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The Effect of the Members’ Religious Activity and the Church’s Clergy on Church Growth by the Example of Estonian Protestant Churches 以爱沙尼亚新教教会为例:成员的宗教活动和教会神职人员对教会发展的影响
IF 0.8 N/A RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240008
Ago Lilleorg, Rein Murakas

The article aims to examine religious activity in Christian churches. In order to achieve this goal, religious activity is defined through religious practices such as church attendance, prayer, and Bible reading. The data used in the article are taken from a survey of growing churches (hereafter referred to as KK2020, n=350), in which nine Estonian growing churches participated. The main comparative base is the sociological survey on religion “On Life, Faith and Religious Life” (EUU2020, n=1000), conducted in Estonia. As a result of the analysis, the article presents an overview of religious activity indicators for growing churches, ordinary churches, and the adult Estonian population and compares growing churches of different denominations. Based on the results, it can be hypothesized that religious activity of church members and minister has positive influence on church growth.

本文旨在研究基督教会中的宗教活动。为了实现这一目标,宗教活动是通过参加教堂活动、祷告和阅读《圣经》等宗教实践来定义的。文章中使用的数据来自一项成长型教会调查(以下简称 KK2020,n=350),爱沙尼亚有九个成长型教会参与了这项调查。主要的比较基础是在爱沙尼亚进行的宗教社会学调查 "关于生活、信仰和宗教生活"(EUU2020,n=1000)。作为分析结果,文章概述了成长型教会、普通教会和爱沙尼亚成年人口的宗教活动指标,并比较了不同教派的成长型教会。根据分析结果,可以假设教会成员和牧师的宗教活动对教会的成长有积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
Chaplains Forming a Meaningful Relationship with Older People With Dementia – Insights to Pastoral Care in Nursing Home Settings 牧师与老年痴呆症患者建立有意义的关系--对养老院牧灵关怀的启示
IF 0.8 N/A RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240009
Suvi-Maria Saarelainen, Auli Vähäkangas, Jari Pirhonen

This article investigates the formation of meaningful pastoral care relationships by chaplains with older people with dementia in nursing homes. The study responds to the recently highlighted need for theological exploration of wellbeing by providing a theological analysis of how a meaningful pastoral care relationship is formed from chaplains’ perspectives. The study employs thematic analysis of ten interviews to uncover core themes. These include the embodied aspects of pastoral care, which highlight the non-verbal dimensions of pastoral care; emotional support, emphasizing the chaplains’ role in providing comfort and empathy; interpersonal relations, detailing the dynamics between chaplains, older people with severe dementia, and the care environment; and supporting the personal relationship with God, underscoring the individual’s religious and spiritual connections. This research contributes to understanding how theological considerations inform pastoral care practices, offering insights into the nuanced religious and spiritual needs of older adults with dementia within a nursing home setting.

这篇文章调查了牧师与养老院中患有痴呆症的老年人建立有意义的牧养关怀关系的情况。该研究从神学角度分析了如何从牧师的角度形成有意义的牧养关怀关系,从而回应了最近强调的对福祉进行神学探索的需求。本研究对十个访谈进行了主题分析,以揭示核心主题。这些主题包括:教牧关怀的具体表现,突出了教牧关怀的非语言层面;情感支持,强调了牧师在提供安慰和同情方面的作用;人际关系,详细描述了牧师、患有严重痴呆症的老年人和护理环境之间的动态关系;以及支持个人与上帝的关系,强调了个人的宗教和精神联系。这项研究有助于了解神学因素如何影响牧灵关怀实践,为了解养老院环境中患有痴呆症的老年人在宗教和灵性方面的细微需求提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Theology on Disaffiliation, Disengagement, and Disbelief 神学对不认同、不参与和不信仰的影响
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240007
Christopher D. Raymond
While the reasons for the differences in the growth rates of conservative and liberal churches are well studied, one important potential reason for this difference has received little attention. The argument that liberal theology undermines the basis of belief implies that those with liberal theological views may be more likely to lose faith and disaffiliate than those holding conservative theologies that reinforce adherents’ religious faith and practice. Using a nationally representative panel survey of the American public, the analysis performed here shows that those with liberal theologies were significantly more likely to disaffiliate from Christianity, attend church less often, and cease believing in God between the two waves of the survey than those with more conservative theologies. On the basis of these findings, more attention should be given to the role that theology may play in understanding patterns of secularization.
虽然对保守派教会和自由派教会增长率差异的原因研究得很透彻,但造成这种差异的一个重要潜在原因却很少受到关注。自由派神学破坏信仰基础的论点意味着,持自由派神学观点的人可能比持保守派神学观点的人更容易失去信仰和脱离教会,而保守派神学观点会强化信徒的宗教信仰和实践。本文通过对一项具有全国代表性的美国公众小组调查进行分析,结果表明,在两次调查之间,持有自由主义神学观点的人与持有保守主义神学观点的人相比,更有可能脱离基督教、更少去教堂和不再信仰上帝。基于这些发现,我们应该更多地关注神学在理解世俗化模式方面可能发挥的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Reformatorian Youth in the Netherlands: Religiosity and Personality Traits 荷兰的改革派青年:宗教信仰与人格特质
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240005
Ria De Bruin, Joseph Pieper, Marinus Van Uden

In this article, the relationship between Dutch Reformatorian youth’ religious characteristics and their personality traits (measured with the Big Five) is at the centre. It is based on research in which 1568 Reformatorian youth participated, who had enrolled as first-year students in a Reformatorian Vocational Training College. These prospective students have filled in a standard assessment questionnaire, which included the Big Five personality questionnaire; to this, the researchers had added an extra questionnaire regarding their religious characteristics. The conclusions from this study are that among these students a limited number of indications was found for a relationship between religious characteristics and the Big Five personality traits (FFM). By and large, moderate, positive relationships were shown between variables of the Religion List and the personality traits of openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness, whereas there were no relationships between religious variables and emotional stability and small relationships between religious variables and extraversion. Rather than orthodox religious views, it was the salience of faith (being intrinsically religious and using religion as a coping strategy) that showed relationships with the personality traits.

本文以荷兰改革派青年的宗教特征与他们的人格特质(用大五项测量)之间的关系为中心。这项研究基于 1568 名改革派青年的参与,他们都是改革派职业培训学院的一年级新生。这些未来的学生填写了一份标准的评估问卷,其中包括大五人格问卷;除此之外,研究人员还增加了一份有关其宗教特征的额外问卷。本研究的结论是,在这些学生中,发现了宗教特征与大五人格特质(FFM)之间关系的有限迹象。总体而言,宗教列表变量与开放性、自觉性和合意性人格特质之间存在适度的正相关关系,而宗教变量与情绪稳定性之间没有关系,宗教变量与外向性之间关系较小。与其说是正统的宗教观点,不如说是信仰的显著性(内在的宗教信仰以及将宗教作为一种应对策略)与人格特质之间存在关系。
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引用次数: 0
Confirmation – a Space for Human and Divine Action. Traditional Ritual in the Process of Changes in Secular Czechia 坚振--人类与神的行动空间。世俗捷克变革进程中的传统仪式
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240006
Tabita Landová
Work with confirmands and the concept of confirmation have undergone a number of changes in recent decades. This study explores the changes that have taken place in the largest Protestant church in Czechia, the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren. With the help of empirical research, it attempts to trace general trends and confronts them with the proposal of a new confirmation liturgy of the ECCB (2023), current theories of confirmation, and the results of European research on confirmation. It concludes by showing the difficulties inherent in trying to reduce confirmation to one core meaning, and recommends that a balance is sought between the subjective and objective as well as theological and anthropological dimensions. Confirmation is both an opportunity to accompany adolescents with intercession and blessing on the journey of faith that began with baptism, and a space where they can respond to it and assume their own religious responsibility.
近几十年来,受坚信礼者的工作和坚信礼的概念经历了一系列变化。本研究探讨了捷克最大的新教教会--捷克弟兄福音教会所发生的变化。在实证研究的帮助下,它试图追溯总体趋势,并将其与捷克基督教会新坚信礼(2023 年)的建议、当前的坚信礼理论以及欧洲坚信礼研究的结果相比较。文章最后指出,试图将坚信礼简化为一个核心意义是困难的,并建议在主观与客观、神学与人类学之间寻求平衡。坚信礼既是在洗礼开始的信仰之旅中陪伴青少年、为他们祈祷和祝福的机会,也是他们对洗礼做出回应、承担自己宗教责任的空间。
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引用次数: 0
Purpose in Life: a Comparison between Communities of the Non-religious and the Religious 人生目标:非宗教团体与宗教团体的比较
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240003
Mandy Robbins, Gareth Longden
Research has demonstrated that people of faith often report higher levels of purpose in life than the general population. It has been suggested this may be because they hold a meaningful world view rather than as a consequence of faith. It can be argued that humanists, like people of faith, also hold a meaningful world view, albeit one that is based upon a philosophy of naturalism. This article compares a sample of 1,042 members of Humanists UK with population norms, and a sample of religious groups, using the Purpose in Life Test to assess their reported levels of purpose in life. The data demonstrate that humanists record higher levels of purpose in life than the general population.
研究表明,有信仰的人往往比普通人更有人生目标。有人认为,这可能是因为他们持有有意义的世界观,而不是信仰的结果。可以说,人文主义者与信仰者一样,也持有一种有意义的世界观,尽管这种世界观是建立在自然主义哲学的基础之上的。本文将英国人文主义者协会的 1042 名成员样本与人口标准样本和宗教团体样本进行比较,使用 "生活目的测试 "来评估他们报告的生活目的水平。数据显示,人文主义者的生活目标水平高于一般人群。
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引用次数: 0
Inspiring Change in Catholic Religious Education 激励天主教宗教教育变革
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240002
Jeroen Hendrickx
The task of Bible teaching in Catholic religious education (RE) is to bring the world of the Bible and that of the contemporary reader into dialogue. This is not an easy task. After all, the (postmodern) processes of detraditionalisation and pluralisation have greatly widened the gap between the Bible and today’s culture. To meet this challenge, the hermeneutic-communicative model of Catholic RE in Flanders promotes an approach to Bible teaching that is both experiential, multidirectional, and communicative. However, Flemish Catholic RE teachers indicate that they often find it difficult to apply and implement this in their actual classroom practice. As part of a larger appreciative inquiry project with nine Catholic RE teachers in Flemish secondary education, this contribution focusses on the question of what teachers need to develop the necessary ownership, confidence, skill, and experience to strengthen their Bible teaching. Based on an analysis of RE teacher’s self-reflection and self-assessment reports, several factors or elements were identified that seem important to facilitate transfer to practice.
天主教宗教教育(RE)中圣经教学的任务是让圣经世界与当代读者的世界进行对话。这并非易事。毕竟,(后现代)非传统化和多元化的进程大大拉大了圣经与当今文化之间的差距。为了应对这一挑战,佛兰德天主教 RE 的诠释-交流模式提倡一种体验式、多向式和交流式的圣经教学方法。然而,佛兰德天主教 RE 教师表示,他们经常发现很难在实际课堂实践中应用和实施这种方法。作为与弗拉芒中学教育中的九位天主教 RE 教师共同开展的大型鉴赏性探究项目的一部分,本文重点探讨了教师需要什么来发展必要的自主性、信心、技能和经验,以加强他们的圣经教学。根据对 RE 教师的自我反思和自我评估报告的分析,我们确定了一些因素或要素,这些因素或要素对于促进向实践的转化似乎非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Breathing for Life and Talking to God: Spiritual Contemplations of Muslim Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic 呼吸生命,与真主对话:穆斯林患者在 COVID-19 大流行期间的精神思考
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20240001
Naveed Baig

As research on religion and spirituality at healthcare institutions gains momentum, there is still scarce knowledge pertaining to Muslim patients’ spirituality living in the West. In this article, I present and discuss the results from my qualitative study of 12 Muslim patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at Danish hospitals.

Based on the empirical data, using thematic analysis, the major emergent theme ‘meaning-making’ is subjected to investigation. This is done by bringing relevant Islamic theological terms into the conversation. The aim of this study is to understand how critically ill Muslim patients relate to religion and spirituality in their meaning-making processes.

I argue that there is both a theocentric and anthropocentric worldview prevalent amongst Muslim patients in the meaning-making process and what glues the two worldviews together is a ‘relational spirituality’.

随着医疗机构对宗教和灵性的研究日益增多,有关生活在西方的穆斯林患者灵性的知识仍然很少。在本文中,我介绍并讨论了我对丹麦医院诊断为 COVID-19 的 12 名穆斯林患者进行定性研究的结果。通过将相关的伊斯兰神学术语引入对话中来实现这一目的。本研究的目的是了解重症穆斯林患者在意义建构过程中如何将宗教和灵性联系起来。我认为,在意义建构过程中,穆斯林患者普遍存在以神学为中心和以人类为中心的世界观,而将这两种世界观结合在一起的是 "关系灵性"。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring the Academic Aspects of Religious Literacy of Estonian Basic School Graduates 衡量爱沙尼亚基础学校毕业生宗教素养的学术方面
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20231157
Aleksandra Sooniste
This paper reports on two domains of a survey to map the religious literacy of Estonian basic school graduates undertaken in 2022 to understand how well the respondents distinguish religion as a discursive category and how much they know about basic concepts of world religions and the Estonian religious landscape. The sample consisted of 392 respondents from schools all over Estonia, both from large urban and small rural schools. The survey was conducted with an original instrument designed according to the Estonian religious landscape, the content of the National Curriculum for basic schools, the educational model of religious literacy according to Francis and Dinham, and the characterization of religious literacy by Moore, Prothero, Francis and Dinham. The results reflect the reality of the Estonian situation. Being one of the least religious countries in the world and with almost no education about religions and worldviews in public education, the students do not have enough competencies in the examined areas to operate well in a religiously diverse world.
本文报告了 2022 年爱沙尼亚基础学校毕业生宗教素养调查的两个领域,目的是了解受访者对宗教作为一种话语类别的区分程度,以及他们对世界宗教基本概念和爱沙尼亚宗教景观的了解程度。样本包括来自爱沙尼亚各地学校的 392 名受访者,既有来自大型城市学校的,也有来自小型农村学校的。调查使用的是根据爱沙尼亚宗教景观、国家基础学校课程内容、Francis 和 Dinham 提出的宗教素养教育模式以及 Moore、Prothero、Francis 和 Dinham 对宗教素养的描述设计的原创工具。结果反映了爱沙尼亚的现实情况。爱沙尼亚是世界上宗教信仰最少的国家之一,在公共教育中几乎没有关于宗教和世界观的教育,因此,学生在所研究的领域没有足够的能力在一个宗教多元化的世界中很好地开展活动。
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引用次数: 0
Allah, God, YHWH, Gott*: Language-Aware Perspectives on References to God in Religious and Worldview Education. A Comparative Study of Finnish and German School Textbooks 安拉、上帝、YHWH、戈特*:关于宗教和世界观教育中提及上帝的语言意识视角。芬兰和德国学校教科书比较研究
IF 0.8 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1163/15709256-20231155
Niina Putkonen, Lena Tacke
Language awareness is part of religious and worldview education. In this study, we understand religious and worldview education as language-sensitive and argue that it is necessary to investigate the perspectives on religious language in language-aware school pedagogy. In our view, religious language can be an identity marker which navigates and reflects one’s position. We analysed the language used in Finnish and German secondary school textbooks for the Lutheran religion, the Roman Catholic religion and for Islam as well as for the subject culture, worldview and ethics (Finland) and practical philosophy (Germany). Using discourse analysis, we examined the representations of God in the textbooks’ chapters about Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are characterized as monotheistic religions. According to the findings in this study, representations of God in the textbooks refer to the self-understanding of the studied religion in RE. This study also shows that the use of the name of God in textbooks illustrates similarities and differences in Abrahamic religions. We argue that inter-worldview learning in the context of religious and worldview education enables participation, dialogue and encounter, and that language awareness is part of inter-worldview learning.
语言意识是宗教和世界观教育的一部分。在本研究中,我们将宗教和世界观教育理解为对语言敏感的教育,并认为有必要对具有语言意识的学校教学法中的宗教语言视角进行研究。我们认为,宗教语言可以成为一种身份标识,引导并反映一个人的立场。我们分析了芬兰和德国中学教科书中路德教、罗马天主教和伊斯兰教的宗教语言,以及文化、世界观和伦理(芬兰)和实用哲学(德国)科目的宗教语言。通过语篇分析,我们研究了教科书中关于犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的章节中对上帝的表述,这些宗教都被定性为一神教。研究结果表明,教科书中关于上帝的表述指的是所学宗教在 RE 中的自我理解。本研究还表明,教科书中上帝之名的使用说明了亚伯拉罕宗教的异同。我们认为,在宗教和世界观教育的背景下进行跨世界观学习能够促进参与、对话和交 流,而语言意识是跨世界观学习的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Empirical Theology
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