Vaccine hesitancy (VH) among young adults limited seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) uptake in Hong Kong. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this issue remains unclear.
Methods
A repeated cross-sectional study was performed on 269 young adults aged 18 to 35 at a Hong Kong university during two seasons: pre-COVID-19 (September 30, 2019, to April 1, 2020, with 130 participants) and during-COVID-19 (March 29, 2021, to May 2, 2021, with 139 participants). We developed our questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and included peer influence. The best-fitting logistic regression model, selected using the chi-square test and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), was used to assess the association between selected factors and VH in both periods.
Results
From the pre- to during-COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of participants exhibiting vaccine hesitancy increased from 43.8 % to 62.6 %. Perceived vaccine side effects, vaccine efficacy, and peers' vaccination status became significant with odds ratios of 3.941 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) [1.27, 14.36]), 0.1344 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.56]), and 0.1147 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.52]), respectively.
Conclusions
A comprehensive approach that includes effective communication about vaccine safety and efficacy is crucial. Additionally, the vaccination status of peers may play an important role in vaccine promotion among young adults in Hong Kong.
{"title":"Comparison of seasonal influenza vaccine hesitancy among young adults at a Hong Kong university before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study","authors":"Hongsen Liang , Fatema Khairunnasa , Hsiang-Yu Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccine hesitancy (VH) among young adults limited seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) uptake in Hong Kong. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this issue remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A repeated cross-sectional study was performed on 269 young adults aged 18 to 35 at a Hong Kong university during two seasons: pre-COVID-19 (September 30, 2019, to April 1, 2020, with 130 participants) and during-COVID-19 (March 29, 2021, to May 2, 2021, with 139 participants). We developed our questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and included peer influence. The best-fitting logistic regression model, selected using the chi-square test and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), was used to assess the association between selected factors and VH in both periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the pre- to during-COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of participants exhibiting vaccine hesitancy increased from 43.8 % to 62.6 %. Perceived vaccine side effects, vaccine efficacy, and peers' vaccination status became significant with odds ratios of 3.941 (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) [1.27, 14.36]), 0.1344 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.56]), and 0.1147 (95 % CI [0.02, 0.52]), respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A comprehensive approach that includes effective communication about vaccine safety and efficacy is crucial. Additionally, the vaccination status of peers may play an important role in vaccine promotion among young adults in Hong Kong.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100774"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100768
Israa Zareef, Kristina Sabou, Anna Maria Frescura, Marwa Ebrahim, Julie Laroche
Background
Canada has not reached the national vaccination coverage goal of 95 % for polio vaccination in 2-year-old children. The objective of this study was to examine determinants of incomplete polio vaccination (receipt of less than 3 doses of a polio vaccine) by 2 years of age using data from the 2021 cycle of the Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (cNICS).
Methods
Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine associations between sociodemographic factors of parents and children and knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of parents, relative to incomplete vaccination against polio among 2-year-old children.
Results
Incomplete polio vaccination by 2 years of age was associated with parents/guardians residing in Prairie provinces (AB, MB & SK) (aOR 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.3–3.6) or northern territories (NT, NU & YT) (aOR: 6.2; 95 % CI: 2.5–15.2) compared to central provinces (ON & QC); having a total 2020 household income of less than $60,000 CAD (aOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.2–6.8) compared to $150,000 CAD and above; and living in a remote/very remote area (aOR: 4.7; 95 % CI: 1.8–12.4) compared to a more accessible area. Comparatively, parents/guardians were less likely to have children with incomplete polio vaccination if their child was indigenous (aOR: 0.1; 95 % CI: 0.1–0.3) compared to non-Indigenous and if they had a higher vaccine confidence score (OR: 0.3; 95 % CI: 0.2–0.4).
Conclusions
Future research should delve into barriers faced by parents/guardians to improve polio vaccine uptake through specific vaccine messaging and targeted programs.
{"title":"Determinants of incomplete vaccination against polio by 2 years of age in Canada: A cross-sectional study using the Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (CNICS)","authors":"Israa Zareef, Kristina Sabou, Anna Maria Frescura, Marwa Ebrahim, Julie Laroche","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Canada has not reached the national vaccination coverage goal of 95 % for polio vaccination in 2-year-old children. The objective of this study was to examine determinants of incomplete polio vaccination (receipt of less than 3 doses of a polio vaccine) by 2 years of age using data from the 2021 cycle of the Childhood National Immunization Coverage Survey (cNICS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine associations between sociodemographic factors of parents and children and knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of parents, relative to incomplete vaccination against polio among 2-year-old children.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Incomplete polio vaccination by 2 years of age was associated with parents/guardians residing in Prairie provinces (AB, MB & SK) (aOR 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.3–3.6) or northern territories (NT, NU & YT) (aOR: 6.2; 95 % CI: 2.5–15.2) compared to central provinces (ON & QC); having a total 2020 household income of less than $60,000 CAD (aOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.2–6.8) compared to $150,000 CAD and above; and living in a remote/very remote area (aOR: 4.7; 95 % CI: 1.8–12.4) compared to a more accessible area. Comparatively, parents/guardians were less likely to have children with incomplete polio vaccination if their child was indigenous (aOR: 0.1; 95 % CI: 0.1–0.3) compared to non-Indigenous and if they had a higher vaccine confidence score (OR: 0.3; 95 % CI: 0.2–0.4).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Future research should delve into barriers faced by parents/guardians to improve polio vaccine uptake through specific vaccine messaging and targeted programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773
Yumiko Hayashi , Dhruba Shrestha , Raj Kumar Shrestha , Ganendra Bhakta Raya , Konosuke Morimoto , Christopher M. Parry , Koya Ariyoshi , Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
Aims
To evaluate the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) introduction on hospital admission due to pneumonia among children in Nepal.
Methods
Hospital records from Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to compare pre-PCV10 (2014–2015) and post-PCV10 (2016–2022) periods.
Results
Among 10,897 admitted children, the proportion of pneumonia cases declined from 20.4 % (n = 429) before the introduction of PCV10 to 10.5 % (n = 923) after its introduction (p < 0.001). The adjusted prevalence of pneumonia was 19 % lower in 2016 (aPR 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.64–1.02)) and 69 % lower in 2020 (aPR 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.21–0.45)) among children 2 to 23 months of age. Similarly, aPR reduced from 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.55–0.96) in 2016 to 0.31 (95 % CI 0.17–0.55) in 2020 among children of 24 to 59 months.
Conclusion
These findings support PCV10's role in reducing burden of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.
{"title":"Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on hospital admissions due to pneumonia among children in Nepal","authors":"Yumiko Hayashi , Dhruba Shrestha , Raj Kumar Shrestha , Ganendra Bhakta Raya , Konosuke Morimoto , Christopher M. Parry , Koya Ariyoshi , Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To evaluate the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) introduction on hospital admission due to pneumonia among children in Nepal.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Hospital records from Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to compare pre-PCV10 (2014–2015) and post-PCV10 (2016–2022) periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 10,897 admitted children, the proportion of pneumonia cases declined from 20.4 % (<em>n</em> = 429) before the introduction of PCV10 to 10.5 % (<em>n</em> = 923) after its introduction (<em>p</em> < 0.001). The adjusted prevalence of pneumonia was 19 % lower in 2016 (aPR 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.64–1.02)) and 69 % lower in 2020 (aPR 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.21–0.45)) among children 2 to 23 months of age. Similarly, aPR reduced from 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.55–0.96) in 2016 to 0.31 (95 % CI 0.17–0.55) in 2020 among children of 24 to 59 months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings support PCV10's role in reducing burden of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771
Changcheng Zhu , Nerie Roa , Estelle Neathery , Nastassia Parker , Jaclyn Delarosa , Scott Knackstedt , Kelly Lee , Manjari Lal
Background/objectives
Four laboratory-scale lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mixing platforms were evaluated for producing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)–encapsulated LNPs with product attributes similar to the benchmark SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. For the comparative technical assessment, parameters such as lipid composition; the molar ratio of cationic polymer amine groups to nucleic acid phosphate groups; aqueous to organic ratio; and mRNA payload were kept identical across all tested mixing platforms.
Methods
Each platform was evaluated based on operational ease of use, and the mRNA-LNPs produced on each platform were assessed based on multiple parameters, such as physicochemical product attributes and in vivo performance.
Results
Multiple batches of LNPs incorporating two different-sized mRNA constructs, luciferase, and SARS-CoV-2 (approximately 2000 and 4000 nucleotides, respectively) were produced on each platform. The LNPs produced on the three micromixing platforms demonstrated similar product attributes in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, structural morphology, and immune response. The fourth platform, involving a rotor-stator mixing approach, showed larger particle size, lower encapsulation, and lower immune response compared to the other three tested platforms.
Conclusion
Three micromixing approaches were shown to produce mRNA-encapsulated LNPs with highly reproducible and consistent product attributes, structural features, in vivo luciferase protein expression, and generation of immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2. The operational use for each platform varied in terms of equipment setup, use of disposable or reusable workflow accessories, cleaning protocol, cleaning time, and user-controlled interface, all of which are summarized in this work.
{"title":"Comparative technical and operational assessment of current and emerging bench-scale lipid nanoparticle platforms for production of mRNA vaccines","authors":"Changcheng Zhu , Nerie Roa , Estelle Neathery , Nastassia Parker , Jaclyn Delarosa , Scott Knackstedt , Kelly Lee , Manjari Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objectives</h3><div>Four laboratory-scale lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mixing platforms were evaluated for producing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)–encapsulated LNPs with product attributes similar to the benchmark SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. For the comparative technical assessment, parameters such as lipid composition; the molar ratio of cationic polymer amine groups to nucleic acid phosphate groups; aqueous to organic ratio; and mRNA payload were kept identical across all tested mixing platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each platform was evaluated based on operational ease of use, and the mRNA-LNPs produced on each platform were assessed based on multiple parameters, such as physicochemical product attributes and in vivo performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multiple batches of LNPs incorporating two different-sized mRNA constructs, luciferase, and SARS-CoV-2 (approximately 2000 and 4000 nucleotides, respectively) were produced on each platform. The LNPs produced on the three micromixing platforms demonstrated similar product attributes in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, structural morphology, and immune response. The fourth platform, involving a rotor-stator mixing approach, showed larger particle size, lower encapsulation, and lower immune response compared to the other three tested platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Three micromixing approaches were shown to produce mRNA-encapsulated LNPs with highly reproducible and consistent product attributes, structural features, in vivo luciferase protein expression, and generation of immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2. The operational use for each platform varied in terms of equipment setup, use of disposable or reusable workflow accessories, cleaning protocol, cleaning time, and user-controlled interface, all of which are summarized in this work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776
Xiaoya Fu , Qian Zhang , Shenyu Wang , Na Liu , Xuwen Wang , Xiang Guo , Yilan Xia , Yihan Lu
Background
In China, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has not yet been included in the national immunization program (NIP). Nevertheless, several provinces and municipalities have launched pilot HPV vaccination programs targeting female adolescents in secondary schools since 2021. This study aimed to explore the roles of key stakeholders in the decision-making process regarding HPV vaccination and to provide recommendations for future promotional strategies.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, including public health professionals, school teachers, and parents of adolescent girls. The interview framework comprised both fixed-choice and open-ended questions. Key topics addressed included: (1) the support for prioritizing HPV vaccination within NIP, (2) the influence of stakeholders on vaccination decisions, and (3) suggestions for enhancing vaccination promotion.
Results
Eighty-three people participated in the study. Only 30 % of respondents believed HPV vaccination should be prioritized in the NIP, citing concerns about public perception, cultural values, and financial feasibility. Health and class teachers were found to have a substantial impact on the vaccination choices of parents and their daughters. To boost vaccination uptake, a comprehensive approach that includes stakeholder collaboration, educational campaigns, digital technology, and improved access to immunization services was proposed.
Conclusion
This research provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes surrounding HPV vaccination and advocacy efforts aimed at girls aged 9–14 years. The findings serve as important references for future initiatives aimed at promoting awareness and uptake of the vaccine.
{"title":"Roles of stakeholders in the decision-making and health advocacy of human papillomavirus vaccination among children aged 9–14 years","authors":"Xiaoya Fu , Qian Zhang , Shenyu Wang , Na Liu , Xuwen Wang , Xiang Guo , Yilan Xia , Yihan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In China, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has not yet been included in the national immunization program (NIP). Nevertheless, several provinces and municipalities have launched pilot HPV vaccination programs targeting female adolescents in secondary schools since 2021. This study aimed to explore the roles of key stakeholders in the decision-making process regarding HPV vaccination and to provide recommendations for future promotional strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, including public health professionals, school teachers, and parents of adolescent girls. The interview framework comprised both fixed-choice and open-ended questions. Key topics addressed included: (1) the support for prioritizing HPV vaccination within NIP, (2) the influence of stakeholders on vaccination decisions, and (3) suggestions for enhancing vaccination promotion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighty-three people participated in the study. Only 30 % of respondents believed HPV vaccination should be prioritized in the NIP, citing concerns about public perception, cultural values, and financial feasibility. Health and class teachers were found to have a substantial impact on the vaccination choices of parents and their daughters. To boost vaccination uptake, a comprehensive approach that includes stakeholder collaboration, educational campaigns, digital technology, and improved access to immunization services was proposed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This research provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes surrounding HPV vaccination and advocacy efforts aimed at girls aged 9–14 years. The findings serve as important references for future initiatives aimed at promoting awareness and uptake of the vaccine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775
Naharin Sultana Anni , Elizabeth Alvarez , Zain Chagla , Syed Muhammad Baqui Billah , Lawrence Mbuagbaw
Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sextually transmitted infection in Bangladesh, affecting both men and women. While the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) prevalence among women is well-documented, there is a significant gap in understanding men's KAP regarding HPV and its vaccine. In this study, we assessed the KAP of Bangladeshi men regarding HPV and its vaccine.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study with 30 men aged 16 and above from Dhaka and Barishal in Bangladesh from July 01, 2023, to August 31, 2023. Participants were general population, healthcare workers (HWs) and policymakers. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed face to face or via zoom using a semi-structured guide. Data were analyzed using NVivo 14 and thematic content analysis using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guide.
Results
We found limited knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men, particularly concerning the infection's impact. HWs and policymakers, although more informed, still demonstrated some misconceptions. A general positive attitude towards vaccination was observed, however, cultural, social, and religious factors were identified as barriers to vaccine acceptance. None of the participants had received the HPV vaccine, though some supported female family members were vaccinated.
Conclusions
Targeted interventions including education and awareness campaigns and gender-neutral vaccination programs are necessary to improve HPV prevention efforts in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men: a qualitative study","authors":"Naharin Sultana Anni , Elizabeth Alvarez , Zain Chagla , Syed Muhammad Baqui Billah , Lawrence Mbuagbaw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sextually transmitted infection in Bangladesh, affecting both men and women. While the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) prevalence among women is well-documented, there is a significant gap in understanding men's KAP regarding HPV and its vaccine. In this study, we assessed the KAP of Bangladeshi men regarding HPV and its vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study with 30 men aged 16 and above from Dhaka and Barishal in Bangladesh from July 01, 2023, to August 31, 2023. Participants were general population, healthcare workers (HWs) and policymakers. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed face to face or via zoom using a semi-structured guide. Data were analyzed using NVivo 14 and thematic content analysis using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guide.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found limited knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men, particularly concerning the infection's impact. HWs and policymakers, although more informed, still demonstrated some misconceptions. A general positive attitude towards vaccination was observed, however, cultural, social, and religious factors were identified as barriers to vaccine acceptance. None of the participants had received the HPV vaccine, though some supported female family members were vaccinated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Targeted interventions including education and awareness campaigns and gender-neutral vaccination programs are necessary to improve HPV prevention efforts in Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100769
Mishel R. Heredia-Ruiz , José L. Jiménez-Murillo , Rosa Lopez-Gigosos , Ricardo Ocaña-Riola
Introduction
HIV infection remains a major global public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate second-dose pneumococcal vaccine coverage among people with HIV in Andalusia who received the first dose between January 1, 2014, and March 31, 2022; to describe their clinical and social characteristics; and to identify factors associated with receipt of the second dose.
Methodology
A retrospective cohort study was conducted among adults with HIV vaccinated against pneumococcus in the Andalusian Public Health System between 2014 and 2022. Vaccination coverage was estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves, and factors associated with receipt of the second dose were assessed using Cox regression models.
Results
Of the 4938 participants, 83.9% were men. Coverage of the second dose was 37.2% at one year and 80% by the end of follow-up. No factors were associated with vaccine adherence in women, whereas in men, having sex with men, being treated in a high-resolution hospital, and living in an area in need of social transformation were linked to higher likelihood of receiving the second dose.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to strengthen vaccination adherence by addressing both individual and health-system factors, and to develop targeted strategies to improve pneumococcal vaccine coverage among people living with HIV.
{"title":"Pneumococcal vaccine coverage and factors linked to second-dose administration in HIV patients in Andalusia (Spain), 2014–2022","authors":"Mishel R. Heredia-Ruiz , José L. Jiménez-Murillo , Rosa Lopez-Gigosos , Ricardo Ocaña-Riola","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>HIV infection remains a major global public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate second-dose pneumococcal vaccine coverage among people with HIV in Andalusia who received the first dose between January 1, 2014, and March 31, 2022; to describe their clinical and social characteristics; and to identify factors associated with receipt of the second dose.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A retrospective cohort study was conducted among adults with HIV vaccinated against pneumococcus in the Andalusian Public Health System between 2014 and 2022. Vaccination coverage was estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves, and factors associated with receipt of the second dose were assessed using Cox regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 4938 participants, 83.9% were men. Coverage of the second dose was 37.2% at one year and 80% by the end of follow-up. No factors were associated with vaccine adherence in women, whereas in men, having sex with men, being treated in a high-resolution hospital, and living in an area in need of social transformation were linked to higher likelihood of receiving the second dose.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings highlight the need to strengthen vaccination adherence by addressing both individual and health-system factors, and to develop targeted strategies to improve pneumococcal vaccine coverage among people living with HIV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk communication recommending infection prevention actions could encourage compliance but may intensify conflicts of opinion toward infection prevention actions. This study addressed five reasons that justify vaccination in COVID-19 and examined their impact on compliance intent and opinions as well as on bias in intergroup attitudes based on differences in opinions toward vaccination. The study was designed as four repeated cross-sectional online surveys covering eight countries (Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, China, Korea, Germany, Italy, and South Africa). The survey periods covered July and October 2023 and January and April 2024 (post-pandemic). A modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted on the effect of justifications on compliance intent, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted on the impact of justifications on the opinions tendency. In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted on the effect of justifications on intergroup bias based on disagreement, focusing on the vaccine-accepting group. The results showed that justifications for vaccination, such as preventing harm to others, self-protection, reducing the number of infections and deaths in society, and social norms, have ambivalent effects; they tend to promote compliance intent and opinions tendency while worsening attitudes toward those with different opinions about vaccination. However, the justifications because of penalties was confirmed to reduce negative attitudes toward those with different opinions, while not promoting compliance intent or opinions tendency toward vaccination. When risk communication using infection protection and social norm perspectives is conducted, it is important to simultaneously design and advocate interventions to mitigate intergroup conflicts based on opinions toward infection prevention actions.
{"title":"Impact of vaccination justifications on compliance and social polarization: A repeated cross-sectional study in eight countries","authors":"Tomoyuki Kobayashi , Michio Murakami , Asako Miura","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Risk communication recommending infection prevention actions could encourage compliance but may intensify conflicts of opinion toward infection prevention actions. This study addressed five reasons that justify vaccination in COVID-19 and examined their impact on compliance intent and opinions as well as on bias in intergroup attitudes based on differences in opinions toward vaccination. The study was designed as four repeated cross-sectional online surveys covering eight countries (Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, China, Korea, Germany, Italy, and South Africa). The survey periods covered July and October 2023 and January and April 2024 (post-pandemic). A modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted on the effect of justifications on compliance intent, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted on the impact of justifications on the opinions tendency. In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted on the effect of justifications on intergroup bias based on disagreement, focusing on the vaccine-accepting group. The results showed that justifications for vaccination, such as preventing harm to others, self-protection, reducing the number of infections and deaths in society, and social norms, have ambivalent effects; they tend to promote compliance intent and opinions tendency while worsening attitudes toward those with different opinions about vaccination. However, the justifications because of penalties was confirmed to reduce negative attitudes toward those with different opinions, while not promoting compliance intent or opinions tendency toward vaccination. When risk communication using infection protection and social norm perspectives is conducted, it is important to simultaneously design and advocate interventions to mitigate intergroup conflicts based on opinions toward infection prevention actions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100766"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100767
Laura Juliana Valderrama-Orbegozo , Laura Julieth Ramírez-Lasprilla , Diana Estefanny Arce-Leonel , Michell Rezene Tesfamariam-Ortega , David Javier Fortich-Pérez
Since the pandemic began, the COVID-19 vaccination has faced various challenges, including population hesitancy; these can be explained due to multiple factors that require further exploration. This study analyzes factors associated with either the acceptance or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine as well as the intention to initiate or to complete vaccination schedules in individuals over the age of 18; individuals from eight cities in Colombia. The study encompasses both urban and rural areas, seeking to develop an intervention strategy. A total of 3384 individuals participated in a mixed-methods study which applied the DESVAAC scale and involved focus groups. Results show that only 11.3% of participants were highly motivated, intending to start or to continue vaccination. The health factor was significantly associated with greater intention (p < 0.01) as compared to social or vaccine-related factors. Greater likelihood of vaccination was also associated with higher education (p < 0.01), greater age (p < 0.02), living with people with chronic conditions (p < 0.05), or cohabiting with individuals over 50 years of age (p < 0.028). Family support (82.9%) and observing others vaccinate (74.1%) were key motivators. Paucity of knowledge regarding vaccines was identified as an important factor, while decisions were also influenced by social, family, and health factors. Also, within the context of a pandemic, there were certain mandatory requirements. The study highlights that community leaders, media and cultural aspects significantly influenced the decision to get vaccinated. It is considered essential to strengthen coordinated efforts between government entities, social leaders, and the community; promoting increased training and education in order to support informed decision-making regarding vaccination within the context of social responsibility. Finally, the psychoeducational intervention strategy VACtívate was designed and implemented; targeting healthcare personnel, social leaders, and health authorities in order to better promote informed vaccination.
{"title":"AderVax: Factors related to the acceptance or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine in 8 cities in Colombia for the development of an intervention","authors":"Laura Juliana Valderrama-Orbegozo , Laura Julieth Ramírez-Lasprilla , Diana Estefanny Arce-Leonel , Michell Rezene Tesfamariam-Ortega , David Javier Fortich-Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the pandemic began, the COVID-19 vaccination has faced various challenges, including population hesitancy; these can be explained due to multiple factors that require further exploration. This study analyzes factors associated with either the acceptance or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine as well as the intention to initiate or to complete vaccination schedules in individuals over the age of 18; individuals from eight cities in Colombia. The study encompasses both urban and rural areas, seeking to develop an intervention strategy. A total of 3384 individuals participated in a mixed-methods study which applied the DESVAAC scale and involved focus groups. Results show that only 11.3% of participants were highly motivated, intending to start or to continue vaccination. The health factor was significantly associated with greater intention (<em>p</em> < 0.01) as compared to social or vaccine-related factors. Greater likelihood of vaccination was also associated with higher education (<em>p</em> < 0.01), greater age (<em>p</em> < 0.02), living with people with chronic conditions (<em>p</em> < 0.05), or cohabiting with individuals over 50 years of age (<em>p</em> < 0.028). Family support (82.9%) and observing others vaccinate (74.1%) were key motivators. Paucity of knowledge regarding vaccines was identified as an important factor, while decisions were also influenced by social, family, and health factors. Also, within the context of a pandemic, there were certain mandatory requirements. The study highlights that community leaders, media and cultural aspects significantly influenced the decision to get vaccinated. It is considered essential to strengthen coordinated efforts between government entities, social leaders, and the community; promoting increased training and education in order to support informed decision-making regarding vaccination within the context of social responsibility. Finally, the psychoeducational intervention strategy VACtívate was designed and implemented; targeting healthcare personnel, social leaders, and health authorities in order to better promote informed vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100767"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100761
Shuang Gao, Xiaona Wang, Xiaojuan Sun, Kangyi Li
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a significant bacterial pathogen that poses substantial health risks, particularly among neonates and pregnant women. It is responsible for a range of severe infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in these vulnerable populations. Therefore, the prevention of GBS and the implementation of necessary measures to prevent its progression to invasive GBS disease are of critical importance. Prior to the introduction of vaccines, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) was considered the primary preventive strategy, as it effectively reduced the incidence of early-onset GBS (EOGBS) infection, defined as infection occurring within the first seven days of life. Moreover, it has notable limitations. The IAP is not only ineffective in preventing late-onset GBS (LOGBS, manifesting between the eighth day and the first three months of life) infections but also unlikely to prevent neonatal infections associated with stillbirth, preterm birth, or the early postnatal period. The widespread use of IAP may not only contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to excessive antibiotic exposure, but also exert detrimental effects on the neonatal microbiome. The development of effective GBS vaccines has therefore become a critical priority in modern medicine. This review delves into the intricate and multifaceted nature of GBS vaccines, beginning with an exploration of their antigenic targets. Antigens are fundamental components of vaccines because they stimulate the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens such as bacteria. In the case of GBS, several promising antigens have been identified, including capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and surface proteins. Among these, CPS stand out due to their critical role in enabling the bacterium to evade the host immune response. The article reviews the typical representatives of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (the 6-valent GBS polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (GBS6)), the CPS-protein conjugate vaccine (semisynthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines), and protein-based vaccines (GBS-NN vaccine). Moreover, the article evaluates the potential impact of GBS vaccines on reducing disease burden. The ultimate objective is to support ongoing efforts in vaccine development aimed at mitigating associated health risks.
{"title":"Progress in the prevention of group B Streptococcus","authors":"Shuang Gao, Xiaona Wang, Xiaojuan Sun, Kangyi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Group B <em>Streptococcus</em> (GBS) is a significant bacterial pathogen that poses substantial health risks, particularly among neonates and pregnant women. It is responsible for a range of severe infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, which can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in these vulnerable populations. Therefore, the prevention of GBS and the implementation of necessary measures to prevent its progression to invasive GBS disease are of critical importance. Prior to the introduction of vaccines, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) was considered the primary preventive strategy, as it effectively reduced the incidence of early-onset GBS (EOGBS) infection, defined as infection occurring within the first seven days of life. Moreover, it has notable limitations. The IAP is not only ineffective in preventing late-onset GBS (LOGBS, manifesting between the eighth day and the first three months of life) infections but also unlikely to prevent neonatal infections associated with stillbirth, preterm birth, or the early postnatal period. The widespread use of IAP may not only contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to excessive antibiotic exposure, but also exert detrimental effects on the neonatal microbiome. The development of effective GBS vaccines has therefore become a critical priority in modern medicine. This review delves into the intricate and multifaceted nature of GBS vaccines, beginning with an exploration of their antigenic targets. Antigens are fundamental components of vaccines because they stimulate the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens such as bacteria. In the case of GBS, several promising antigens have been identified, including capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and surface proteins. Among these, CPS stand out due to their critical role in enabling the bacterium to evade the host immune response. The article reviews the typical representatives of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (the 6-valent GBS polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (GBS6)), the CPS-protein conjugate vaccine (semisynthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines), and protein-based vaccines (GBS-NN vaccine). Moreover, the article evaluates the potential impact of GBS vaccines on reducing disease burden. The ultimate objective is to support ongoing efforts in vaccine development aimed at mitigating associated health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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