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What Lies Beneath the Successes of Hindutva: Reading the Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 印度教成功的背后是什么:解读2022年北方邦议会选举
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135832
P. Trivedi, S. Singh
What explains the success of the Bhartiya Janta Party in the 18th Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha election? Hindutva gets the due credit but the socio-political dynamics beneath Hindutva is often sidelined in political discussions. What makes Hindutva appealing? Is Hindutva a fixed ideology or an ever-evolving one? How does Hindutva correspond with the lived realities of people? How does Hindutva plug the alternative discourse of Social Justice? How does Hindutva redefine Dalit politics? While exploring these questions, the article seeks to shift the discourse from the site of culture-identity-ideology to the site of social and political-economic changes. While tracking the trajectory and nature of Hindutva politics, the article also indicates some of the trends that emerged during this election. Based on qualitative data, the article argues that it was essentially the dynamic nature of Hindutva that outwitted social justice politics.
是什么解释了印度人民党在第18届北方邦Vidhan Sabha选举中的成功?印度电视台获得了应有的赞誉,但印度电视台背后的社会政治动态在政治讨论中经常被边缘化。是什么让Hindutva吸引人?印度教是一种固定的意识形态还是一种不断发展的意识形态?印度教如何与人们的生活现实相一致?Hindutva如何堵塞社会正义的另类话语?印度教如何重新定义贱民政治?在探讨这些问题的同时,本文试图将话语从文化认同意识形态的场所转移到社会政治经济变革的场所。在追踪印度教政治的轨迹和性质的同时,这篇文章还指出了此次选举期间出现的一些趋势。基于定性数据,文章认为,本质上是印度教的动态性质智胜了社会正义政治。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching the State in Political Theory: Notes Towards an Alternative Framework 政治理论中的国家教学:对另一种框架的注释
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135814
Janaki Srinivasan
‘But what about the four elements?’ For the past few years that I have been teaching the introductory course on political theory at the master’s level, at least a few students have worriedly posed this question while we were on the topic of the state. While this response reflects the hold of the standard guide-book level one-true definition of the state on a typical political science student in India, it also is an indication that some of my experiments with in teaching political theory were in the required direction. Their limitations need to be acknowledged at the outset. They are limitations of my own capacities, as reflected in varying success levels, and of those imposed by an institutional structure that does not allow for much autonomy or innovation in course structures and evaluation formats as is the case with most higher education institutions in the country. The standard definition of the state (as an institution characterized by sovereignty, population, territory and government), and of other concepts as (un)digested by students at the undergraduate level, is integral to creating an allergy towards theory, a feature one is most likely to find among students entering a postgraduate political science course, with the exception of those with undergraduate degrees from a few select universities and colleges. While the University Grants Commission (UGC) developed a master syllabus for undergraduate programmes as part of its push towards the Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) in 2015, these have not been adopted outside of the central university network.2 Even as this model syllabus does retain the problems discussed in the following sections, the prior education in theory among a majority of students necessitates a curriculum design for the postgraduate courses that can both debrief and introduce the subject before venturing into any in-depth examination of the field. With the new National Education Policy (NEP) incorporating CBCS and expanding its scope to facilitate inter-university transfer of credits, it is important to address concerns about the implications of uniformity
“但是四个元素呢?”在过去的几年里,我一直在教授硕士级别的政治理论入门课程,当我们谈论国家话题时,至少有一些学生忧心忡忡地提出了这个问题。虽然这一回应反映了标准指南书对印度一名典型政治学学生的国家一级真实定义,但也表明我在政治理论教学中的一些实验是朝着要求的方向进行的。它们的局限性需要在一开始就得到承认。这些都是我自己能力的局限,反映在不同的成功水平上,也是体制结构所强加的局限,这种体制结构不允许在课程结构和评估形式上有太多的自主权或创新,就像该国大多数高等教育机构的情况一样。国家(作为一个以主权、人口、领土和政府为特征的机构)的标准定义,以及本科生(未)消化的其他概念,是造成对理论过敏的一个组成部分,这是进入政治学研究生课程的学生最有可能发现的特征,只有少数几所大学和学院的本科生除外。虽然大学教育资助委员会(UGC)在2015年制定了本科生课程的硕士教学大纲,作为其推行基于选择的学分制(CBCS)的一部分,但这些教学大纲并没有在中央大学网络之外被采用。2尽管该示范教学大纲确实保留了以下章节中讨论的问题,在大多数学生中,先前的理论教育需要研究生课程的课程设计,在冒险深入研究该领域之前,既能汇报又能介绍该学科。随着新的国家教育政策(NEP)纳入CBCS并扩大其范围以促进大学间的学分转移,解决对统一性影响的担忧是很重要的
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Note 编辑注意
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221139933
Suhas Palshikar
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引用次数: 0
Saving Indian Villages: British Empire, the Great Depression and Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience Movement 拯救印度村庄:大英帝国、大萧条和甘地的公民不服从运动
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135834
A. Oak
This article traces an intricate relationship between Mahatma Gandhi’s call for Civil Disobedience (1930–1933) and the global economic slump of the 1920s experienced by Britain and colonial India. I argue that the economic hardships faced by Indians (particularly the peasant classes) forced Gandhi to revisit his sociopolitical approach to India’s nationalist movement. Despite the chronological overlap of the Great Depression (1929–1931) with Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1933), the relation between these two major events has not been adequately explored in recent scholarship. I propose to contextualize the changes in Gandhi’s economic ideas and political strategy (often against contending ideological trends) leading to his defence of Indian peasant interests during the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhi’s increasing awareness of the economic crises and Britain’s severe opposition to granting financial autonomy to India pushed Gandhi in the direction of charting a new path for economic self-reliance. This, I suggest, resulted in his nation-wide popular movement for reviving the Indian village economy in the form of the ‘Constructive Programme’ (1934–1948) in subsequent years.
本文追溯了圣雄甘地(Mahatma Gandhi)呼吁公民不服从(1930-1933)与20世纪20年代英国和殖民地印度经历的全球经济衰退之间的复杂关系。我认为印度人(尤其是农民阶级)所面临的经济困难迫使甘地重新审视他对印度民族主义运动的社会政治方法。尽管大萧条(1929-1931)与甘地的公民不服从运动(1930-1933)在时间上有重合,但这两件大事之间的关系在最近的学术研究中并没有得到充分的探讨。我建议将甘地的经济思想和政治策略的变化(通常反对相互竞争的意识形态趋势)置于背景中,这些变化导致他在甘地-欧文条约和第二次圆桌会议期间捍卫印度农民的利益。甘地日益意识到经济危机和英国对给予印度财政自治权的强烈反对,促使他走上了一条经济自立的新道路。我认为,这导致了他在随后几年以“建设性计划”(1934-1948)的形式复兴印度农村经济的全国性民众运动。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the Identitarian Deadlock: Why Mobile Methods Are Useful for Studying Media in Zones of Conflict 超越同一性僵局:为什么移动方法对研究冲突地区的媒体是有用的
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135822
Max Kramer
We begin with a problem.2 It is something that pressures us to arrive at questions, methods, and concepts. The problem that I have been dealing with for some years now is how filmmakers make sense of audiovisual testimony in zones of conflict, in non-identitarian ways.3 ‘Making sense’ refers to the film form as it engages with a sensorium in which feelings can be created and negotiated. In saying ‘identitarian’, I speak of the ways that conflict parties apply fixed categories of cultural identity to archived, readymade facts (Udupa, 2016), in the sensorial field of what media scholar Ravi Sundaram calls a ‘crisis machine’ (Sundaram, 2020). This crisis machine circulates testimonial images as political stimuli from one media-event to the next. In doing so, it enables affective energies to be appropriated by the Hindu right. The crisis machine refers to synergies between a new phase of Hindu nationalist dominance in the media-sphere and dispersed post-Fordism (to borrow a term from Pothik Ghosh4), the current form of capitalism that fragments time-space and subjectivities while drawing on the cognitive and affective capabilities of human beings. In fact, the term identitarian does not have much to do with the theories and practices that go under the name of identity politics (see the debate in Bohrer [2019], Dean [1996], Haider [2018] and Táíwò [2022]). The identitarian capture works in the service of moral outrage and is most effectively mobilized from the far right in what are called information wars. The fallout is that egalitarian forms of political belonging become increasingly difficult to feel and articulate. My research focuses on practices of witnessing at work in the form of documentary film in zones of intractable conflicts (Bar-Tal, 2013). In these zones, dynamics of identitarian capture become exacerbated by a politics of victimhood (Bar-Tal, 2013; Datta, 2020) and also by the hypervisibility of a set number of tropes through which conflict zones are imagined. Within dispersed Post-Fordism human interactions
我们从一个问题开始。2它迫使我们提出问题、方法和概念。多年来,我一直在处理的问题是,电影制作人如何以非同一主义的方式理解冲突地区的视听证词。3“理解”指的是电影形式,因为它涉及到一个可以创造和协商感情的感官。在说“身份主义者”时,我谈到了冲突各方将固定类别的文化身份应用于存档的现成事实的方式(Udupa,2016),在媒体学者拉维·桑达拉姆所说的“危机机器”的传感领域(Sundaram,2020)。这台危机机器将纪念图片作为政治刺激从一个媒体事件传播到另一个媒体活动。通过这样做,它使情感能量能够被印度教右翼所利用。危机机器指的是印度教民族主义在媒体领域占据主导地位的新阶段与分散的后福特主义(借用Pothik Ghosh4的一个术语)之间的协同作用,后福特主义是当前的资本主义形式,它在利用人类的认知和情感能力的同时,将时空和主观因素割裂开来。事实上,身份主义一词与以身份政治为名的理论和实践没有太大关系(见Bohrer[199]、Dean[1996]、Haider[2018]和Táíwå[2022]中的辩论)。身份主义者的捕获是为道德义愤服务的,在所谓的信息战争中最有效地从极右翼动员起来。其后果是,平等主义形式的政治归属变得越来越难以感受和表达。我的研究重点是在棘手冲突地区以纪录片的形式在工作中目睹的做法(Bar-Tal,2013)。在这些地区,由于受害者政治(Bar-Tal,2013;Datta,2020),以及想象冲突地区时使用的一系列比喻的高度可视性,身份主义捕获的动态变得更加严重。在分散的后福特主义人类互动中
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引用次数: 0
Nehru’s Elephant Envoys: Animal Modernity, Orientalist Gaze and India’s Soft Power 尼赫鲁的大象使者:动物的现代性、东方主义的凝视与印度的软实力
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135839
Aryama Ghosh
The colonial masters classified Indian subjects according to animalistic iconographies of rebel tiger or docile elephant. Even prior to the colonial imaginings, orientalist gaze associated elephant with the Indian geographical imagery. After decolonization, due to circumstantial necessities India, one of the biggest elephant suppliers to Europe, started to gift elephants to war-stricken zoos not as merchandize but as envoys of peace and goodwill. This subverted the long tradition of environmental domination. This article argues that Nehru’s elephant gift diplomacy utilized the long-standing orientalist iconography to practise India’s soft power. Apart from that he successfully incorporated a colonial icon and rebranded it as nation’s diplomatic emblem.
殖民统治者根据反抗的老虎和温顺的大象的动物形象来划分印度臣民。甚至在殖民想象之前,东方主义者的目光就将大象与印度的地理意象联系在一起。在非殖民化之后,由于环境需要,印度作为欧洲最大的大象供应国之一,开始将大象作为和平与善意的使者而不是商品赠送给饱受战争蹂躏的动物园。这颠覆了长期的环境统治传统。本文认为,尼赫鲁的大象礼物外交利用了长期存在的东方主义形象来实践印度的软实力。除此之外,他还成功地将一个殖民地的标志融入其中,并将其重新命名为国家的外交标志。
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引用次数: 0
State and Nation: Shall the Twain Ever Meet? 国家与民族:两者会相遇吗?
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135825
Partha Chatterjee
This article traces the separate trajectories of the Indian state and the Indian nation since independence. The state machinery, largely inherited from colonial times, retained its imperial character, which facilitated the integration of the princely states. The negotiated transfer of power also created the myth that the state was prior to the nation whose sovereign people gave itself a new constitution. The Indian nation, on the other hand, was imagined differently in each regional language. Thus, while there was certainly the concept of an Indian nation, it looked different from each linguistic perspective. Further, the idea of the Indian nation was also contested in each region. This article surveys the political process by which these two trajectories were sought to be united, first in the period of Congress dominance until 1967, then under the authoritarian leadership of Indira Gandhi, followed by the relative loosening of the federal structure in the 1990s, and culminating in the present attempt to impose the Hindu majoritarian conception of the nation, nurtured in particular in the Hindi language, on the Indian nation state. Looking at the forces that oppose this hegemonic attempt, the article argues that only a genuinely federal conception of the nation in which each part is given equal respect can effectively challenge Hindutva hegemony.
本文追溯了独立以来印度国家和印度民族的独立轨迹。国家机器在很大程度上继承自殖民时代,保留了其帝国性质,这促进了诸侯国的一体化。通过谈判进行的权力移交也创造了一个神话,即国家先于主权人民赋予自己新宪法的国家。另一方面,印度民族在每种地区语言中都有不同的想象。因此,虽然印度民族的概念确实存在,但从每种语言的角度来看,它都是不同的。此外,印度民族的概念在每个地区也存在争议。本文调查了这两种轨迹寻求统一的政治过程,首先是在1967年之前的国会主导时期,然后是在英迪拉·甘地的独裁领导下,然后是20世纪90年代联邦结构的相对放松,最终是目前试图强加印度教多数主义的国家观,特别是在印地语中培育的,关于印度民族国家的。着眼于反对这种霸权企图的力量,文章认为,只有一个真正的联邦国家概念,其中每个部分都受到平等尊重,才能有效地挑战印度教的霸权。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching International Relations in Indian Universities: Issues and Challenges 印度大学国际关系教学:问题与挑战
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135830
Sudhir Kumar Suthar, Shailza Singh
Globally, it is in the recent past that the concerns for pedagogy in international relations (IR) have gained a new momentum despite the study of the discipline being more than a century old. Teaching–learning IR in India is also in an urgent need of one. Recently, much attention is drawn towards the necessity of greater theoretical rigour in Indian scholarship on IR to match global standards and her increasing visibility as an emerging power on the global scene (Paul, 2017). While the appeal of IR as a discipline is increasing among students at the undergraduate, post-graduate and research levels, evolving a robust pedagogy that encapsulates the relevance of the discipline to students from the vantage point of this part of the world is a challenge that teachers imparting knowledge about IR in India constantly struggle with. For long, the syllabi at the undergraduate level in various universities across the country did not touch upon the theoretical aspects at all (Bajpai & Mallavarappu, 2005), confining the focus to Cold War history and foreign policy. Introduction to theories and theoretical engagement with problems and issues in IR only took place at the post-graduate level in universities such as Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), University of Delhi (DU)3, Jadavpur University and in South Asian University (SAU) in the recent past. While JNU has an entire school dedicated to the study of IR (including programmes on area studies, international economy and trade), DU offered only a couple of papers in the master’s programme as subdiscipline of political science. The SAU also has a department dedicated to IR. With successive syllabus revision exercises in DU, the IR courses have been invested with rich theoretical content, and also the number of papers associated with relevant themes in IR has been significantly increased. However, the pedagogical concerns still loom large. How to navigate through the challenge of not making the discipline look like something which makes more sense from a Western lens only, where concerns that affect the post-colonial/global south/developing countries/non-Western countries, either Teaching–Learning Politics in India
在全球范围内,尽管国际关系教育学的研究已有一个多世纪的历史,但在最近的一段时间里,人们对该学科的关注获得了新的势头。印度的IR教学也急需一个。最近,人们越来越关注印度研究IR的理论严谨性以符合全球标准的必要性,以及她作为全球舞台上新兴力量的知名度不断提高(Paul,2017)。尽管IR作为一门学科在本科生、研究生和研究生中的吸引力越来越大,但从世界这一地区的有利位置发展一种强有力的教学法,概括该学科与学生的相关性,是印度传授IR知识的教师不断面临的挑战。长期以来,全国各大学的本科教学大纲根本没有涉及理论方面(Bajpai和Mallavarapu,2005),将重点局限于冷战历史和外交政策。最近,只有在贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁大学(JNU)、德里大学(DU)3、贾达夫布尔大学和南亚大学(SAU)等大学的研究生阶段才介绍IR中的理论和理论问题。虽然JNU有一整所专门研究IR的学校(包括地区研究、国际经济和贸易课程),但DU在作为政治学分支学科的硕士课程中只提供了几篇论文。SAU还有一个专门研究IR的部门。随着DU教学大纲的不断修订,IR课程投入了丰富的理论内容,与IR相关主题的论文数量也显著增加。然而,教学方面的问题仍然突出。如何应对挑战,不让这门学科看起来像只从西方角度看更有意义的东西,在影响后殖民地/全球南方/发展中国家/非西方国家的问题上,在印度教授-学习政治
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Akhil Ranjan Dutta, Hindutva Regime in Assam: Saffron in the Rainbow and Nani Gopal Mahanta, Citizenship Debate over NRC & CAA: Assam and the Politics of History 书评:Akhil Ranjan Dutta,阿萨姆邦的印度教政权:彩虹中的藏红花和Nani Gopal Mahanta,NRC和CAA的公民辩论:阿萨姆邦和历史政治
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135819
Papia Sengupta
Akhil Ranjan Dutta, Hindutva Regime in Assam: Saffron in the Rainbow. SAGE Publications. 2021. 329 pages. ₹1295. ISBN: 9789391370411. Nani Gopal Mahanta, Citizenship Debate over NRC & CAA: Assam and the Politics of History. SAGE Publications. 2021. 326 pages. ₹1395. ISBN: 9789391370299.
Akhil Ranjan Dutta,阿萨姆邦印度教政权:彩虹中的藏红花。SAGE出版物。2021年,329页。₹1295.ISBN:9789391370411。Nani Gopal Mahanta,关于NRC和CAA的公民身份辩论:阿萨姆邦和历史政治。SAGE出版物。2021,326页。₹1395.ISBN:9789391370299。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Koushiki Dasgupta, Sadhus in Indian Politics: Dynamics of Hindutva 书评:Koushiki Dasgupta,印度政治中的苦行僧:印度教的动力
IF 0.5 Q4 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1177/23210230221135824
Shashank Chaturvedi
Koushiki Dasgupta, Sadhus in Indian Politics: Dynamics of Hindutva. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. 2021. 284 pages. ₹847. ISBN: 9789391370961.
Koushiki Dasgupta,《印度政治中的萨德胡斯:印度教的动态》。新德里:SAGE出版物。2021.284页。●847.ISBN:9789391370961。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Studies in Indian Politics
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