The work presents a reflection on some aspects of the German-Italian economic and commercial relations between the two conflicts, specifically in the Thirties. Its purpose is to offer an interpretation that better allows to understand also the political and diplomatic dynamics that led to the creation of the Axis (1936), to that of the Pact of steel (1939) and to the entry of Italy into the Second World War (1940). As one of the main references, this work uses the book by Per Tiedtke, Germany, Italy and the International Economy 1929-1936. Co-operation or Rivalries at Times of Crisis?, Marburg, Tectum Verlag, 2016. However here the time span covered is larger, reaching almost the date of the Italian entry into the war and adding some ideas about the role of Great Britain. The connections of economic policies and economic aspects to international and foreign politics are highlighted, too, in order to understand whether and to what extent the latter were influenced by the first ones. The purpose of the work is in fact to show that the economic factors played a not so marginal role in the political choices of the two countries, notwithstanding the declaration of the “superiority” of politics that the two regimes were offering to the rest of the world. The nature of German-Italian economic relations, in fact, exactly because of the structure of the two economies, remained almost the same throughout the period from 1929 to 1939-40, with no significant alteration created by the rise to power of Hitler, the creation of the Axis, the military alliance or the invasion of Poland. They kept going along the path that had been undertaken some decades earlier, when Germany was already significantly stronger than Italy and could exploit that strength to its own advantage, designing the “lemons for machines” trade model that put Berlin in the position of firstly undermining Italian economic positions in South-East Europe and then building in that area a “solo” hegemony. For many (mainly political) reasons Rome could do nothing more but waiting for “better days”, but – as this work shows through the examples of the trade and clearing agreements, of the coal supplies, of South Tyrol and of the Balkan issues – the Italians tried to defend their interests and – more or less publicly – tried to resist to the German escalation to the top of the continental economy
{"title":"L’amicizia impossibile? Le relazioni economiche tra Italia e Germania negli anni Trenta","authors":"A. Martini","doi":"10.1400/283856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/283856","url":null,"abstract":"The work presents a reflection on some aspects of the German-Italian economic and commercial relations between the two conflicts, specifically in the Thirties. Its purpose is to offer an interpretation that better allows to understand also the political and diplomatic dynamics that led to the creation of the Axis (1936), to that of the Pact of steel (1939) and to the entry of Italy into the Second World War (1940). As one of the main references, this work uses the book by Per Tiedtke, Germany, Italy and the International Economy 1929-1936. Co-operation or Rivalries at Times of Crisis?, Marburg, Tectum Verlag, 2016. However here the time span covered is larger, reaching almost the date of the Italian entry into the war and adding some ideas about the role of Great Britain. The connections of economic policies and economic aspects to international and foreign politics are highlighted, too, in order to understand whether and to what extent the latter were influenced by the first ones. The purpose of the work is in fact to show that the economic factors played a not so marginal role in the political choices of the two countries, notwithstanding the declaration of the “superiority” of politics that the two regimes were offering to the rest of the world. The nature of German-Italian economic relations, in fact, exactly because of the structure of the two economies, remained almost the same throughout the period from 1929 to 1939-40, with no significant alteration created by the rise to power of Hitler, the creation of the Axis, the military alliance or the invasion of Poland. They kept going along the path that had been undertaken some decades earlier, when Germany was already significantly stronger than Italy and could exploit that strength to its own advantage, designing the “lemons for machines” trade model that put Berlin in the position of firstly undermining Italian economic positions in South-East Europe and then building in that area a “solo” hegemony. For many (mainly political) reasons Rome could do nothing more but waiting for “better days”, but – as this work shows through the examples of the trade and clearing agreements, of the coal supplies, of South Tyrol and of the Balkan issues – the Italians tried to defend their interests and – more or less publicly – tried to resist to the German escalation to the top of the continental economy","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"105 1","pages":"461-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66624972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work is about some question of cultural and confessional formation of Salvatore Caponetto, a modern age historical, He lived between the first and the second nine hundred. In particular, the research has focused on some of the reasons that led Caponetto to an interest in the history of “Reform in Italy”, which thanks to its long and careful research has been largely rebuilt, putting into question, even at the level of historiography, the judgment of those who up to then they had called into question even the existence.
{"title":"Tra evangelismo e fascismo : gli anni giovanili di Salvatore Caponetto","authors":"A. Tortora","doi":"10.1400/283860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/283860","url":null,"abstract":"This work is about some question of cultural and confessional formation of Salvatore Caponetto, a modern age historical, He lived between the first and the second nine hundred. In particular, the research has focused on some of the reasons that led Caponetto to an interest in the history of “Reform in Italy”, which thanks to its long and careful research has been largely rebuilt, putting into question, even at the level of historiography, the judgment of those who up to then they had called into question even the existence.","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"105 1","pages":"691-723"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66625028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article contains an analysis of the UNRRA activities in Italy, with special attention to welfare assistance programs (food aid and public health to refugees, Displaced Persons, and childcare as well), with regards to the critical social situation in post-war Italy. The study correlates primary press and archival sources with secondary literature and various documentation issued by the same Agency. The time period of the analysis spans from 1944, when UNRRA Italian Mission was constituted, and 1947, when its activities were terminated
{"title":"'Aid and Relief': l’assistenza UNRRA in Italia, 1944-1947","authors":"Enrico Miletto","doi":"10.1400/283857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/283857","url":null,"abstract":"The article contains an analysis of the UNRRA activities in Italy, with special attention to welfare assistance programs (food aid and public health to refugees, Displaced Persons, and childcare as well), with regards to the critical social situation in post-war Italy. The study correlates primary press and archival sources with secondary literature and various documentation issued by the same Agency. The time period of the analysis spans from 1944, when UNRRA Italian Mission was constituted, and 1947, when its activities were terminated","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"105 1","pages":"503-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66625019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim of this essay is to analyse the pivotal moments and features of Fascist Italy’s policy toward Austria from Mussolini’s conquest of power in 1922 to the destruction of the independent Austrian State in 1938. By using and comparing Italian and Austrian diplomatic documents and memories we tried to clarify some of the most controversial aspects of Italian-Austrian relations in the Twenties and in the Thirties: from the nature of the cooperation among the Heimwehren, the Christian-Social Party and the Fascist regime, to Mussolini’s attitude toward Habsburg political restoration and Austro-German union, as well as to the interdependence between the Fascist policy towards the German speaking people in Alto Adige-South Tyrol and the course of Italian-Austrian and Italian-German relations
{"title":"L’Italia fascista e la questione austriaca,1922-1938","authors":"L. Monzali","doi":"10.1400/283854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/283854","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of this essay is to analyse the pivotal moments and features of Fascist Italy’s policy toward Austria from Mussolini’s conquest of power in 1922 to the destruction of the independent Austrian State in 1938. By using and comparing Italian and Austrian diplomatic documents and memories we tried to clarify some of the most controversial aspects of Italian-Austrian relations in the Twenties and in the Thirties: from the nature of the cooperation among the Heimwehren, the Christian-Social Party and the Fascist regime, to Mussolini’s attitude toward Habsburg political restoration and Austro-German union, as well as to the interdependence between the Fascist policy towards the German speaking people in Alto Adige-South Tyrol and the course of Italian-Austrian and Italian-German relations","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"105 1","pages":"411-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66624916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the aftermath of the 1929 crisis, the United States looked with interest at the social models of European nations to work out a strategy in order to escape the hardships of the moment. The Democratic Roosevelt administration enacted the New Deal, which in many aspects shared some similarities with the corporatist reforms introduced by the Fascist regime. In particular, the President’s Brain Trust and the diplomats in Italy showed a great deal of interest towards the “Third Way”, until the drift in foreign policy led to un unbridgeable gap between the two nations
{"title":"Il brain trust di Roosevelt davanti al corporativismo fascista","authors":"Francesco Carlesi","doi":"10.1400/283855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/283855","url":null,"abstract":"In the aftermath of the 1929 crisis, the United States looked with interest at the social models of European nations to work out a strategy in order to escape the hardships of the moment. The Democratic Roosevelt administration enacted the New Deal, which in many aspects shared some similarities with the corporatist reforms introduced by the Fascist regime. In particular, the President’s Brain Trust and the diplomats in Italy showed a great deal of interest towards the “Third Way”, until the drift in foreign policy led to un unbridgeable gap between the two nations","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"105 1","pages":"443-459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66624958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essay describes -through unpublished documentation -the diplomatic workof Italy and the Holy See to gradually reintegrate Gaddafi of Libya into a system ofpeaceful relationships around the Mediterranean basin, combined with a system ofguarantees for the Catholic community present in Libya. These objectives have seen aconvergence of Italian foreign policy led by Andreotti and the pacification projects ofJohn Paul II, with a view to the future of relationships between the North and Southof the world, between Christianity and Islam
{"title":"Wojtyla, Gaddafi and Andreotti: Diplomacy and Religion for a Mediterranean Strategy against the Isolation of Libya (1978-1997)","authors":"Augusto D'Angelo","doi":"10.1400/280388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/280388","url":null,"abstract":"The essay describes -through unpublished documentation -the diplomatic workof Italy and the Holy See to gradually reintegrate Gaddafi of Libya into a system ofpeaceful relationships around the Mediterranean basin, combined with a system ofguarantees for the Catholic community present in Libya. These objectives have seen aconvergence of Italian foreign policy led by Andreotti and the pacification projects ofJohn Paul II, with a view to the future of relationships between the North and Southof the world, between Christianity and Islam","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"104 1","pages":"897-918"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66625256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essay analyses the negotiations between Corrado Barbagallo and GuidoPorzio on one side, Pietro Silva and Gioacchino Volpe on the other, on the basis ofunpublished letters written between the beginning of 1915 and 1916 (whose, themost important are published in appendix). These negotiations concern the foundationand organisation of a new review that took the place of «Studi Storici», whichseemed to disappear after his founder’s death at the end of 1914. It is clear how the«Nuova Rivista Storica», created in 1917, was strictly related to the historiographicalmovement known as economic-juridical.
{"title":"Come nacque la Nuova Rivista Storica 1915-1916","authors":"B. Figliuolo","doi":"10.1400/280389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/280389","url":null,"abstract":"The essay analyses the negotiations between Corrado Barbagallo and GuidoPorzio on one side, Pietro Silva and Gioacchino Volpe on the other, on the basis ofunpublished letters written between the beginning of 1915 and 1916 (whose, themost important are published in appendix). These negotiations concern the foundationand organisation of a new review that took the place of «Studi Storici», whichseemed to disappear after his founder’s death at the end of 1914. It is clear how the«Nuova Rivista Storica», created in 1917, was strictly related to the historiographicalmovement known as economic-juridical.","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"104 1","pages":"919-932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66625287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most relevant issues in the history of the Communist regime in Albania is the suppression of religions. After the decision taken in 1967 all faiths were banned by the new Constitution of 1976, and Albania became the first atheistic State in the world. Albanian citizens were forbidden from publicly and privately displaying their religious feelings and beliefs. The Italian diplomacy has secretly followed the evolution of this phenomenon while trying to create new opportunities for dialogue with the government of Tirana
{"title":"La diplomazia italiana e la persecuzione religiosa in Albania negli anni Ottanta : un primo studio","authors":"Luca Riccardi","doi":"10.1400/278718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/278718","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most relevant issues in the history of the Communist regime in Albania is the suppression of religions. After the decision taken in 1967 all faiths were banned by the new Constitution of 1976, and Albania became the first atheistic State in the world. Albanian citizens were forbidden from publicly and privately displaying their religious feelings and beliefs. The Italian diplomacy has secretly followed the evolution of this phenomenon while trying to create new opportunities for dialogue with the government of Tirana","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"104 1","pages":"531-546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66625188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the relationship between Perugia and its countryside in the Middle Ages, seen on the overall context of the relationship between the city and the rural area. The study is based on a critical revision of the traditional historiographical reconstruction and on a very large number of unpublished sources, especially related to the XIV century. The essay aims to explain the complexity of the relationship between Perugia, the neighbouring small cities and the local powers, overcoming a linear and teleological vision focused on an urban-centric reading.
{"title":"Mater e domina : ambizioni e domini territoriali del comune di Perugia dall'epoca consolare al governo di popolo (secoli XII-XIV)","authors":"Stefania Zucchini","doi":"10.1400/277148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/277148","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the relationship between Perugia and its countryside in the Middle Ages, seen on the overall context of the relationship between the city and the rural area. The study is based on a critical revision of the traditional historiographical reconstruction and on a very large number of unpublished sources, especially related to the XIV century. The essay aims to explain the complexity of the relationship between Perugia, the neighbouring small cities and the local powers, overcoming a linear and teleological vision focused on an urban-centric reading.","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"104 1","pages":"139-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66624608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of the commercial treaty with Russia has been described many times. The narrative, however, has focused mainly on economic negotiations in the broader context of mutual economic relations. Furthermore, with few exceptions, the trade agreement and the special relationship established with St. Petersburg have been viewed as fortuitous or as the by-product of Marie Caroline’s and Acton’s adventurist and pro-British attitude. This article addresses the matter by reading the naval convention with Russia, signed in 1787, in the broader context of The Kingdom’s history and of the international relations of the period. In this light, friendly relations with St. Petersburg appear as a coherent element of the effort to give the Kingdom the more flexible neutrality it needed in the Europe of the second half of the Eighteenth Century. In this regard, it should be stressed that Acton’s naval plan, of which the naval agreement was an important element, was conceived to be a tool in the Kingdom’s diplomacy without predetermining the actual choices that would be made during the French Revolution. More interestingly, as political considerations preceded any economic and commercial interests, the collaboration between Acton and the king in signing the treaty has turned out to be closer than generally suspected.
{"title":"Towards an Assertive Neutrality. Ferdinand IV, Acton and the Naval Convention with Russia, 1779-1789","authors":"E. Gin","doi":"10.1400/277150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1400/277150","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the commercial treaty with Russia has been described many times. The narrative, however, has focused mainly on economic negotiations in the broader context of mutual economic relations. Furthermore, with few exceptions, the trade agreement and the special relationship established with St. Petersburg have been viewed as fortuitous or as the by-product of Marie Caroline’s and Acton’s adventurist and pro-British attitude. This article addresses the matter by reading the naval convention with Russia, signed in 1787, in the broader context of The Kingdom’s history and of the international relations of the period. In this light, friendly relations with St. Petersburg appear as a coherent element of the effort to give the Kingdom the more flexible neutrality it needed in the Europe of the second half of the Eighteenth Century. In this regard, it should be stressed that Acton’s naval plan, of which the naval agreement was an important element, was conceived to be a tool in the Kingdom’s diplomacy without predetermining the actual choices that would be made during the French Revolution. More interestingly, as political considerations preceded any economic and commercial interests, the collaboration between Acton and the king in signing the treaty has turned out to be closer than generally suspected.","PeriodicalId":42962,"journal":{"name":"NUOVA RIVISTA STORICA","volume":"104 1","pages":"193-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66624638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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