In order to study the rotational features induced by evaporating water several laboratory experiments were conducted with airborne rotary detection discs made of absorbent cotton wool and ultralight polyurethane foam discs. Measurements indicated that water vapor develops and transits into the air an upwardly directed counterclockwise rotary motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and a clockwise motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, measurements of the thermal structure of the air/water interface indicated that evaporating water may gather rotational momentum in the warmer subsurface layer. The conducted observations suggest that the process of water evaporation may be based on the grouping of some coherently spiraling molecules in the liquid phase. The interacting molecules combine their partial rotational momentums, thus allowing the top molecule to transit via the surface tension microlayer and become airborne. At the moment of evaporation, the gathered rotational energy is taken over by the free bi-hydrogen rotor-arm of the evaporating molecule that starts to revolve. Next, the water vapor-induced rotational share of the kinetic energy is likely to be redistributed among other gaseous molecules and transferred into heat (during condensation) that further energizes the airborne convective loops. In order to confirm the rotary effects induced by water vapor, several field experiments were conducted with airborne rotary detection ribbons in the Northern Hemisphere. The observations confirmed that a more enhanced counterclockwise spiraling motion of air is found with air currents under atmospheric lows of a higher relative humidity, while weaker and clockwise directed rotary dominates under atmospheric highs.
{"title":"Water Vapor Induced Airborne Rotational Features","authors":"R. Marks","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/104634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/104634","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the rotational features induced by evaporating water several laboratory experiments were conducted with airborne rotary detection discs made of absorbent cotton wool and ultralight polyurethane foam discs. Measurements indicated that water vapor develops and transits into the air an upwardly directed counterclockwise rotary motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and a clockwise motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, measurements of the thermal structure of the air/water interface indicated that evaporating water may gather rotational momentum in the warmer subsurface layer. The conducted observations suggest that the process of water evaporation may be based on the grouping of some coherently spiraling molecules in the liquid phase. The interacting molecules combine their partial rotational momentums, thus allowing the top molecule to transit via the surface tension microlayer and become airborne. At the moment of evaporation, the gathered rotational energy is taken over by the free bi-hydrogen rotor-arm of the evaporating molecule that starts to revolve. Next, the water vapor-induced rotational share of the kinetic energy is likely to be redistributed among other gaseous molecules and transferred into heat (during condensation) that further energizes the airborne convective loops. In order to confirm the rotary effects induced by water vapor, several field experiments were conducted with airborne rotary detection ribbons in the Northern Hemisphere. The observations confirmed that a more enhanced counterclockwise spiraling motion of air is found with air currents under atmospheric lows of a higher relative humidity, while weaker and clockwise directed rotary dominates under atmospheric highs.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84321968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"After COP24 Conference in Katowice - The Role of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute in Connection of Hydrological and Meteorological Measurements and Observations with Climate Change Adaptation Actions","authors":"M. Barszczewska, Ksawery Skąpski","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/109670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/109670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88444763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Floods are a periodic natural phenomenon, often accompanied by negative consequences for the local population and the economy as a whole. Therefore, knowledge of the trends of maximum flow have great practical importance, because it is the basis for planning and designing various hydraulic structures, hydrological forecasting, the mapping of flood risk, etc. In this paper, we analysed the long-term cyclical fluctuations of the maximum flow of snow-rain floods of the Danube basin within Ukraine (5 large rivers, 14 medium and 5 small). The database includes time series (34 gauging stations) of the maximum discharges of the cold period from the beginning of the observations up to 2015. The methodological approaches (developed by Gorbachova) are based on the use of hydro-genetic methods − namely the mass curve, the residual mass curve, and combined graphs. The presented results illustrate that the longterm fluctuations of the maximum flow of snow-rain floods are synchronous at all study gauging stations in the Danube basin within Ukraine, but these fluctuations are not always in the synchronous phase. We found that the maximum flow of snow-rain floods in the Danube basin within Ukraine have four types of long-term fluctuations, each with a different cycle duration.
{"title":"Estimation of the long-term cyclical fluctuations of snow-rain floods in the Danube basin within Ukraine","authors":"T. Zabolotnia, L. Gorbachova, B. Khrystiuk","doi":"10.26491/mhwm/99752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/mhwm/99752","url":null,"abstract":"Floods are a periodic natural phenomenon, often accompanied by negative consequences for the local population and the economy as a whole. Therefore, knowledge of the trends of maximum flow have great practical importance, because it is the basis for planning and designing various hydraulic structures, hydrological forecasting, the mapping of flood risk, etc. In this paper, we analysed the long-term cyclical fluctuations of the maximum flow of snow-rain floods of the Danube basin within Ukraine (5 large rivers, 14 medium and 5 small). The database includes time series (34 gauging stations) of the maximum discharges of the cold period from the beginning of the observations up to 2015. The methodological approaches (developed by Gorbachova) are based on the use of hydro-genetic methods − namely the mass curve, the residual mass curve, and combined graphs. The presented results illustrate that the longterm fluctuations of the maximum flow of snow-rain floods are synchronous at all study gauging stations in the Danube basin within Ukraine, but these fluctuations are not always in the synchronous phase. We found that the maximum flow of snow-rain floods in the Danube basin within Ukraine have four types of long-term fluctuations, each with a different cycle duration.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76848084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karaoui Ismail, A. Boudhar, A. Abdelkrim, H. Mohammed, Sabri el Mouatassime, Ait Ouhamchich Kamal, Elhamdouni Driss, El Amrani Idrissi, Wafae Nouaim
Monitoring water quality in large dams is becoming a necessity for protecting stored water from various forms of pollution. This process requires analysis of several samples on a weekly or monthly basis. Our study aims to determine the relationship between water quality parameters (WQP) and digital data from the Sentinel-2 satellite to estimate and map the WQP in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir. The in situ sampling was carried out in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir (Azilal Province), followed by analysis of physicochemical parameters in the laboratory. These measurement results were compared with the reflectance in each sampling location to investigate the correlations between bands and laboratory chemical analysis results. The correlation results showed that all studied parameters have an R greater than 0.52, and they can be transformed to predictive models by stepwise regression. The accuracy of our proposed models was tested using the Oum Er-Rbia Hydraulic Basin Agency data, and the results showed that only three parameters yield admissible verification results (Chlorophyll A, dissolved Oxygen and Nitrate). Those models were then used in geographic information system software to produce a thematic map of each parameter over the entire surface of the reservoir. As a conclusion, the Sentinel-2 images could help indicate the eutrophication stage in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir, which is a major risk in major Moroccan reservoirs.
监测大型水坝的水质正成为保护储水不受各种形式污染的必要条件。这个过程需要每周或每月分析几个样品。本研究旨在确定水质参数(WQP)与Sentinel-2卫星数字数据之间的关系，以估算和绘制Bin El Ouidane水库的WQP。在Bin El Ouidane水库(Azilal省)进行了现场采样，随后在实验室进行了理化参数分析。将这些测量结果与每个采样位置的反射率进行比较，以研究波段与实验室化学分析结果之间的相关性。相关结果表明，所有研究参数的R值均大于0.52，可以通过逐步回归转化为预测模型。利用欧姆Er-Rbia水力盆地管理局的数据对我们提出的模型的准确性进行了测试，结果表明只有三个参数(叶绿素A、溶解氧和硝酸盐)产生了可接受的验证结果。然后将这些模型用于地理信息系统软件，以在水库的整个表面上生成每个参数的专题地图。综上所述，Sentinel-2图像可以帮助指示Bin El Ouidane水库的富营养化阶段，这是摩洛哥主要水库的主要风险。
{"title":"Evaluating the potential of Sentinel-2 satellite images for water quality characterization \u0000 of artificial reservoirs: The Bin El Ouidane Reservoir case study (Morocco)","authors":"Karaoui Ismail, A. Boudhar, A. Abdelkrim, H. Mohammed, Sabri el Mouatassime, Ait Ouhamchich Kamal, Elhamdouni Driss, El Amrani Idrissi, Wafae Nouaim","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/95087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/95087","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring water quality in large dams is becoming a necessity for protecting stored water from various forms of pollution. This process requires analysis of several samples on a weekly or monthly basis. Our study aims to determine the relationship between water quality parameters (WQP) and digital data from the Sentinel-2 satellite to estimate and map the WQP in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir. The in situ sampling was carried out in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir (Azilal Province), followed by analysis of physicochemical parameters in the laboratory. These measurement results were compared with the reflectance in each sampling location to investigate the correlations between bands and laboratory chemical analysis results. The correlation results showed that all studied parameters have an R greater than 0.52, and they can be transformed to predictive models by stepwise regression. The accuracy of our proposed models was tested using the Oum Er-Rbia Hydraulic Basin Agency data, and the results showed that only three parameters yield admissible verification results (Chlorophyll A, dissolved Oxygen and Nitrate). Those models were then used in geographic information system software to produce a thematic map of each parameter over the entire surface of the reservoir. As a conclusion, the Sentinel-2 images could help indicate the eutrophication stage in the Bin El Ouidane Reservoir, which is a major risk in major Moroccan reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75547260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Dunaeva, V. Popovych, A. Melnichuk, V. Terleev, A. Nikonorov, W. Mirschel, A. Topaj, D. Shishov
In recent years, the natural and economic situation in the Republic of Crimea has developed in such a way that the amount of available water resources is less than the amount of water necessary for the socio-economic development of the peninsula. This article considers one of the main water management hazards for the territory of Crimea: a lack of water. The aim of this study was to assess the water deficit and determine ways to minimize the impact of risk exposures on the population, the economy and the ecosystem as a whole. Options are provided to ensure that (1) the water economic complex supplies water to consumers in sufficient quantity and quality, and (2) the ecological status of water bodies is maintained at a high level. For example, local wastewater treatment and desalination of sea water can be used in agro-industry and the water economic complex both for individual agricultural producers and for large enterprises. The economic efficiency of the use of technologies to reduce the environmental threats of the water economic complex was assessed using technologies to increase water availability. The analysis of the quality of water resources is given, and options for improving the indicators of raw water-pipe water are proposed.
{"title":"Water deficits in the water economics complex of Crimea","authors":"I. Dunaeva, V. Popovych, A. Melnichuk, V. Terleev, A. Nikonorov, W. Mirschel, A. Topaj, D. Shishov","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/95217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/95217","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the natural and economic situation in the Republic of Crimea has developed in such a way that the amount of available water resources is less than the amount of water necessary for the socio-economic development of the peninsula. This article considers one of the main water management hazards for the territory of Crimea: a lack of water. The aim of this study was to assess the water deficit and determine ways to minimize the impact of risk exposures on the population, the economy and the ecosystem as a whole. Options are provided to ensure that (1) the water economic complex supplies water to consumers in sufficient quantity and quality, and (2) the ecological status of water bodies is maintained at a high level. For example, local wastewater treatment and desalination of sea water can be used in agro-industry and the water economic complex both for individual agricultural producers and for large enterprises. The economic efficiency of the use of technologies to reduce the environmental threats of the water economic complex was assessed using technologies to increase water availability. The analysis of the quality of water resources is given, and options for improving the indicators of raw water-pipe water are proposed.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81648920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Determination of rainfall maxima from long-term series is one of the more important tasks in urban hydrology. These maxima are useful both in designing land drainage systems and for flood protection in a catchment. The identification of rainfall maxima for the hierarchy of rainfall durations from 5 min to 4 320 min is a fundamental stage of the creation of the first version of the Polish Atlas of Rainfall Intensities (PANDa), which will ultimately be a source of updated and reliable information on design rainfall intensities for designing and modeling rainwater drainage and retention systems in Poland. One of the methods for identifying extreme rainfall events is to use criteria for selecting rainfall based on their depth for a given rainfall frequency and duration. Existing national experience in this respect is based on the results of analyses usually conducted with regard to records from single weather stations. This article presents the results of a study designed to verify the usefulness of the literature-based criteria for identifying rainfall maxima using the peaks-over-threshold (POT) method at a much broader nationwide scale. The study analyzed data from a previously created digital database of rainfall series, which includes 3 000 stationyears (consisting of a 30-year measurement series from 100 weather stations of the Institute of Meteorology and the Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB). The study results show that as far as the investigated measurement series are concerned, the criteria based on the literature sources have limited application and can only be used for identifying the largest short-duration rainfall events. To determine rainfall maxima for all of the time intervals analyzed (from 5 minutes to 3 days), it was necessary to develop our own criteria that would allow the methodology for identifying extreme rainfall events to be standardized for all 100 stations.
{"title":"Criteria for identifying maximum rainfall determined by the peaks-over-threshold (POT) method under the Polish Atlas of Rainfall Intensities (PANDa) project","authors":"E. Burszta-Adamiak, P. Licznar, Janus Zaleski","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/93595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/93595","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of rainfall maxima from long-term series is one of the more important tasks in urban hydrology. These maxima are useful both in designing land drainage systems and for flood protection in a catchment. The identification of rainfall maxima for the hierarchy of rainfall durations from 5 min to 4 320 min is a fundamental stage of the creation of the first version of the Polish Atlas of Rainfall Intensities (PANDa), which will ultimately be a source of updated and reliable information on design rainfall intensities for designing and modeling rainwater drainage and retention systems in Poland. One of the methods for identifying extreme rainfall events is to use criteria for selecting rainfall based on their depth for a given rainfall frequency and duration. Existing national experience in this respect is based on the results of analyses usually conducted with regard to records from single weather stations. This article presents the results of a study designed to verify the usefulness of the literature-based criteria for identifying rainfall maxima using the peaks-over-threshold (POT) method at a much broader nationwide scale. The study analyzed data from a previously created digital database of rainfall series, which includes 3 000 stationyears (consisting of a 30-year measurement series from 100 weather stations of the Institute of Meteorology and the Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB). The study results show that as far as the investigated measurement series are concerned, the criteria based on the literature sources have limited application and can only be used for identifying the largest short-duration rainfall events. To determine rainfall maxima for all of the time intervals analyzed (from 5 minutes to 3 days), it was necessary to develop our own criteria that would allow the methodology for identifying extreme rainfall events to be standardized for all 100 stations.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81009716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to Hoekstra et al. (2011) the water footprint within a geographic area is defined as the total freshwater consumption and pollution within the boundaries of the area. The grey part of the water footprint refers to pollution and is an indicator of the water volume needed to assimilate a pollutant load that reaches a water body. It is possible then, based on the grey water footprint to estimate if the water available in a river at a particular crosssection will be sufficient to maintain a water pollution level (WPL) below 100%. The crossing of 100% indicates that the waste assimilation capacity has been fully consumed in this particular catchment. In this paper, the grey water footprint from nonpoint source pollution has been calculated based on long-term hydrometrological data for the upper part of a small agricultural catchment (area of 23.4 km) (Zagożdżonka River) in central Poland. Based on land use and the amount of fertilizers applied in the catchment, together with information about the natural concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the river, as well as maximum acceptable concentration, the water pollution level has been calculated for actual conditions. The estimation of future runoff decreases for the considered catchment (Banasik, Hejduk 2012) has been applied in order to estimate potential future water pollution levels. The calculation shows that, even when the management practices in this catchment remain as they are, including the current extensive crop production, the WPL of 100% will be exceeded in the year 2033 (for phosphorus) and 2043 (for nitrogen) due only to the decreasing availability of water.
Hoekstra et al.(2011)将地理区域内的水足迹定义为该区域边界内的淡水消耗和污染总量。水足迹的灰色部分是指污染，是同化到达水体的污染物负荷所需的水量的指标。然后，根据灰水足迹来估计某一特定断面的河流中可用的水是否足以维持在100%以下的水污染水平(WPL)是可能的。超过100%表明该特定集水区的废物同化能力已完全消耗。本文基于波兰中部一个小型农业集水区(面积23.4公里)(Zagożdżonka河)上部的长期水文气象数据，计算了非点源污染的灰水足迹。根据流域土地利用情况和化肥施用量，结合河流中氮、磷的自然浓度和最大可接受浓度等信息，根据实际情况计算出了流域的水污染水平。对所考虑的集水区未来径流减少的估计(Banasik, Hejduk 2012)已用于估计未来潜在的水污染水平。计算表明，即使在该流域的管理实践保持不变的情况下，包括目前的广泛作物生产，由于水的可用性减少，2033年(磷)和2043年(氮)的WPL将超过100%。
{"title":"Impact of runoff prediction on grey water footprint in a small agricultural catchment","authors":"L. Hejduk, A. Hejduk","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/95137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/95137","url":null,"abstract":"According to Hoekstra et al. (2011) the water footprint within a geographic area is defined as the total freshwater consumption and pollution within the boundaries of the area. The grey part of the water footprint refers to pollution and is an indicator of the water volume needed to assimilate a pollutant load that reaches a water body. It is possible then, based on the grey water footprint to estimate if the water available in a river at a particular crosssection will be sufficient to maintain a water pollution level (WPL) below 100%. The crossing of 100% indicates that the waste assimilation capacity has been fully consumed in this particular catchment. In this paper, the grey water footprint from nonpoint source pollution has been calculated based on long-term hydrometrological data for the upper part of a small agricultural catchment (area of 23.4 km) (Zagożdżonka River) in central Poland. Based on land use and the amount of fertilizers applied in the catchment, together with information about the natural concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the river, as well as maximum acceptable concentration, the water pollution level has been calculated for actual conditions. The estimation of future runoff decreases for the considered catchment (Banasik, Hejduk 2012) has been applied in order to estimate potential future water pollution levels. The calculation shows that, even when the management practices in this catchment remain as they are, including the current extensive crop production, the WPL of 100% will be exceeded in the year 2033 (for phosphorus) and 2043 (for nitrogen) due only to the decreasing availability of water.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82734219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Goraj, Cezary Wróblewski, W. Ciężkowski, J. Jozwiak, J. Chormański
The surface water table level is a crucial factor for the existence of wetland habitats, and valuable from the point of view of environmental protection. In particular, surface water table in a hydrological year play an important role, affecting the seasonal changes in conditions of the development of species inhabiting a given patch of vegetation. The occurrence of floods often determines the possibility of survival of a given plant community. Information on the seasonal variability of surface waters, and above all the range of seasonal floods, is very important from the point of view of planning protection activities in National Parks in order to preserve wetland habitats. Nowadays, remote sensing data is an important source of spatial information, particularly those characterized by low cost data acquisition and processing. One such source is imagery collected from satellites, along with products freely distributed by the European Space Agency. Satellites of the Sentinel constellation provide multi-spectral optical remote sensing images recorded at visible and infrared wavelengths. Due to the short satellite revisit time of the Sentinel, the images from this satellite constitute a potential source of information for the monitoring of moisture on wetlands with a high temporal resolution. In this study, the authors aim to demonstrate the possibilities associated with the use of satellite images to monitor the range of a free surface water table in the pilot area located within the basin of the Łasica Channel, located in the Kampinos National Park (Poland). The accuracy of the results of the remote sensing transformations will be assessed using high resolution RGB images obtained with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and control points measurements. The maps of free water table has been acquired as an result of ensemble regressors (Random Forest, Extra Trees, Bagging). Regressors has been learned and applied for two sessions. Promising results were obtained indicating the possibility of using the proposed method on a similar scale.
{"title":"Free water table area monitoring on wetlands using satellite and UAV orthophotomaps – Kampinos National Park case study","authors":"M. Goraj, Cezary Wróblewski, W. Ciężkowski, J. Jozwiak, J. Chormański","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/95086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/95086","url":null,"abstract":"The surface water table level is a crucial factor for the existence of wetland habitats, and valuable from the point of view of environmental protection. In particular, surface water table in a hydrological year play an important role, affecting the seasonal changes in conditions of the development of species inhabiting a given patch of vegetation. The occurrence of floods often determines the possibility of survival of a given plant community. Information on the seasonal variability of surface waters, and above all the range of seasonal floods, is very important from the point of view of planning protection activities in National Parks in order to preserve wetland habitats. Nowadays, remote sensing data is an important source of spatial information, particularly those characterized by low cost data acquisition and processing. One such source is imagery collected from satellites, along with products freely distributed by the European Space Agency. Satellites of the Sentinel constellation provide multi-spectral optical remote sensing images recorded at visible and infrared wavelengths. Due to the short satellite revisit time of the Sentinel, the images from this satellite constitute a potential source of information for the monitoring of moisture on wetlands with a high temporal resolution. In this study, the authors aim to demonstrate the possibilities associated with the use of satellite images to monitor the range of a free surface water table in the pilot area located within the basin of the Łasica Channel, located in the Kampinos National Park (Poland). The accuracy of the results of the remote sensing transformations will be assessed using high resolution RGB images obtained with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and control points measurements. The maps of free water table has been acquired as an result of ensemble regressors (Random Forest, Extra Trees, Bagging). Regressors has been learned and applied for two sessions. Promising results were obtained indicating the possibility of using the proposed method on a similar scale.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90732004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to fill a gap between present and past research approaches to modelling flow in open channels. In particular, a history of the analytical solutions of a linearized St. Venant equation is presented. A solution of the linearized St. Venant equation, describing the response of a river channel to a single impulse forcing, the so called Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), can be described using cumulants, defined as the moments of a logarithm of a variable. A comparison of analytical and numerical solutions of flood wave propagation under various flow conditions is given. The river reach of Biała Tarnowska is used as an illustration of both approaches. A practical application of simplified solutions to the emulator of a flood wave propagation is suggested showing a link between theory and practice.
{"title":"The application of cumulants to flow routing","authors":"R. Romanowicz, J. Doroszkiewicz","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/95023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/95023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to fill a gap between present and past research approaches to modelling flow in open channels. In particular, a history of the analytical solutions of a linearized St. Venant equation is presented. A solution of the linearized St. Venant equation, describing the response of a river channel to a single impulse forcing, the so called Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), can be described using cumulants, defined as the moments of a logarithm of a variable. A comparison of analytical and numerical solutions of flood wave propagation under various flow conditions is given. The river reach of Biała Tarnowska is used as an illustration of both approaches. A practical application of simplified solutions to the emulator of a flood wave propagation is suggested showing a link between theory and practice.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88945678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kohnová, P. Rončák, K. Hlavčová, J. Szolgay, A. Rutkowska
The aim of this study is to look at the impacts of land use and climate change on extreme runoff regimes in selected catchments of Slovakia, with an emphasis on selected characteristics of hydrological regimes, catchment runoff, and, especially extreme runoff. Changing climate conditions, characterized especially by changes in precipitation, air temperatures, and potential evapotranspiration in future decades, have been predicted by recent outputs of the KNMI and MPI regional climate change models and the A1B emission scenario. The land use changes were characterized by various future land use scenarios. Assuming these scenarios are accurate, the hydrological regime characteristics were simulated by the WetSpa distributed rainfall-runoff model, which was parameterized for the selected river basins with a daily time step until 2100. Changes in the total runoff and its components (the maximum and design discharges), as well as changes in soil moisture and actual evapotranspiration, compared to the current state, confirm the assumption of an increase in the extremes of the hydrological regimes during periods of flood events. The results of the study showed a need for a reevaluation of design discharge values for future designs of water management structures.
{"title":"Future impacts of land use and climate change on extreme runoff values in selected catchments of Slovakia","authors":"S. Kohnová, P. Rončák, K. Hlavčová, J. Szolgay, A. Rutkowska","doi":"10.26491/MHWM/97254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26491/MHWM/97254","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to look at the impacts of land use and climate change on extreme runoff regimes in selected catchments of Slovakia, with an emphasis on selected characteristics of hydrological regimes, catchment runoff, and, especially extreme runoff. Changing climate conditions, characterized especially by changes in precipitation, air temperatures, and potential evapotranspiration in future decades, have been predicted by recent outputs of the KNMI and MPI regional climate change models and the A1B emission scenario. The land use changes were characterized by various future land use scenarios. Assuming these scenarios are accurate, the hydrological regime characteristics were simulated by the WetSpa distributed rainfall-runoff model, which was parameterized for the selected river basins with a daily time step until 2100. Changes in the total runoff and its components (the maximum and design discharges), as well as changes in soil moisture and actual evapotranspiration, compared to the current state, confirm the assumption of an increase in the extremes of the hydrological regimes during periods of flood events. The results of the study showed a need for a reevaluation of design discharge values for future designs of water management structures.","PeriodicalId":42852,"journal":{"name":"Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management-Research and Operational Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82665757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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