed tests. According to results obtained from the K-S test, the newly-constructed test showed satisfactory characteristics of sensitivity. Satisfactory values of Cronbach's alpha were determined (.95), and the overall variability of experts according to factorial analysis were explained 90%, showing thus good characteristics of objectivity and homogeneity. High correlation (.81) was established between evaluating samba and rumba dances on newly - constructed tests scale from 0 to 10, and evaluating samba and rumba on the Likert scale, commonly used in PE classes, presenting satisfactory validity of tests intended for evaluation of the level of performance of samba and rumba dances in distance learning conditions. According to the results of the T-test, significant differences in gender and performance of dance structures were obtained in the favour of female students. In conclusion, students can properly learn dances using the experimental distance learning method, and their dance skills can be correctly evaluated by the use of the newly-constructed tests.
{"title":"DISTANCE LEARNING IN DANCE SPORT DURING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK","authors":"Alen Miletić","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation was conducted during the Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown period as a cause of closure of schools and higher education institutions. Learning dances, in which physical contact dominates, became extremely demanding and challenging at that time. The basic aim of this study was to analyse some metric characteristics of newly - constructed test for assessing the level of performance of samba and rumba steps learned in distance learning condition. The second aim was to determine differences by gender on the level of acquired skills in both samba and rumba. The sample of subjects consisted of 24 female and 15 male kinesiology students (aged 21-24). Three independent experts evaluated the performance of dances according to criteria described in newly-constructed tests. According to results obtained from the K-S test, the newly-constructed test showed satisfactory characteristics of sensitivity. Satisfactory values of Cronbach's alpha were determined (.95), and the overall variability of experts according to factorial analysis were explained 90%, showing thus good characteristics of objectivity and homogeneity. High correlation (.81) was established between evaluating samba and rumba dances on newly - constructed tests scale from 0 to 10, and evaluating samba and rumba on the Likert scale, commonly used in PE classes, presenting satisfactory validity of tests intended for evaluation of the level of performance of samba and rumba dances in distance learning conditions. According to the results of the T-test, significant differences in gender and performance of dance structures were obtained in the favour of female students. In conclusion, students can properly learn dances using the experimental distance learning method, and their dance skills can be correctly evaluated by the use of the newly-constructed tests.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70785161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.11
V. Jakovljevic, G. Bošnjak, Goran Pašić, G. Tešanović
Somatotype reflects the overall appearance of the body and gives significance to its overall morphological status and may be significant for selection in sports activities and maybe may lead to avoiding mistakes for selection of potential athletes and rejecting of some children or incorrectly selecting. A puberty period of boys is characterized by changes of somatotype because of accelerated skeletal growth and increase of muscle mass what is directly connected with increasing the maximum oxygen supply and improving endurance in sports. Because the training for running on middle distances aim at improving aerobic energy systems can lead to increase endurance, this research was conducted to determine the effects of the training process for runners on the middle distances on the somatotype to obtain guidelines for selection in the youth age of the male population and to avoid possible errors in determining talent and directing into a wrong sports branch. The male subjects aged 16 years were divided into two groups - the experimental group consisted of 86 respondents and the control group of 82 respondents. After eight weeks of the training program, there were positive effects on values of variables VO2max and running on 1500m. The training process for runners on middle distances had positive effects on the somatotype of respondents and can be used to change the somatotype because the statistical analysis of the χ2 test showed a statistically significant difference between the initial and final state of somatotype distribution of the experimental group after the training process increased the percentage of respondents who have a talent for sport, then those who have predispositions for endurance sports and predispositions for sports.
{"title":"ROLL OF SOMATOTYPE IN SPORT SELECTION","authors":"V. Jakovljevic, G. Bošnjak, Goran Pašić, G. Tešanović","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Somatotype reflects the overall appearance of the body and gives significance to its overall morphological status and may be significant for selection in sports activities and maybe may lead to avoiding mistakes for selection of potential athletes and rejecting of some children or incorrectly selecting. A puberty period of boys is characterized by changes of somatotype because of accelerated skeletal growth and increase of muscle mass what is directly connected with increasing the maximum oxygen supply and improving endurance in sports. Because the training for running on middle distances aim at improving aerobic energy systems can lead to increase endurance, this research was conducted to determine the effects of the training process for runners on the middle distances on the somatotype to obtain guidelines for selection in the youth age of the male population and to avoid possible errors in determining talent and directing into a wrong sports branch. The male subjects aged 16 years were divided into two groups - the experimental group consisted of 86 respondents and the control group of 82 respondents. After eight weeks of the training program, there were positive effects on values of variables VO2max and running on 1500m. The training process for runners on middle distances had positive effects on the somatotype of respondents and can be used to change the somatotype because the statistical analysis of the χ2 test showed a statistically significant difference between the initial and final state of somatotype distribution of the experimental group after the training process increased the percentage of respondents who have a talent for sport, then those who have predispositions for endurance sports and predispositions for sports.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70784510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.16
D. Cular, M. Tomljanović, Alen Miletić, Matej Babic, D. Antonić, Igor Maretić, Ana Kezić
The European Handball Championship (EHC), along with the Olympic Games and the World Championships, is the largest sports event in handball. In everyday practice, there is a need for exact measuring of interest for some activity or sport in a particular geographical area. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the organization of the 2018 EHC on public interest in Handball in the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Keywords entered into an Internet search engine can be a useful resource for analyzing the public interest. For the purposes of this study we used the Google Trends network tool for detecting interests before, during and after the EHC. The results show that the greatest interest for handball was expressed in Varaždin county, whereas the 5 top cities were: Varaždin (100%), followed by Osijek (63%), Zagreb (61%), Split (55%), and Rijeka (52%). The presented results show that the organization of major sports events as the EHC affects the increase of interest, and in the analyzed case the interest during the EHC increased up to twenty times compared to the average values (3.14% max values) that occur during the analyzed period.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZING MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS ON PUBLIC INTEREST IN SPORT – EXAMPLE OF THE 2018 EUROPEAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIP ANALISED WITH GOOGLE TRENDS TOOL","authors":"D. Cular, M. Tomljanović, Alen Miletić, Matej Babic, D. Antonić, Igor Maretić, Ana Kezić","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"The European Handball Championship (EHC), along with the Olympic Games and the World Championships, is the largest sports event in handball. In everyday practice, there is a need for exact measuring of interest for some activity or sport in a particular geographical area. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the organization of the 2018 EHC on public interest in Handball in the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Keywords entered into an Internet search engine can be a useful resource for analyzing the public interest. For the purposes of this study we used the Google Trends network tool for detecting interests before, during and after the EHC. The results show that the greatest interest for handball was expressed in Varaždin county, whereas the 5 top cities were: Varaždin (100%), followed by Osijek (63%), Zagreb (61%), Split (55%), and Rijeka (52%). The presented results show that the organization of major sports events as the EHC affects the increase of interest, and in the analyzed case the interest during the EHC increased up to twenty times compared to the average values (3.14% max values) that occur during the analyzed period.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70785139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.3
Matej Babic, Ivan Macan, Tea Bešlija, Ana Kezić, M. Tomljanović, Luka Subašić, D. Cular
Success in sports depends on several factors. One of those factors is a psychological and physical advantage, or in other words psycho-physical maturity. Relative age effect (RAE) is one of the phenomenons which can give advantages or disadvantages in sports competitions. Because of this particular effect, many children and young people experience unfair competition conditions. The goal of this study was to detect the difference in RAE existence between genders in sports by analyzing research about RAE in sports, published between 2017 and 2021. Accordingly, scientific databases „Google Scholar", „Web of Science" and „Research Gate" were used for extraction of adequate scientific papers (n=16). Analyzed papers cover a total of 25 sports (14 individual and 11 team sports). Results of this research suggest the greatest impact of RAE among young males (<18 years old), RAE occurs in 81,81% of analyzed samples. The male sample is also affected by RAE, with 85,71% of occurrence among the overall male sample, and 42,86% among the sample composed of males only. There is no significant tendency among females only, while RAE occurs among half of the female samples. The majority of RAE-positive female samples belong to individual sports while the majority of male samples belong to absolute bodyweight sports. No significant differences were found between sports and among the sample of Olympic games competitors. Also, it can be stated that RAE depends on many factors and effects, which can be controlled to a greater extent. Future research should focus on the analysis of the existence of RAE between sports, especially boundaries between groups of sports and among Olympic competitors.
体育运动的成功取决于几个因素。其中一个因素是心理和生理上的优势，或者换句话说，心理和生理上的成熟。相对年龄效应(RAE)是影响体育竞赛优劣的现象之一。由于这种特殊的影响，许多儿童和年轻人经历了不公平的竞争环境。本研究的目的是通过分析2017年至2021年发表的关于体育运动中RAE的研究，来检测体育运动中RAE存在的性别差异。因此，我们使用科学数据库“谷歌Scholar”、“Web of Science”和“Research Gate”来提取足够的科学论文(n=16)。分析的论文涵盖了25个项目(14个个人项目和11个团体项目)。本研究结果表明，RAE对年轻男性(<18岁)的影响最大，RAE发生率为81.81%。男性样本也受到RAE的影响，在整个男性样本中发生率为85.71%，在仅由男性组成的样本中发生率为42.86%。仅在女性中没有明显的趋势，而RAE发生在一半的女性样本中。rae阳性的女性样本绝大多数属于个体运动，男性样本绝大多数属于绝对体重运动。在不同的运动项目之间以及奥运会参赛选手样本之间，没有发现显著的差异。也可以说，RAE取决于许多因素和影响，这些因素和影响在很大程度上是可以控制的。未来的研究应侧重于分析运动之间，特别是运动群体之间和奥运选手之间的边界是否存在RAE。
{"title":"RELATIVE AGE EFFECT AND GENDER DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN SPORT- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW","authors":"Matej Babic, Ivan Macan, Tea Bešlija, Ana Kezić, M. Tomljanović, Luka Subašić, D. Cular","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Success in sports depends on several factors. One of those factors is a psychological and physical advantage, or in other words psycho-physical maturity. Relative age effect (RAE) is one of the phenomenons which can give advantages or disadvantages in sports competitions. Because of this particular effect, many children and young people experience unfair competition conditions. The goal of this study was to detect the difference in RAE existence between genders in sports by analyzing research about RAE in sports, published between 2017 and 2021. Accordingly, scientific databases „Google Scholar\", „Web of Science\" and „Research Gate\" were used for extraction of adequate scientific papers (n=16). Analyzed papers cover a total of 25 sports (14 individual and 11 team sports). Results of this research suggest the greatest impact of RAE among young males (<18 years old), RAE occurs in 81,81% of analyzed samples. The male sample is also affected by RAE, with 85,71% of occurrence among the overall male sample, and 42,86% among the sample composed of males only. There is no significant tendency among females only, while RAE occurs among half of the female samples. The majority of RAE-positive female samples belong to individual sports while the majority of male samples belong to absolute bodyweight sports. No significant differences were found between sports and among the sample of Olympic games competitors. Also, it can be stated that RAE depends on many factors and effects, which can be controlled to a greater extent. Future research should focus on the analysis of the existence of RAE between sports, especially boundaries between groups of sports and among Olympic competitors.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70785320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.10
Anna Leś, R. Stupnicki, Ewa Kozdroń, K. Milde
Background Although population aging is a natural process, it poses many social, economic, and health challenges. It is important for older adults to maintain adequate functional fitness for as long as possible to live independently and autonomously. Presenting reference values of functional fitness on a continuous basis (rather than in 5-year periods as it is the case in the standards for SFT) is a better approach. It provides more insights into changes that occur in functional fitness. The aim of the study was to develop reference curves for fitness tests constituting the Senior Fitness Test for Polish women over 60 years of age who move independently. Methods The study examined 833 women aged over 60 years (m ± SD; 67.42 ± 6.88). The Senior Fitness Test, consisting of 6 fitness tests, was used to evaluate functional fitness. The entire set of data was sorted by the age of participants, numbered, and assorted into overlapping sets. Finally, 17 sets were obtained. The equations for means and standard deviations vs. age were computed for all sets of variables. Results Based on the results of the fitness tests and using appropriate equations, 6 percentile grids were developed for women over 60 years of age. Conclusion The percentile grids developed for individual SFT tests may be an important tool for assessing individual functional fitness in the population of Polish women over 60 years of age. The use of the percentile girds allows for changes in fitness levels over the years to be conveniently illustrated.
{"title":"SENIOR FITNESS TEST: REFERENCE CURVES FOR POLISH WOMEN OVER 60 YEARS OF AGE","authors":"Anna Leś, R. Stupnicki, Ewa Kozdroń, K. Milde","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background Although population aging is a natural process, it poses many social, economic, and health challenges. It is important for older adults to maintain adequate functional fitness for as long as possible to live independently and autonomously. Presenting reference values of functional fitness on a continuous basis (rather than in 5-year periods as it is the case in the standards for SFT) is a better approach. It provides more insights into changes that occur in functional fitness. The aim of the study was to develop reference curves for fitness tests constituting the Senior Fitness Test for Polish women over 60 years of age who move independently. Methods The study examined 833 women aged over 60 years (m ± SD; 67.42 ± 6.88). The Senior Fitness Test, consisting of 6 fitness tests, was used to evaluate functional fitness. The entire set of data was sorted by the age of participants, numbered, and assorted into overlapping sets. Finally, 17 sets were obtained. The equations for means and standard deviations vs. age were computed for all sets of variables. Results Based on the results of the fitness tests and using appropriate equations, 6 percentile grids were developed for women over 60 years of age. Conclusion The percentile grids developed for individual SFT tests may be an important tool for assessing individual functional fitness in the population of Polish women over 60 years of age. The use of the percentile girds allows for changes in fitness levels over the years to be conveniently illustrated.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70784423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.13
Alkan Uğurlu, M. Bilgiç
Relative age effect is a worldwide phenomenon referring to the subtle age-related (dis)advantages of athletes in the same age category, particularly in soccer and ice-hockey. Although well-established knowledge has been achieved to a certain extent, a need for further research is still valid considering different demands of each sport and possible differences in the course of time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the participation trends among elite figure skaters in the world regarding relative age effect, and to determine whether a decade has made a difference. The study sample was composed of 2313 figure skaters competing between 2009-10 and 2018-19 seasons. They were categorized into four quartiles according to their birth months. Total and season by season analyses were conducted to project any possible seasonal effect over a decade. Chi-square (χ²) goodness-of-fit tests were used to determine asymmetries in distributions, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were used to compare quartiles with each other. Effect sizes were calculated using Cramer’s V (V). The results differed for disciplines and genders. Relatively older male skaters in pairs discipline were significantly overrepresented (χ² = 8.528, p = 0.036, V = 0.11) and a trend favoring relatively younger skaters was determined in men’s singles discipline through the last three seasons. Season-based analyses revealed no relative age effect except for the last three seasons. In conclusion, disciplines of figure skating seem to have complex and different demands regarding relative age effect, and time seems to become a determinant for further studies.
相对年龄效应是一种世界范围内的现象，指的是同一年龄段的运动员，尤其是足球和冰球运动员，在年龄方面的微妙(dis)优势。虽然在一定程度上已经有了完善的认识，但考虑到每项运动的不同要求以及时间的推移可能存在的差异，还需要进一步的研究。本研究的目的是调查世界优秀花样滑冰运动员在相对年龄影响下的参与趋势，并确定十年是否会产生差异。研究样本由2009-10赛季和2018-19赛季的2313名花样滑冰运动员组成。他们根据出生月份被分为四个四分之一。进行了总体和逐季分析，以预测十年来任何可能的季节性影响。使用卡方(χ²)拟合优度检验来确定分布中的不对称性，并使用比值比(OR)和95%置信区间来相互比较四分位数。效应量是用克莱默V (V)来计算的。不同学科和性别的结果不同。在双人滑项目中，年龄相对较大的男子选手明显过多(χ²= 8.528,p = 0.036, V = 0.11)，在过去三个赛季中，男子单人滑项目中有偏向相对年轻选手的趋势。基于季节的分析显示，除了最近三个季节外，没有相对年龄的影响。综上所述，花样滑冰各学科对相对年龄效应的要求复杂多样，时间似乎成为进一步研究的决定因素。
{"title":"RELATIVE AGE EFFECT REVISITED WITH PARTICIPATION TRENDS IN FIGURE SKATING: DID A DECADE MAKE DIFFERENCE?","authors":"Alkan Uğurlu, M. Bilgiç","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Relative age effect is a worldwide phenomenon referring to the subtle age-related (dis)advantages of athletes in the same age category, particularly in soccer and ice-hockey. Although well-established knowledge has been achieved to a certain extent, a need for further research is still valid considering different demands of each sport and possible differences in the course of time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the participation trends among elite figure skaters in the world regarding relative age effect, and to determine whether a decade has made a difference. The study sample was composed of 2313 figure skaters competing between 2009-10 and 2018-19 seasons. They were categorized into four quartiles according to their birth months. Total and season by season analyses were conducted to project any possible seasonal effect over a decade. Chi-square (χ²) goodness-of-fit tests were used to determine asymmetries in distributions, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were used to compare quartiles with each other. Effect sizes were calculated using Cramer’s V (V). The results differed for disciplines and genders. Relatively older male skaters in pairs discipline were significantly overrepresented (χ² = 8.528, p = 0.036, V = 0.11) and a trend favoring relatively younger skaters was determined in men’s singles discipline through the last three seasons. Season-based analyses revealed no relative age effect except for the last three seasons. In conclusion, disciplines of figure skating seem to have complex and different demands regarding relative age effect, and time seems to become a determinant for further studies.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70784868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.7
J. Nadobnik, Aleksander Wiażewicz
This article presents selected results of the authors' research into the topic of strength ability of female competitive swimmers with the aim of optimising training to achieve the best possible results. Apart from a review of the literature on sports swimming, muscle strength analysis and the specificity of strength training in sports swimming, characteristic movements of the upper limbs observed during sports swimming are discussed and the results of previous research concerning the measurement of strength in female competitive swimmers are presented. The study group consisted of 12 female swimmers. Measurements were carried out twice. The first measurement took place in January 2014. After completing this series of measurements, the necessary changes were proposed. Measurement two took place in January 2015. Additionally, they had to be at least 14 years old. The subjects were included in the dietary catering. A high-protein and high-carbohydrate diet was used, tailored to the needs of each female athlete. The daily routine and lifestyle of the subjects consisted of two workouts (morning and afternoon). The lifestyle of the subjects and their nutrition can be considered comparable. To this end, laboratory measurements of biomechanical muscle properties were used, and land tests (static and dynamic), tethered swimming tests and isokinetic tests using state-of-the-art dynamometers were also conducted. The isokinetic arm measurement method should be used for the ongoing and periodic monitoring of female high level competitive swimmers. A specific annual strength training intervention is not sufficient to induce positive changes in arm muscle strength parameters in female competitive swimmers. General development, targeted and specific strength training of the arm muscles as well as compensatory and compensatory programmes tailored to the individual needs of high level competitive swimmers should be planned and applied to consistently eliminate possible deficiencies in strength parameters. Changes in some strength parameters of arm muscles over a yearly cycle had a positive effect on sports performance. Long-term, individualised programmes of improvement of specific strength parameters of arm muscles should be conducted to improve the performance of high-level sports swimmers.
{"title":"WOMEN’S SWIMMING – SELECTED METHODS FOR OPTIMISING COMPETITIVE TRAINING","authors":"J. Nadobnik, Aleksander Wiażewicz","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2022.16.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents selected results of the authors' research into the topic of strength ability of female competitive swimmers with the aim of optimising training to achieve the best possible results. Apart from a review of the literature on sports swimming, muscle strength analysis and the specificity of strength training in sports swimming, characteristic movements of the upper limbs observed during sports swimming are discussed and the results of previous research concerning the measurement of strength in female competitive swimmers are presented. The study group consisted of 12 female swimmers. Measurements were carried out twice. The first measurement took place in January 2014. After completing this series of measurements, the necessary changes were proposed. Measurement two took place in January 2015. Additionally, they had to be at least 14 years old. The subjects were included in the dietary catering. A high-protein and high-carbohydrate diet was used, tailored to the needs of each female athlete. The daily routine and lifestyle of the subjects consisted of two workouts (morning and afternoon). The lifestyle of the subjects and their nutrition can be considered comparable. To this end, laboratory measurements of biomechanical muscle properties were used, and land tests (static and dynamic), tethered swimming tests and isokinetic tests using state-of-the-art dynamometers were also conducted. The isokinetic arm measurement method should be used for the ongoing and periodic monitoring of female high level competitive swimmers. A specific annual strength training intervention is not sufficient to induce positive changes in arm muscle strength parameters in female competitive swimmers. General development, targeted and specific strength training of the arm muscles as well as compensatory and compensatory programmes tailored to the individual needs of high level competitive swimmers should be planned and applied to consistently eliminate possible deficiencies in strength parameters. Changes in some strength parameters of arm muscles over a yearly cycle had a positive effect on sports performance. Long-term, individualised programmes of improvement of specific strength parameters of arm muscles should be conducted to improve the performance of high-level sports swimmers.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70784894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-228476/V1
J. Depciuch, W. Czarny, W. Szuszkiewicz, A. Reich, B. Klębowski, Wojciech Bajorek, Artur Płonka, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, J. Cebulski, P. Król
Cortisol is a stress hormone plays a crucial role in the balance between phospholipids and lipids level. In consequence, it affects the secondary structure of proteins. Currently cortisol concentration in plasma is determined by biochemical analysis. A new, optical method to estimate stress level is proposed in this work. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine quantitative and qualitative changes in the lipids and proteins fraction in function of cortisol concentration in 49 samples of plasma collected from volleyball players at various stages of preparation for the competition. With the cortisol level increase, a decrease of structures related to PO2- phospholipids groups and amides III, II and I bonds was noticed in the transmission spectra. Changes in the secondary structure of protein were indicated as a frequency shift of α-helix and β-sheet vibrations observed in Raman spectra and second derivative of transmission spectra. Pearson correlation test presented positive correlations between phospholipids and proteins level and between cortisol concentration and phospholipids in transmittance spectra. Negative correlations between cortisol concentration and proteins and phospholipids level was observed in the Raman spectra. Both optical techniques are considered to become effective tools for estimating the concentration of cortisol in the plasma.
{"title":"Effect of High Blood Cortisol Concentration on the Spectroscopically Determined Secondary Structure of Proteins and Lipid Balance on the Example of Elite Women Volleyball Players","authors":"J. Depciuch, W. Czarny, W. Szuszkiewicz, A. Reich, B. Klębowski, Wojciech Bajorek, Artur Płonka, I. Łuszczewska-Sierakowska, J. Cebulski, P. Król","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-228476/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-228476/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cortisol is a stress hormone plays a crucial role in the balance between phospholipids and lipids level. In consequence, it affects the secondary structure of proteins. Currently cortisol concentration in plasma is determined by biochemical analysis. A new, optical method to estimate stress level is proposed in this work. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine quantitative and qualitative changes in the lipids and proteins fraction in function of cortisol concentration in 49 samples of plasma collected from volleyball players at various stages of preparation for the competition. With the cortisol level increase, a decrease of structures related to PO2- phospholipids groups and amides III, II and I bonds was noticed in the transmission spectra. Changes in the secondary structure of protein were indicated as a frequency shift of α-helix and β-sheet vibrations observed in Raman spectra and second derivative of transmission spectra. Pearson correlation test presented positive correlations between phospholipids and proteins level and between cortisol concentration and phospholipids in transmittance spectra. Negative correlations between cortisol concentration and proteins and phospholipids level was observed in the Raman spectra. Both optical techniques are considered to become effective tools for estimating the concentration of cortisol in the plasma.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47390158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.1
M. Piątkowska, E. Biernat
The study aims to analyses the prevalence of the Polish adult population in cycling in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics. This can make an important contribution to the dissemination of this environmentally, socially and economically sustainable form of physical activity, and in building national recommendations. The study was based on the representative data from the Ministry of Sport and Tourism of the Republic of Poland from five large-scale surveys in years 2014-2018. The sample comprised 7,347 Poles aged 15-69. In each survey long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used. The independence tests and non-parametric test were applied to search for statistically significant difference between the studied variables. In order to capture relationships between commuter cycling prevalence and a set of explanatory variables, a predictive model was built. The prevalence of the Polish adult population in commuting by bicycle systematically increases (in 2014 ̶ 16.3%; in 2015 ̶ 17.4%; in 2016 – 21.5%; in 2017 ̶ 19.9%; in 2018 ̶ 29.8%). The average energy expenditure of this effort is also increasing. Poles most often cycle 1-3 times a week (17.7% once a week; 23% ̶ twice a week; 18.2% ̶ 3 times a week). There are no statistical differences in this regard, neither by the number of cycling days nor by the gender. Hierarchically, the most important factor in determining whether someone does or does not commute by bike, is age. People who are the most probable to cycle are those aged 15-29 (30%), and among them, people living in villages (35%), with primary education (42.6%). In the 30-59 age group, 20.6% are active. They are usually from the countryside (24.3%), mostly women (27%). Among people aged 60 or more, 14.2% cycle. Most often they are men (17.3%). National recommendations should be developed for individual age groups. Educational and motivational programs (scope depending on age), practical classes increasing the self-confidence of bicycle traffic participants and activities improving the bicycle infrastructure (including the implementation of intermodal transport) are necessary.
{"title":"RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUTER CYCLING PREVALENCE IN POLAND AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS","authors":"M. Piątkowska, E. Biernat","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to analyses the prevalence of the Polish adult population in cycling in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics. This can make an important contribution to the dissemination of this environmentally, socially and economically sustainable form of physical activity, and in building national recommendations. The study was based on the representative data from the Ministry of Sport and Tourism of the Republic of Poland from five large-scale surveys in years 2014-2018. The sample comprised 7,347 Poles aged 15-69. In each survey long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used. The independence tests and non-parametric test were applied to search for statistically significant difference between the studied variables. In order to capture relationships between commuter cycling prevalence and a set of explanatory variables, a predictive model was built. The prevalence of the Polish adult population in commuting by bicycle systematically increases (in 2014 ̶ 16.3%; in 2015 ̶ 17.4%; in 2016 – 21.5%; in 2017 ̶ 19.9%; in 2018 ̶ 29.8%). The average energy expenditure of this effort is also increasing. Poles most often cycle 1-3 times a week (17.7% once a week; 23% ̶ twice a week; 18.2% ̶ 3 times a week). There are no statistical differences in this regard, neither by the number of cycling days nor by the gender. Hierarchically, the most important factor in determining whether someone does or does not commute by bike, is age. People who are the most probable to cycle are those aged 15-29 (30%), and among them, people living in villages (35%), with primary education (42.6%). In the 30-59 age group, 20.6% are active. They are usually from the countryside (24.3%), mostly women (27%). Among people aged 60 or more, 14.2% cycle. Most often they are men (17.3%). National recommendations should be developed for individual age groups. Educational and motivational programs (scope depending on age), practical classes increasing the self-confidence of bicycle traffic participants and activities improving the bicycle infrastructure (including the implementation of intermodal transport) are necessary.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70782936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.11
K. Kotarska, Małgorzata Paczyńska-Jędrycka, Katarzyna Sygit, Marian Sygit, M. Nowak
The health of a society is conditioned by healthy lifestyle choices. A significant role in shaping health-related behaviour is played by university students, who should be leaders in the scope of health in the future. Our aim was to determine the intensity of physical activities and their relation with the intensity of health-related behaviours of university students of selected majors. Our research covered 372 students of physical education (292) and social sciences (108) from Poznań and Szczecin. We applied Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ) and Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI). The relations between the level of physical activity (PA) and the health behaviour of the students were determined by intra-group correlations (r). The value of p<0.05 was adopted as statistically significant. Physical education (PE) and public health (PH) students showed higher levels of PA and health behaviour as compared to the students of social sciences (SS). The total activity metabolic index (AMI) indicated a lower level of PA among women, regardless of major. PA [4; 6) MET of tourism and recreation (T&R) students was highly and positively correlated with preventive behaviours (PB) (r=0.69). PA <4 MET of female T&R students and male PE students positively correlated with correct eating habits (CEH). We found negative correlations between PA ≥6 MET of female PE students and male PH students [4-6) and ≥6 MET and health practices (HP), as well as PA [4-6 MET) of male PE students and positive mental attitude (PMA). Positive and negative correlations between free-time physical activity and health-related behaviours indicate the need for regular physical and health education of students. Physical activity, correct eating habits and preventive behaviour of students will increase their chances of promoting a healthy lifestyle in society.
{"title":"THE INTENSITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOUR OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF SELECTED MAJORS","authors":"K. Kotarska, Małgorzata Paczyńska-Jędrycka, Katarzyna Sygit, Marian Sygit, M. Nowak","doi":"10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The health of a society is conditioned by healthy lifestyle choices. A significant role in shaping health-related behaviour is played by university students, who should be leaders in the scope of health in the future. Our aim was to determine the intensity of physical activities and their relation with the intensity of health-related behaviours of university students of selected majors. Our research covered 372 students of physical education (292) and social sciences (108) from Poznań and Szczecin. We applied Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (MLTPAQ) and Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI). The relations between the level of physical activity (PA) and the health behaviour of the students were determined by intra-group correlations (r). The value of p<0.05 was adopted as statistically significant. Physical education (PE) and public health (PH) students showed higher levels of PA and health behaviour as compared to the students of social sciences (SS). The total activity metabolic index (AMI) indicated a lower level of PA among women, regardless of major. PA [4; 6) MET of tourism and recreation (T&R) students was highly and positively correlated with preventive behaviours (PB) (r=0.69). PA <4 MET of female T&R students and male PE students positively correlated with correct eating habits (CEH). We found negative correlations between PA ≥6 MET of female PE students and male PH students [4-6) and ≥6 MET and health practices (HP), as well as PA [4-6 MET) of male PE students and positive mental attitude (PMA). Positive and negative correlations between free-time physical activity and health-related behaviours indicate the need for regular physical and health education of students. Physical activity, correct eating habits and preventive behaviour of students will increase their chances of promoting a healthy lifestyle in society.","PeriodicalId":42772,"journal":{"name":"Acta Kinesiologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70783073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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