Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100753
Arlanna Pugh, Sailly Dave, Marwa Ebrahim, Julie A. Laroche
Background
COVID-19 vaccine rollout has prioritized high risk populations, including children with chronic health conditions (CHC), who are at greater risk of severe illness and hospitalization if infected. This study aims to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination among Canadian children with at least one CHC, and parental reasons for non-vaccination.
Methods
The Childhood COVID-19 Immunization Coverage Survey is a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of parents with children younger than 18 years old in Canada. Data was collected from April to July 2022 on COVID-19 immunization coverage and parental intentions to vaccinate their children. This study featured parents with children ages 5 to 17 years old who had at least one CHC. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted logistic regression models were built to explore factors of non-vaccination within this cohort.
Results
Of the 882 parents with children who have at least one CHC, 138 (16 %) reported that their child was unvaccinated against COVID-19. Children who were a visible minority (aOR: 2.66, 99 % CI: 2.48, 2.85) or who did not have asthma (aOR: 1.48, 99 % CI: 1.42–1.56) had greater odds of being unvaccinated, whereas adolescents 12–17 years old had lower odds (aOR: 0.10, 99 % CI: 0.09–0.11). Unvaccinated parents who were hesitant or refused to vaccinate their child cited vaccine safety (67.2 %), inadequate research on COVID-19 vaccines (57.7 %), and vaccine effectiveness (55.9 %) as their top 3 concerns on COVID-19 vaccination.
Conclusions
Study findings may help inform policies and programs designed to address parental vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccination uptake especially among children of visible minority, low SES and/or children who do not have asthma, but have other CHCs.
{"title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination among children and adolescents with chronic health conditions in Canada: A national cross-sectional study","authors":"Arlanna Pugh, Sailly Dave, Marwa Ebrahim, Julie A. Laroche","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>COVID-19 vaccine rollout has prioritized high risk populations, including children with chronic health conditions (CHC), who are at greater risk of severe illness and hospitalization if infected. This study aims to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with COVID-19 non-vaccination among Canadian children with at least one CHC, and parental reasons for non-vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The Childhood COVID-19 Immunization Coverage Survey is a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of parents with children younger than 18 years old in Canada. Data was collected from April to July 2022 on COVID-19 immunization coverage and parental intentions to vaccinate their children. This study featured parents with children ages 5 to 17 years old who had at least one CHC. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted logistic regression models were built to explore factors of non-vaccination within this cohort.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 882 parents with children who have at least one CHC, 138 (16 %) reported that their child was unvaccinated against COVID-19. Children who were a visible minority (aOR: 2.66, 99 % CI: 2.48, 2.85) or who did not have asthma (aOR: 1.48, 99 % CI: 1.42–1.56) had greater odds of being unvaccinated, whereas adolescents 12–17 years old had lower odds (aOR: 0.10, 99 % CI: 0.09–0.11). Unvaccinated parents who were hesitant or refused to vaccinate their child cited vaccine safety (67.2 %), inadequate research on COVID-19 vaccines (57.7 %), and vaccine effectiveness (55.9 %) as their top 3 concerns on COVID-19 vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Study findings may help inform policies and programs designed to address parental vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccination uptake especially among children of visible minority, low SES and/or children who do not have asthma, but have other CHCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100745
Nigel W. Crawford , Inna G. Ovsyannikova , Sompong Vongpunsawad , Alex De Figueiredo , Richard B. Kennedy
{"title":"Open Access in 2025: supporting the publication of readily accessible, ‘peer reviewed’ immunization science has never been more important","authors":"Nigel W. Crawford , Inna G. Ovsyannikova , Sompong Vongpunsawad , Alex De Figueiredo , Richard B. Kennedy","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100745","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100759
Neaka Mohtashemi , Julia Spaczai , Rong Guo , Chi-hong Tseng , Mary C. Cambou , Lynda Emel , Hannah Ship , Tian-hao Zhang , Shih-Hsin Chiu , Lynda Stranix-Chibanda , Tsungai Chipato , Kenneth Kintu , Karim P. Manji , Dhayendre Moodley , Judith S. Currier , Chloe L. Thio , Yvonne Maldonado , Debika Bhattacharya
There is little data on hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) responses in HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants born to people living with HIV and hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) (HEU-HBV). We examined anti-HBs titers in infants in a post-hoc analysis of the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 046 trial. Thirty-three infants were tested for anti-HBs at 6 and 12 months. Of these, 84.8 % had a protective response (anti-HBs >10 IU/mL) at 6 months, and 97 % had anti-HBs >10 IU/mL at 12 months. Infants with low birth weight ([LBW] ≤2500 g) had lower median anti-HBs titers at 6 and 12 months (472 IU/mL and 48 IU/mL, respectively) compared to infants without LBW, although this was not statistically significant. Anti-HBs titers at 6 and 12 months in HEU-HBV are similar to those in HIV unexposed, uninfected (HUU) infants.
{"title":"High HBV seroprotection rates in infants born to people with HIV and HBV infection in sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Neaka Mohtashemi , Julia Spaczai , Rong Guo , Chi-hong Tseng , Mary C. Cambou , Lynda Emel , Hannah Ship , Tian-hao Zhang , Shih-Hsin Chiu , Lynda Stranix-Chibanda , Tsungai Chipato , Kenneth Kintu , Karim P. Manji , Dhayendre Moodley , Judith S. Currier , Chloe L. Thio , Yvonne Maldonado , Debika Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is little data on hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) responses in HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants born to people living with HIV and hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) (HEU-HBV). We examined anti-HBs titers in infants in a post-hoc analysis of the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 046 trial. Thirty-three infants were tested for anti-HBs at 6 and 12 months. Of these, 84.8 % had a protective response (anti-HBs >10 IU/mL) at 6 months, and 97 % had anti-HBs >10 IU/mL at 12 months. Infants with low birth weight ([LBW] ≤2500 g) had lower median anti-HBs titers at 6 and 12 months (472 IU/mL and 48 IU/mL, respectively) compared to infants without LBW, although this was not statistically significant. Anti-HBs titers at 6 and 12 months in HEU-HBV are similar to those in HIV unexposed, uninfected (HUU) infants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100759"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760
Dustin Eckhardt , Jan-P. Klee , Irakli Sardlishvili , Jana Mueller , Lars E. Walter , Stefanie Fey , Jan Thorbow , Tim Hofmann , Aline Zimmer , Peter Czermak , Denise Salzig
Oncolytic measles virus (MeV) naturally targets cancer cells, inducing their lysis and stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. The high titers of infectious MeV for treatment (107–109 TCID₅₀ per dose) are currently produced in adherent Vero cells, requiring microcarriers for dynamic cultivation, complicating both upstream and downstream processing, and limiting production scalability. To address these challenges, we adapted Vero cells to suspension growth in chemically defined medium (CDM). The growth, metabolism and suitability of these cells for MeV production were investigated under dynamic cultivation using shake flasks and stirred-tank reactors (STR) at different scales. We showed that the adapted Vero suspension cells grew to 1.5-fold higher densities in the STR [(3.26 ± 0.54) × 106 cells mL−1] compared to shake flasks [(2.16 ± 0.22) × 106 cells mL−1], which also reflected faster growth rates. Besides the importance of carbon & nitrogen sources in the medium (e.g. glucose, glutamine, pyruvate), we found that the pH level, the lactate concentration and the osmolality were critical process parameters for prolonged exponential Vero cell growth. Infected Vero suspension cells reached MeV titers > 1.5 × 106 TCID₅₀ mL−1 faster than adherent Vero cells in both shake flasks and the STRs. Beyond oncolytic MeV production, these CDM-adapted Vero suspension cells may provide a promising basis for developing a production platform for other viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors.
溶瘤麻疹病毒（MeV）天然靶向癌细胞，诱导其裂解并刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应。用于治疗的高滴度传染性MeV （107-109 TCID₅0 /剂量）目前是在贴壁Vero细胞中生产的，需要微载体进行动态培养，使上游和下游加工复杂化，并限制了生产的可扩展性。为了解决这些问题，我们让Vero细胞在化学定义培养基（CDM）中悬浮生长。在不同规模的摇瓶和搅拌槽反应器（STR）的动态培养下，研究了这些细胞的生长、代谢和MeV生产的适宜性。我们发现，与摇瓶[（2.16±0.22）× 106 cells mL - 1]相比，适应后的Vero悬液细胞在STR中的生长密度提高了1.5倍[（3.26±0.54）× 106 cells mL - 1]，也反映了更快的生长速度。除了培养基中碳氮源（如葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺、丙酮酸）的重要性外，我们还发现pH水平、乳酸浓度和渗透压是延长指数Vero细胞生长的关键过程参数。感染的Vero悬浮细胞在摇瓶和STRs中比贴壁的Vero细胞更快地达到MeV滴度>； 1.5 × 106 TCID₅₀mL - 1。除了溶瘤性MeV的生产，这些适应cdm的Vero悬浮细胞可能为开发其他病毒、病毒样颗粒和病毒载体的生产平台提供了有希望的基础。
{"title":"Adaptation of Vero cells to chemically-defined suspension culture and implementation of a stirred tank reactor process for the production of oncolytic measles virus","authors":"Dustin Eckhardt , Jan-P. Klee , Irakli Sardlishvili , Jana Mueller , Lars E. Walter , Stefanie Fey , Jan Thorbow , Tim Hofmann , Aline Zimmer , Peter Czermak , Denise Salzig","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oncolytic measles virus (MeV) naturally targets cancer cells, inducing their lysis and stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. The high titers of infectious MeV for treatment (10<sup>7</sup>–10<sup>9</sup> TCID₅₀ per dose) are currently produced in adherent Vero cells, requiring microcarriers for dynamic cultivation, complicating both upstream and downstream processing, and limiting production scalability. To address these challenges, we adapted Vero cells to suspension growth in chemically defined medium (CDM). The growth, metabolism and suitability of these cells for MeV production were investigated under dynamic cultivation using shake flasks and stirred-tank reactors (STR) at different scales. We showed that the adapted Vero suspension cells grew to 1.5-fold higher densities in the STR [(3.26 ± 0.54) × 10<sup>6</sup> cells mL<sup>−1</sup>] compared to shake flasks [(2.16 ± 0.22) × 10<sup>6</sup> cells mL<sup>−1</sup>], which also reflected faster growth rates. Besides the importance of carbon & nitrogen sources in the medium (e.g. glucose, glutamine, pyruvate), we found that the pH level, the lactate concentration and the osmolality were critical process parameters for prolonged exponential Vero cell growth. Infected Vero suspension cells reached MeV titers > 1.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> TCID₅₀ mL<sup>−1</sup> faster than adherent Vero cells in both shake flasks and the STRs. Beyond oncolytic MeV production, these CDM-adapted Vero suspension cells may provide a promising basis for developing a production platform for other viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100756
Madeleine Mant , Armughan Islam , Andrew Prine
Introduction
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and recent measles outbreaks have brought the topic of vaccine hesitancy to the forefront of the public imagination. This research sought to understand Canadian polio survivors' perceptions of vaccines and vaccine hesitancy.
Material and methods
We interviewed 65 individuals with post-polio syndrome and used NVivo to code the qualitative descriptive analysis.
Results
Participants expressed worry regarding the declining rates of childhood vaccine acceptance. All participants championed the polio vaccine and encouraged its universal uptake. Some vaccines (e.g., MMR, diphtheria) were consistently accepted as beneficial. While most interviewees accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, a minority expressed hesitancy. Participants expressed a willingness to share their polio stories to encourage childhood vaccine uptake.
Conclusions
Polio survivors are an aging population with lived experience regarding vaccine-preventable disease. Future public health campaigns regarding vaccine uptake should endeavour to include structured engagement with post-polio support groups across Canada and internationally as community vaccine champions. Importantly, vaccine acceptance should be considered as a spectrum, and primary care physicians should be encouraged to review vaccine safety for all vaccines even with patients who express general acceptance.
{"title":"Polio survivors' perspectives on vaccine hesitancy: a qualitative interview study","authors":"Madeleine Mant , Armughan Islam , Andrew Prine","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and recent measles outbreaks have brought the topic of vaccine hesitancy to the forefront of the public imagination. This research sought to understand Canadian polio survivors' perceptions of vaccines and vaccine hesitancy.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>We interviewed 65 individuals with post-polio syndrome and used NVivo to code the qualitative descriptive analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants expressed worry regarding the declining rates of childhood vaccine acceptance. All participants championed the polio vaccine and encouraged its universal uptake. Some vaccines (e.g., MMR, diphtheria) were consistently accepted as beneficial. While most interviewees accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, a minority expressed hesitancy. Participants expressed a willingness to share their polio stories to encourage childhood vaccine uptake.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Polio survivors are an aging population with lived experience regarding vaccine-preventable disease. Future public health campaigns regarding vaccine uptake should endeavour to include structured engagement with post-polio support groups across Canada and internationally as community vaccine champions. Importantly, vaccine acceptance should be considered as a spectrum, and primary care physicians should be encouraged to review vaccine safety for all vaccines even with patients who express general acceptance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100752
Brook Tesfaye , Julius E. Chia , Terna Nomhwange , D. Collins Owuor , Ticha Johnson Muluh , Safdar Nosheen , Arthur Yannick Doungmo Wakem , Abdullateef Jimoh , Akif Saatcioglu , Kebba Touray , Abdulahi Walla Hamisu , Modjirom Ndoutabe , Jamal A. Ahmed , Anfumbom Kfutwah
Background
The continued detection of orphan polioviruses, defined by ≥ 1.5 % nucleotide divergence in the VP1-coding region of the virus compared with the VP1 of previous circulating isolates, presents a significant challenge to polio eradication efforts. Orphan polioviruses underscores the existence of undetected transmissions and surveillance blind spots. Understanding the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of these viruses is essential to accelerate eradication efforts.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on orphan polioviruses detected in the WHO African region from 2022 to 2024, using WHO polio database. Descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, and phylogenetic methods were employed to assess virus transmission, genetic diversity, and surveillance system performance.
Results
A total of 130 orphan polioviruses were detected within the study period in 17 countries, with Nigeria and Chad accounting for 69 % of all reported orphan polioviruses. Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was the predominant serotype, accounting for 96 % of overall detections. The majority of the orphan polioviruses were among children under-five years, with 66 % having received the recommended 3 doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). The median time to detection was 54 days (IQR: 41–72), with significant delays observed in Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Phylogenetic analysis revealed independent emergences and prolonged circulation. Nigeria showed high genetic diversity with at least 6 distinct sub-lineages, the predominant emergence being NIE-ZAS-1. Closely related chains of transmission were identified in Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, highlighting sustained cross-border transmission within the Lake Chad Basin region. Also, the detection of orphan poliovirus in Angola genetically traced to Nigeria demonstrates the risk of an even wider geographic spread.
Conclusion
The detection of orphan polioviruses and demonstration of viral genetic linkages highlights persistent surveillance and immunity gaps in the WHO African region. Improving the sensitivity of surveillance systems, expanding regional sequencing capacity, and intensifying cross-border synchronization of surveillance and immunization activities are important in the timely detection of silent transmissions and advancing eradication goals.
{"title":"Epidemiology and genetic characterization of orphan polioviruses in Africa, 2022–2024: Unmasking silent transmission and implications for eradication","authors":"Brook Tesfaye , Julius E. Chia , Terna Nomhwange , D. Collins Owuor , Ticha Johnson Muluh , Safdar Nosheen , Arthur Yannick Doungmo Wakem , Abdullateef Jimoh , Akif Saatcioglu , Kebba Touray , Abdulahi Walla Hamisu , Modjirom Ndoutabe , Jamal A. Ahmed , Anfumbom Kfutwah","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The continued detection of orphan polioviruses, defined by ≥ 1.5 % nucleotide divergence in the VP1-coding region of the virus compared with the VP1 of previous circulating isolates, presents a significant challenge to polio eradication efforts. Orphan polioviruses underscores the existence of undetected transmissions and surveillance blind spots. Understanding the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of these viruses is essential to accelerate eradication efforts.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted on orphan polioviruses detected in the WHO African region from 2022 to 2024, using WHO polio database. Descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, and phylogenetic methods were employed to assess virus transmission, genetic diversity, and surveillance system performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 130 orphan polioviruses were detected within the study period in 17 countries, with Nigeria and Chad accounting for 69 % of all reported orphan polioviruses. Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was the predominant serotype, accounting for 96 % of overall detections. The majority of the orphan polioviruses were among children under-five years, with 66 % having received the recommended 3 doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). The median time to detection was 54 days (IQR: 41–72), with significant delays observed in Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Phylogenetic analysis revealed independent emergences and prolonged circulation. Nigeria showed high genetic diversity with at least 6 distinct sub-lineages, the predominant emergence being NIE-ZAS-1. Closely related chains of transmission were identified in Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, highlighting sustained cross-border transmission within the Lake Chad Basin region. Also, the detection of orphan poliovirus in Angola genetically traced to Nigeria demonstrates the risk of an even wider geographic spread.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The detection of orphan polioviruses and demonstration of viral genetic linkages highlights persistent surveillance and immunity gaps in the WHO African region. Improving the sensitivity of surveillance systems, expanding regional sequencing capacity, and intensifying cross-border synchronization of surveillance and immunization activities are important in the timely detection of silent transmissions and advancing eradication goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100754
Arun Dahil, David Hardisty, Glenn Simpson, Hajira Dambha-Miller
Background
Vaccination rates vary in the UK population but are vital in maintaining public health. Social care needs (SCN) refer to the promotion of independence and wellbeing, particularly in those who may have a disability, be socially isolated, or endure economic stress. Variations in SCN may impact vaccine uptake, thereby affecting vaccination coverage, but this is poorly understood.
Aim
We aim in our study to collate and interpret existing evidence on the variations in vaccination coverage among individuals with SCN.
Methods
Searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) from inception to June 27, 2024. Grey literature was also searched. Two authors independently screened and extracted relevant papers, with disagreements resolved by a third author. The search terms used included: “vaccination AND social need AND immunisation”, and variations of these terms.
Results
We identified 606 articles with 32 meeting the inclusion criteria following full-text screening. Studies originated from various regions, with most conducted in the USA. Key SCN identified as barriers to vaccination included access issues, limited information, social vulnerability, and economic deprivation. Vaccines most affected included influenza, pneumonia, and HPV.
Conclusions
Our review collated evidence on vaccination uptake variations in relation to SCN, finding a limited body of research, primarily from the USA. Most studies indicated lower vaccine uptake among individuals with SCN. Greater understanding of these variations could inform improved vaccination uptake, especially in high-risk groups. Further research is needed to identify effective interventions to address these disparities in vaccination coverage.
英国人口的疫苗接种率各不相同，但对维护公众健康至关重要。社会关怀需求（Social care needs， SCN）是指促进独立和福祉，特别是那些可能有残疾、被社会孤立或承受经济压力的人。SCN的变化可能会影响疫苗的摄取，从而影响疫苗接种的覆盖率，但这一点尚不清楚。在我们的研究中，我们的目的是整理和解释SCN个体中疫苗接种覆盖率变化的现有证据。方法使用Medline、Embase、Cochrane、CINAHL和Bielefeld学术搜索引擎（BASE）进行检索，检索时间自成立至2024年6月27日。灰色文献也被检索。两位作者独立筛选和提取相关论文，分歧由第三位作者解决。使用的搜索词包括：“疫苗接种和社会需求和免疫接种”，以及这些词的变体。结果通过全文筛选，共纳入606篇文献，其中32篇符合纳入标准。研究来自不同地区，其中大多数在美国进行。被确定为疫苗接种障碍的关键SCN包括获取问题、信息有限、社会脆弱性和经济剥夺。受影响最大的疫苗包括流感、肺炎和人乳头瘤病毒。我们的综述整理了疫苗摄取变化与SCN相关的证据，发现主要来自美国的有限研究机构。大多数研究表明，SCN患者的疫苗接种率较低。更好地了解这些变异可以提高疫苗接种率，特别是在高危人群中。需要进一步研究确定有效的干预措施，以解决疫苗接种覆盖率方面的这些差异。
{"title":"Variations in vaccination coverage by social care need: a scoping review","authors":"Arun Dahil, David Hardisty, Glenn Simpson, Hajira Dambha-Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccination rates vary in the UK population but are vital in maintaining public health. Social care needs (SCN) refer to the promotion of independence and wellbeing, particularly in those who may have a disability, be socially isolated, or endure economic stress. Variations in SCN may impact vaccine uptake, thereby affecting vaccination coverage, but this is poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>We aim in our study to collate and interpret existing evidence on the variations in vaccination coverage among individuals with SCN.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) from inception to June 27, 2024. Grey literature was also searched. Two authors independently screened and extracted relevant papers, with disagreements resolved by a third author. The search terms used included: “vaccination AND social need AND immunisation”, and variations of these terms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 606 articles with 32 meeting the inclusion criteria following full-text screening. Studies originated from various regions, with most conducted in the USA. Key SCN identified as barriers to vaccination included access issues, limited information, social vulnerability, and economic deprivation. Vaccines most affected included influenza, pneumonia, and HPV.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our review collated evidence on vaccination uptake variations in relation to SCN, finding a limited body of research, primarily from the USA. Most studies indicated lower vaccine uptake among individuals with SCN. Greater understanding of these variations could inform improved vaccination uptake, especially in high-risk groups. Further research is needed to identify effective interventions to address these disparities in vaccination coverage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100755
Penda Johm, Mbasan M. Jallow, Ebrima Manneh, Ed Clarke
Introduction/background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections associated with cervical cancer. In The Gambia, it is estimated that 770,927 women aged 15 years and above are at risk of cervical cancer with approximately 286 new cases being diagnosed annually. Despite the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine, uptake has remained low since its introduction in 2019. This qualitative study explored the potential impact of age (adults versus adolescents versus infants) and gender (boys and girls versus girls only) on caregivers' acceptance of the HPV vaccine. Understanding caregivers' reasons for acceptance and refusal can help HPV vaccine programme managers to address issues that may prevent uptake.
Methods
23 qualitative in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions with a total of 83 caregivers were conducted in urban and rural settlements located across five regions of the Gambia (West Coast, North Bank, Lower River, Central River and Upper River). Male and female caregivers aged 18 and above were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. NVivo 14 qualitative data analysis software was used for data management and thematic analysis.
Results
Knowledge of HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine was scarce. Participants highlighted the need for greater sensitisation on HPV and the vaccine. Despite this, all participants accepted the HPV vaccine regardless of the age or gender of the individual receiving the vaccine. Motives for vaccine acceptance included ensuring the wellbeing of their children and trust in healthcare workers. Vaccine hesitancy was prompted by a lack of sensitisation and fear of infertility.
Conclusion
HPV vaccine acceptance is high across the different regions although there is a need for widespread sensitisation. Such findings can inform the implementation of future vaccination programmes to improve sensitization messaging, plan for effective vaccination rollout and subsequently increase uptake and coverage of HPV vaccines.
{"title":"Primary caregivers' acceptance of gendered human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination across The Gambia","authors":"Penda Johm, Mbasan M. Jallow, Ebrima Manneh, Ed Clarke","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction/background</h3><div>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections associated with cervical cancer. In The Gambia, it is estimated that 770,927 women aged 15 years and above are at risk of cervical cancer with approximately 286 new cases being diagnosed annually. Despite the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine, uptake has remained low since its introduction in 2019. This qualitative study explored the potential impact of age (adults versus adolescents versus infants) and gender (boys and girls versus girls only) on caregivers' acceptance of the HPV vaccine. Understanding caregivers' reasons for acceptance and refusal can help HPV vaccine programme managers to address issues that may prevent uptake.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>23 qualitative in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions with a total of 83 caregivers were conducted in urban and rural settlements located across five regions of the Gambia (West Coast, North Bank, Lower River, Central River and Upper River). Male and female caregivers aged 18 and above were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. NVivo 14 qualitative data analysis software was used for data management and thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Knowledge of HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine was scarce. Participants highlighted the need for greater sensitisation on HPV and the vaccine. Despite this, all participants accepted the HPV vaccine regardless of the age or gender of the individual receiving the vaccine. Motives for vaccine acceptance included ensuring the wellbeing of their children and trust in healthcare workers. Vaccine hesitancy was prompted by a lack of sensitisation and fear of infertility.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>HPV vaccine acceptance is high across the different regions although there is a need for widespread sensitisation. Such findings can inform the implementation of future vaccination programmes to improve sensitization messaging, plan for effective vaccination rollout and subsequently increase uptake and coverage of HPV vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100750
Tarsizio Chikaonda , Morrison P. Kamanga , Faith Thole , Bridgette Galafa , Glory Kadzanja , Belson Kutambe , Mavis Menyere , Phillip M. Ashton , Ashleigh Howard , Daniela M. Ferreira , Kondwani Jambo , Stephen B. Gordon
Background
Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIM) are an important tool in biomedical research in which pathogens are inoculated into human volunteers to study pathogenesis and test vaccines or treatments. Production of CHIM inoculum, however, presents specific challenges in safety, reproducibility and replication of the desired dose. The principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) developed for production of medications can be applied to the preparation of CHIM inocula, but licensed GMP facilities are scarce in low resource settings.
Methods
We applied GMP principles to develop protocols for CHIM inocula production at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and subsequently at Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Malawi. We used published guidelines to evaluate these protocols and to advise selection, characterisation, manufacture, quality control and storage. We established in-house production of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 3 and 6B for use in Experimental Human Pneumococcal Challenge models.
Results
The manufacturing process underwent regulatory review in both the UK and Malawi. CHIM inocula production in Malawi was approved by the National Health Sciences Research Committee after written and oral submission. We successfully implemented our procedure and manufactured batch lots of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (n = 2) and serotype 6B (n = 2). We safely, accurately and successfully inoculated participants in CHIM studies and achieved experimental human pneumococcal carriage with both serotype strains.
Discussion
CHIM inoculum manufacture of pneumococcus was feasible in Malawi. This allowed the Malawi scientific ecosystem to demonstrate scientific and regulatory autonomy as well as having the potential to improve operational efficiency compared to importation of challenge agents.
{"title":"Controlled human infection model (CHIM) inoculum production in Malawi using principles of good manufacturing practice","authors":"Tarsizio Chikaonda , Morrison P. Kamanga , Faith Thole , Bridgette Galafa , Glory Kadzanja , Belson Kutambe , Mavis Menyere , Phillip M. Ashton , Ashleigh Howard , Daniela M. Ferreira , Kondwani Jambo , Stephen B. Gordon","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIM) are an important tool in biomedical research in which pathogens are inoculated into human volunteers to study pathogenesis and test vaccines or treatments. Production of CHIM inoculum, however, presents specific challenges in safety, reproducibility and replication of the desired dose. The principles of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) developed for production of medications can be applied to the preparation of CHIM inocula, but licensed GMP facilities are scarce in low resource settings.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We applied GMP principles to develop protocols for CHIM inocula production at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK and subsequently at Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Malawi. We used published guidelines to evaluate these protocols and to advise selection, characterisation, manufacture, quality control and storage. We established in-house production of <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> serotypes 3 and 6B for use in Experimental Human Pneumococcal Challenge models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The manufacturing process underwent regulatory review in both the UK and Malawi. CHIM inocula production in Malawi was approved by the National Health Sciences Research Committee after written and oral submission. We successfully implemented our procedure and manufactured batch lots of <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> serotype 3 (<em>n</em> = 2) and serotype 6B (n = 2). We safely, accurately and successfully inoculated participants in CHIM studies and achieved experimental human pneumococcal carriage with both serotype strains.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>CHIM inoculum manufacture of pneumococcus was feasible in Malawi. This allowed the Malawi scientific ecosystem to demonstrate scientific and regulatory autonomy as well as having the potential to improve operational efficiency compared to importation of challenge agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dengue vaccine Qdenga® has been available in Argentina since November 2023. This study aimed to evaluate adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in individuals vaccinated with Qdenga® in private centers in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires.
Methods
A retrospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted through passive surveillance of AEFI in individuals ≥4-years-old who received Qdenga® from 01/Nov/2023 to 01/Nov/2024.
AEFI incidence was calculated per 1000 doses administered, stratified by dose, age group and seriousness. Associations between population characteristics and AEFI were analysed. Hypersensitivity reactions incidence was calculated.
Results
156,676 doses were administered to 112,345 individuals, mean age 36.5 years (median 40; range 4–102).
A total of 303 AEFI were reported, with an incidence rate of 1.9/1000; 2.5/1000 (277/109,281) for first dose and 0.5/1000 (26/47,395) for second dose. No statistical differences by age and higher reports in 18–60-year-old group women were observed.
AEFI classification
1-Non-serious (95.1%): the most frequent were rash (41.8%), myalgia (30.0%), pyrexia (29.2%) and headache (26.0%) after first dose; pyrexia (38.5%) and headache (26.9%) after second dose. 2-Serious (1.3%): anaphylactic reaction, nephrotic syndrome, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. 3-Special Situation Reports (2.6%): Five pregnant women vaccinated; one infant born with interventricular communication. Three vaccinated while breastfeeding; one infant had diarrhea. 4-Vaccine administration errors (1.0%): three cases.
Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity non-anaphylaxis incidence: 0.006/1000 and 0.14/1000 respectively.
Conclusion
AEFI cases were more common after the first dose and mostly non-serious. No age-related association was found. This study identified few signals in passive surveillance after Qdenga® vaccine.
{"title":"Retrospective analysis of one year of passive safety surveillance data following implementation of the dengue vaccine, Qdenga® (TAK-003) at private vaccination centers, in Buenos Aires, Argentina","authors":"Vanesa Edelvais Castellano MD , Sofìa Diana Menéndez , Jimena Ochoa MD , Fernando Burgos MD , Fernando Fernadez MD , Romina Gigliotti MD , Mariano Díaz MD , Pablo Bonvehí MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dengue vaccine Qdenga® has been available in Argentina since November 2023. This study aimed to evaluate adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in individuals vaccinated with Qdenga® in private centers in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted through passive surveillance of AEFI in individuals ≥4-years-old who received Qdenga® from 01/Nov/2023 to 01/Nov/2024.</div><div>AEFI incidence was calculated per 1000 doses administered, stratified by dose, age group and seriousness. Associations between population characteristics and AEFI were analysed. Hypersensitivity reactions incidence was calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>156,676 doses were administered to 112,345 individuals, mean age 36.5 years (median 40; range 4–102).</div><div>A total of 303 AEFI were reported, with an incidence rate of 1.9/1000; 2.5/1000 (277/109,281) for first dose and 0.5/1000 (26/47,395) for second dose. No statistical differences by age and higher reports in 18–60-year-old group women were observed.</div></div><div><h3>AEFI classification</h3><div>1-Non-serious (95.1%): the most frequent were rash (41.8%), myalgia (30.0%), pyrexia (29.2%) and headache (26.0%) after first dose; pyrexia (38.5%) and headache (26.9%) after second dose. 2-Serious (1.3%): anaphylactic reaction, nephrotic syndrome, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. 3-Special Situation Reports (2.6%): Five pregnant women vaccinated; one infant born with interventricular communication. Three vaccinated while breastfeeding; one infant had diarrhea. 4-Vaccine administration errors (1.0%): three cases.</div><div>Anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity non-anaphylaxis incidence: 0.006/1000 and 0.14/1000 respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>AEFI cases were more common after the first dose and mostly non-serious. No age-related association was found. This study identified few signals in passive surveillance after Qdenga® vaccine.</div><div><strong>Clinical trial registration number:</strong> <span><span>NCT06898775</span><svg><path></path></svg></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145525340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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