Vaccine: X最新文献

{"title":"A qualitative exploration of stakeholders' views on vaccines for the elderly in South Africa","authors":"Mncengeli Sibanda ,&nbsp;Rosemary J. Burnett ,&nbsp;Brian Godman ,&nbsp;Edina Amponsah-Dacosta ,&nbsp;Johanna C. Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Advancements in healthcare and living standards have led to increased life expectancy globally, including in South Africa. Despite considerable evidence from high-income countries that vaccination is a cost-effective strategy for healthy ageing, South Africa currently does not have a formal policy for vaccination of the elderly. This study explored the opinions, experiences and recommendations of South African stakeholders (experts and key opinion leaders) in the field of vaccines and healthy ageing.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Online qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 stakeholders (vaccinologists, infectious disease specialists, policymakers, geriatricians and epidemiologists) were conducted. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed thematically using NVivo 12.0™ software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overarching unanimous theme was that a national immunisation programme for the elderly (NIPE) is warranted. Aligned to this were the themes: (i) Immunisation schedule for the elderly; (ii) Health system NIPE readiness; and (iii) Strategies ensuring adequate vaccine uptake by the elderly. Participants recommended a coordinated NIPE, which could build on the successes of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation of South Africa (EPI-SA) and the recent COVID-19 vaccination programme. The NIPE should ideally be integrated into the existing primary healthcare (PHC) system programmes for the elderly. Concurrently, interventions to increase access to vaccines and reduce vaccine hesitancy among the elderly and their healthcare providers must be implemented.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A NIPE needs to be prioritised, understood, communicated, and implemented within EPI-SA and integrated into the PHC system. This should be accompanied by the requisite logistical and financial support for such a programme. The NIPE should build on the success and achievements of EPI-SA and the COVID-19 vaccination programme. Interventions that increase vaccine access and address vaccine hesitancy should also be implemented to enhance uptake by the elderly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal survey of 6-monthly booster vaccination-induced antibody responses to equine influenza A virus (H3N8) in Standardbred trotting horses in training","authors":"Eva Wattrang ,&nbsp;Helena Back ,&nbsp;Louise Treiberg Berndtsson ,&nbsp;Siamak Zohari ,&nbsp;Janet Daly","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccination is an established and important tool in preventing the impact of influenza in the horse population but the frequency of booster vaccinations after the primary course of vaccinations to maintain protective antibody levels is still under debate. The aim of this field study was to monitor equine influenza antibody levels over the course of 13 months during which horses were given two booster vaccinations.</div><div>Fifty-six vaccinated Standardbred trotters in training were monitored with monthly blood samples. The horses were routinely vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine 6 months apart, V1 and V2. Antibodies to vaccine strain A/equine/Borlänge/91 (Bor/91) were quantified by ELISA in all samples and also measured by single radial haemolysis (SRH) in samples obtained before and after V1.</div><div>Mean titres against Bor/91 determined by ELISA were at the lowest level in the month prior to V1. All horses sampled immediately before and after V1 had an increase in titre except two ≥ 4-year-old horses. The antibody titres declined rapidly in the 3 months after V1. The boosting effect of V2 was lower compared to that of V1 and six horses with high pre-vaccination titres did not respond to V2, irrespective of age. Titres estimated by ELISA correlated well with antibody levels determined by SRH, which showed that while many of the horses would be unprotected before V1, antibody levels were boosted to protective levels after vaccination.</div><div>Antibody responses were higher in horses with low antibody levels at booster vaccination compared to those with already high antibody levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world estimation of the pneumococcal vaccination coverage among high-risk population in the unified health system in Brazil: an administrative database analysis","authors":"Daniela V. Pachito ,&nbsp;Paulo H.R.F. Almeida ,&nbsp;Ricardo Macarini Ferreira ,&nbsp;Rodrigo F. Alexandre ,&nbsp;Ana Paula N. Burian","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2026.100780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Immunization against pneumococcal disease (PD) for individuals with certain coexisting health conditions is recommended by the National Immunization Program (NIP) in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil. There are uncertainties regarding the size of the population at risk and the proportion of high-risk individuals assessed at the Reference Centers for Special Immunobiologicals (<em>Centros de Referência para Imunobiológicos Especiais</em>, CRIE). Objectives were to assess the high-risk population size from a claims database, to estimate the vaccination coverage rate, and to assess the proportion of complete, incomplete and non-conforming vaccination schemes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>ICD-10 and procedure codes related to high-risk health conditions were defined, together with proxies of disease activity and severity. Data from the outpatient information system of medium-to-high complexity levels of care, and the information system of immunobiologicals were analyzed. Encrypted identifiers were used to count distinct individuals from November 2021 to October 2023. Complete vaccination scheme was defined as at least one PCV13 and two or more PPS23 doses; incomplete vaccination scheme as one PCV13 and less than two PPS23 doses; and non-conform vaccination scheme as more than one PCV13 and less than two PPS23 doses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The estimated size of the high-risk population was 1,609,181 individuals. Coverage rate for having received at least one dose of PCV13 was estimated at 45.5 % and for the complete vaccination scheme at 3.5 %. Most vaccination schemes were incomplete or non-conform.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A small proportion of high-risk individuals were considered as having received the complete pneumococcal vaccination scheme, possibly due to issues such as the high complexity of the vaccination scheme, and limited access to CRIE, due to the continental size of Brazil and the concentration of CRIE in large cities. These findings should be interpreted with caution, considering the inherent limitations of the data sources used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countrywide analysis of vaccination rates in Ecuador from 2014 to 2024: Trends, inequalities and public health implications","authors":"Carolina Villacreses,&nbsp;Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy,&nbsp;Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez,&nbsp;María Gabriela Dávila-Rosero,&nbsp;Andrea Tello-De-la-Torre,&nbsp;Andres López-Cortes,&nbsp;Esteban Ortiz-Prado","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>National vaccination coverages are a key public health indicator and a cornerstone of disease prevention. In Ecuador, coverage rates have varied across age groups, highlighting both advancements and ongoing challenges. This study aims to analyze national vaccination coverage trends, identify regional disparities, and discuss possible factors influencing immunization rates in the country.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A nationwide descriptive analysis of vaccination coverage in Ecuador was conducted using official coverage data from 2014 to 2024, derived from aggregate counts reported by health facilities and census-based population estimates, despite limitations due to the absence of a fully functional electronic immunization registry. The study examined vaccine administration across different age groups, including children under one year, children aged 12 to 59 months, school-age children (5 to 15 years), and adults. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess coverage trends over multiple years, and variations by geographic region were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Vaccination coverage in Ecuador showed marked fluctuations from after 2014 up to 2024. BCG coverage dropped from 90 % pre-pandemic to 75 % in 2021, peaked at 98 % in 2023, then declined to 85 % in 2024. Hepatitis B birth dose fell to 47 % in 2016, recovering to 72 % by 2024. HPV1 dropped from 98 % (2018) to 28 % (2021), rebounding to 82 % in 2023; HPV2 remained lower at 52 %. Adult Td coverage was consistently low (9 % in 2021; 40 % in 2024). Booster doses also declined during the pandemic. Regional disparities persisted, with some areas exceeding 90 % while others remained below 70 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The national analysis of vaccination coverage in Ecuador highlights both progress and persistent gaps. While early childhood vaccines show high coverage, deficiencies remain in booster doses, adolescent immunization, and adult vaccination. Strengthening outreach, improving equitable access, and addressing regional disparities are essential to sustain immunization rates and prevent vaccine-preventable diseases. In addition, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the problems and barriers that affect vaccination coverage to design tailored interventions. Further studies are needed to understand the causes of vaccination gaps between rural and urban areas, so as to develop strategies that reduce these inequalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional progress and persistent gaps: toward measles elimination in Asia and the Pacific","authors":"Michelle Ylade ,&nbsp;Richard B. Kennedy ,&nbsp;Nigel W. Crawford","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100772","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolving COVID-19 subvariants and waning vaccine-induced immunity: a new public health risk for the African continent","authors":"Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke ,&nbsp;Shatrudhan Prajapati ,&nbsp;Shikha Yadav ,&nbsp;Chandrashekar Thalluri ,&nbsp;Ananda Kumar Chettupalli ,&nbsp;Hope Onohuean ,&nbsp;Ungo-Kore Hussain Yahaya ,&nbsp;Narayana Goruntla ,&nbsp;Yasodha Krishna Janapati ,&nbsp;Alrazi Eisa Shogar ,&nbsp;Tadele Mekuriya Yadesa","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>SARS-CoV-2 is not standing still and creates new forms with greater immune-evasion potential that appear threatening to the effectiveness of the protection provided by vaccinations. Though it is demonstrated on the global data that there is a significant degradation of neutralizing antibodies in 4-6 months, the situation in Africa is different since the population is younger, the prevalence of hybrid immunity is high, and adenoviral and inactivated vaccines are more popular in Africa compared to mRNA platforms. The review summarizes the existing knowledge on the declining immunity, breakthrough infections, booster efficacy, and the peculiarities of the epidemiologic and immunologic situation in Africa, and critically discusses the structural factors that influence the response therein one, including inadequate access to vaccines, limited genomic surveillance potential, and vulnerabilities of health systems. The review has not limited itself to identifying the challenges; it has also tried to give solutions in an area-specific way. These involve the adoption of hybrid models of genomic surveillance, combining national high-throughput hubs with the decentralized models of rapid sequencing, developing sustainable mechanisms of funding that lessens the reliance on donor cycles, incorporation of COVID-19 boosters in other established delivery platforms like HIV and malaria chemoprevention and maternal-child health, and specific actions to overcome vaccine-hesitancy (induced by distrust, misinformation, and inconsistent access). To empower the local production, align the data-governance structures, and operationalize the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regional collaboration is important in preparing the continent in the future waves of variants and pandemics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of incomplete vaccination against polio by 2 years of age in Canada: A cross-sectional study using the Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (CNICS)","authors":"Israa Zareef,&nbsp;Kristina Sabou,&nbsp;Anna Maria Frescura,&nbsp;Marwa Ebrahim,&nbsp;Julie Laroche","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Canada has not reached the national vaccination coverage goal of 95 % for polio vaccination in 2-year-old children. The objective of this study was to examine determinants of incomplete polio vaccination (receipt of less than 3 doses of a polio vaccine) by 2 years of age using data from the 2021 cycle of the Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (cNICS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine associations between sociodemographic factors of parents and children and knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of parents, relative to incomplete vaccination against polio among 2-year-old children.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Incomplete polio vaccination by 2 years of age was associated with parents/guardians residing in Prairie provinces (AB, MB &amp; SK) (aOR 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.3–3.6) or northern territories (NT, NU &amp; YT) (aOR: 6.2; 95 % CI: 2.5–15.2) compared to central provinces (ON &amp; QC); having a total 2020 household income of less than $60,000 CAD (aOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.2–6.8) compared to $150,000 CAD and above; and living in a remote/very remote area (aOR: 4.7; 95 % CI: 1.8–12.4) compared to a more accessible area. Comparatively, parents/guardians were less likely to have children with incomplete polio vaccination if their child was indigenous (aOR: 0.1; 95 % CI: 0.1–0.3) compared to non-Indigenous and if they had a higher vaccine confidence score (OR: 0.3; 95 % CI: 0.2–0.4).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Future research should delve into barriers faced by parents/guardians to improve polio vaccine uptake through specific vaccine messaging and targeted programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of seasonal influenza vaccine hesitancy among young adults at a Hong Kong university before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study","authors":"Hongsen Liang ,&nbsp;Fatema Khairunnasa ,&nbsp;Hsiang-Yu Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccine hesitancy (VH) among young adults limited seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) uptake in Hong Kong. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this issue remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A repeated cross-sectional study was performed on 269 young adults aged 18 to 35 at a Hong Kong university during two seasons: pre-COVID-19 (September 30, 2019, to April 1, 2020, with 130 participants) and during-COVID-19 (March 29, 2021, to May 2, 2021, with 139 participants). We developed our questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and included peer influence. The best-fitting logistic regression model, selected using the chi-square test and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), was used to assess the association between selected factors and VH in both periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the pre- to during-COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of participants exhibiting vaccine hesitancy increased from 43.8 % to 62.6 %. Perceived vaccine side effects, vaccine efficacy, and peers' vaccination status became significant with odds ratios of 3.941 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) [1.27, 14.36]), 0.1344 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.56]), and 0.1147 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.52]), respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A comprehensive approach that includes effective communication about vaccine safety and efficacy is crucial. Additionally, the vaccination status of peers may play an important role in vaccine promotion among young adults in Hong Kong.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on hospital admissions due to pneumonia among children in Nepal","authors":"Yumiko Hayashi ,&nbsp;Dhruba Shrestha ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Shrestha ,&nbsp;Ganendra Bhakta Raya ,&nbsp;Konosuke Morimoto ,&nbsp;Christopher M. Parry ,&nbsp;Koya Ariyoshi ,&nbsp;Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To evaluate the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) introduction on hospital admission due to pneumonia among children in Nepal.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Hospital records from Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to compare pre-PCV10 (2014–2015) and post-PCV10 (2016–2022) periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 10,897 admitted children, the proportion of pneumonia cases declined from 20.4 % (<em>n</em> = 429) before the introduction of PCV10 to 10.5 % (<em>n</em> = 923) after its introduction (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The adjusted prevalence of pneumonia was 19 % lower in 2016 (aPR 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.64–1.02)) and 69 % lower in 2020 (aPR 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.21–0.45)) among children 2 to 23 months of age. Similarly, aPR reduced from 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.55–0.96) in 2016 to 0.31 (95 % CI 0.17–0.55) in 2020 among children of 24 to 59 months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings support PCV10's role in reducing burden of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative technical and operational assessment of current and emerging bench-scale lipid nanoparticle platforms for production of mRNA vaccines","authors":"Changcheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Nerie Roa ,&nbsp;Estelle Neathery ,&nbsp;Nastassia Parker ,&nbsp;Jaclyn Delarosa ,&nbsp;Scott Knackstedt ,&nbsp;Kelly Lee ,&nbsp;Manjari Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objectives</h3><div>Four laboratory-scale lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mixing platforms were evaluated for producing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)–encapsulated LNPs with product attributes similar to the benchmark SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. For the comparative technical assessment, parameters such as lipid composition; the molar ratio of cationic polymer amine groups to nucleic acid phosphate groups; aqueous to organic ratio; and mRNA payload were kept identical across all tested mixing platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each platform was evaluated based on operational ease of use, and the mRNA-LNPs produced on each platform were assessed based on multiple parameters, such as physicochemical product attributes and in vivo performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multiple batches of LNPs incorporating two different-sized mRNA constructs, luciferase, and SARS-CoV-2 (approximately 2000 and 4000 nucleotides, respectively) were produced on each platform. The LNPs produced on the three micromixing platforms demonstrated similar product attributes in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, structural morphology, and immune response. The fourth platform, involving a rotor-stator mixing approach, showed larger particle size, lower encapsulation, and lower immune response compared to the other three tested platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Three micromixing approaches were shown to produce mRNA-encapsulated LNPs with highly reproducible and consistent product attributes, structural features, in vivo luciferase protein expression, and generation of immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2. The operational use for each platform varied in terms of equipment setup, use of disposable or reusable workflow accessories, cleaning protocol, cleaning time, and user-controlled interface, all of which are summarized in this work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}