Vaccine: X最新文献

{"title":"Innate immune response after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination associates with reactogenicity.","authors":"Catharina E van Ewijk, Sara Suárez Hernández, Ronald H J Jacobi, Mirjam J Knol, Susan J M Hahné, Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur, Mardi C Boer, Martijn D B van de Garde","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The innate immune response is important for the development of the specific adaptive immunity, however it may also be associated with reactogenicity after vaccination. We explore the association between innate responsiveness, reactogenicity, and antibody response after first COVID-19 vaccination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 146 healthy Dutch individuals aged 12-59 who received their first BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer) COVID-19 vaccination. Data on reactogenicity were collected for each individual through daily questionnaires from day 0-5 after vaccination. From 60 participants, serum (adults) and plasma (adolescents) samples were collected before and/or 2 ± 1 days after vaccination to measure cytokines/chemokines as markers for innate responsiveness. Each individual was categorised into innate low, intermediate and high responder based on above or below the median value for each analyte detected after vaccination. For 137 participants, serum was collected at day 28 after vaccination for Spike S1- and RBD-antibody concentration. The associations between reactogenicity and/or innate responsiveness and/or log-transformed antibody concentration were explored using logistic and linear regressions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants (85 %) reported both local and systemic symptoms after vaccination. Two participants reported no symptoms. More than half (54 %) reported one or more moderate symptoms. Significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFNγ and CCL20 in adults, and CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in adolescents, were found after vaccination. Participants who showed high innate immune responsiveness had higher odds (OR 6.0; 95 % CI 1.4-33) of experiencing one or more moderate symptoms. No association was found between innate responsiveness or having one or more moderate symptoms with Spike S1- or RBD-antibody concentration at day 28 after vaccination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest an association between the strength of the innate immune response and the severity of reactogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. However, more research is needed to understand the relation between reactogenicity and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"100593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11681879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV vaccine hesitancy among parents and caregivers of adolescents in Northern Nigeria","authors":"Korede K. Yusuf ,&nbsp;Comfort Z. Olorunsaiye ,&nbsp;Muktar A. Gadanya ,&nbsp;Samira Ouedraogo ,&nbsp;Aisha A. Abdullahi ,&nbsp;Hamisu M. Salihu","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The recent introduction of the HPV vaccine into Nigeria's routine immunization schedule has brought parental vaccine hesitancy to the forefront. This cross-sectional study, conducted in Kano State, a region with historically low immunization rates, is crucial in assessing the level of parental hesitancy and uncovering its determinants, potentially informing future public health policies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The participants were a representative sample of parents or caregivers of children aged 9–14 years (<em>n</em> = 1071) in Kano State and were selected via a multi-stage sampling method. We administered structured questionnaires anchored in the Socio-ecological Model and the Precaution Adoption Process Model. We utilized validated measures to assess intent to vaccinate against HPV and potential key indicators of intent to vaccinate adolescent boys and girls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of parental HPV vaccine hesitancy.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>If the HPV vaccine were free or subsidized, about one-third [32.7 %] of parents would choose not to vaccinate their children against the virus. Only 4.2 % had ever heard of HPV, and a mere 5.1 % had heard of the cervical cancer vaccine or HPV vaccine. Compared to those who were aware of the virus, those who had never heard of HPV had higher adjusted odds of vaccine hesitancy [OR: 2.86, 95 %CI: 1.28–6.40]. Some of the top reasons for parental hesitancy were their concerns about the safety of the vaccine and the lack of doctors' recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study revealed that parental hesitancy is a significant barrier to HPV uptake in Kano State. There is an urgent need for a multi-faceted HPV knowledge enhancement approach focusing on elevating parental awareness about the HPV vaccine and, particularly, its relationship to cervical cancer prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociopolitical antecedents influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Pima County, Arizona.","authors":"Sam Rodriguez, Kailey Haider, Famesh Patel, Grace Thatigiri, Benjamin Pope, Jasen Albana, Sohail R Daulat, Purnima Madhivanan, Karl Krupp","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaccine hesitancy among marginalized populations particularly in the Hispanic community over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic has presented as a public health issue. This study examined the relationship between political affiliation and vaccination decisions of Hispanic adults in Pima County, Arizona.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January and October 2022, 623 participants completed surveys in English or Spanish after completing informed consent process. Information collected included sociodemographic, political affiliation and philosophy and COVID vaccination uptake. Participants were recruited at different community events in Southern Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Participants received five dollars for completing the surveys. Data were analyzed with Stata version 16.1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were 81.8 % Hispanic and 18.2 % non-Hispanic. On average, participants were 32.9 (SD ± 11.8) years of age with a median age of 31 (IQR: 23, 41). Participants who had a bachelor's degree or above had 2.9 times greater odds of being vaccinated compared to those who had less than a high school education (Adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.84; 95 % CI: 1.12, 7.22). Individuals identifying as politically liberal had 3.28 times higher odds of being vaccinated compared to those identifying as conservative (OR = 3.28; 95 % CI: 1.5, 7.16). Similarly, Democrats had 3.36 times higher odds of being vaccinated than Republicans (OR = 3.36; 95 % CI: 1.61, 7.01). People who were strongly religious had statistically significantly lower odds of recommending the vaccine to others as compared to those who self-reported as not being religious.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was an association with Hispanic adults who aligned liberal or Democrat to express more favorable views toward vaccinations. Additionally, individuals who were more educated, less religious, and in better financial situations tended to be more favorable toward vaccinations in Arizona.</p>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"100589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11665536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental motivations and perceived barriers to participating in pediatric vaccine clinical trials: Findings from the OCV-S trial in Nepal.","authors":"Ram Hari Chapagain, Santosh Adhikari, Kshitij Kunwar, Prabhat Thapa, Jessica Maharjan, Bishnu Rath Giri, Nisha Jyoti Shrestha, Anil Kumar Shrestha, Sanjeet Kumar Shrestha, Suresh Man Tamang, Deok Ryun Kim, Tarun Saluja, Anh Wartel, Julia Lynch, Katerina Rok Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100585","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Pediatric vaccine clinical trials are crucial for evaluating and ensuring the safety and efficacy of new vaccines for children. However, in low-resource settings like Nepal, where clinical trials are relatively new, recruitment and retention of participants are challenging particularly due to diverse parental backgrounds, motivations and concerns. As such, parental motivations, perceived barriers, and experiences of participating in pediatric vaccine trial in Nepal, which hasn't previously been explored, needs to be understood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We performed face-to-face exit interviews from April 6, 2022 to June 7, 2022, with parents whose children participated in the phase III clinical trial of the Oral Cholera Vaccine - Simplified (OCV-S) using a structured questionnaire on motivations for enrolling and barriers faced during the trial. Data were initially cleaned and encoded in Microsoft Excel before being analyzed with R version 4.3.1. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and other participants' characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate analyses, using odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals, applying a significance level of 0.05 was used to analyze relationship between participant characteristics and trial experiences. Additionally, thematic analysis was performed on responses to open-ended questions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 258 parents responded, out of which 252 (97.7 %) were first-time clinical trial participants with median age of 32 years. A majority, 196 (76.0 %), had a positive initial attitude towards the trial, and 204 (79.1 %) reported a positive overall experience. The primary motivations for participation included the potential health benefits for their children (56.2 %, n = 145). Despite 69 (26.7 %) participants receiving discouraging information from others, only 4 (5.8 %) were influenced by it. Most participants (n = 219, 84.9 %), felt that the trial had met their expectations. Challenges faced included loss of time (n = 30, 11.6 %) and missed school for children (n = 22, 8.5 %). Nonetheless, 179 participants (69.4 %) expressed a willingness to enroll their children in future trials. Participants who received specific details about the study before visiting the study site were significantly more likely to report positive experience, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.97 (95 % CI: 1.03 - 3.72).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Majority of parents were supportive of their children's participation in the OCV-S trial, motivated largely by anticipated health benefits for their child. Key barriers identified included logistical issues, costs (both financial and opportunity costs), misinformation, and concerns about trial procedures and potential side effects. Focus on reducing logistical and participation-related burdens, catering of trial-specific information, enhancing the clarity of the informed consent process, addressing","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"100585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142839955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicities of vaccines including the immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, rIdeSsuis, and protective efficacy against serotype 14 in piglets","authors":"L. Mayer ,&nbsp;C. Liedel ,&nbsp;K. Klose ,&nbsp;A. de Greeff ,&nbsp;K. Rieckmann ,&nbsp;C.G. Baums","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Streptococcus suis</em> (<em>S. suis</em>) is a major porcine pathogen. Some strains have a substantial zoonotic potential such as serotype (<em>cps</em>) 14 as the second most important <em>cps</em> in human infections. To this date no licensed <em>S. suis</em> vaccine is available in Europe though subunit vaccines and bacterins have been examined by several scientific groups worldwide. Objectives of this study were to determine protective efficacy of rIde_{<em>Ssuis</em>} vaccination against intranasal <em>S. suis cps</em>14 challenge in conventional weaned piglets and to investigate additionally immunogenicity of rIde_{<em>Ssuis</em>} vaccination in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) piglets. Immunization led to reduction of bacterial multiplicity in porcine blood and delayed onset of clinical signs of <em>cps</em>14 disease in conventional rIde_{<em>Ssuis</em>}-vaccinated piglets. However, significant differences were not recorded which might be related to comparable low anti-Ide_{<em>Ssuis</em>} antibody levels and insufficient neutralization of IgM protease activity in this animal experiment. In contrast, immunization of cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets with rIde_{<em>Ssuis</em>} resulted in high α-rIde_{<em>Ssuis</em>} IgG antibody levels and a highly significant reduction of the survival factor of the <em>cps</em>14 challenge strain in porcine blood <em>in vitro</em>. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate bactericidal immunity against <em>S. suis cps</em>14 by Ide_{<em>Ssuis</em>} specific immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The importance of quality of health campaign information for outcome evaluation. A case study from Guinea-Bissau and Bangladesh","authors":"Sebastian Nielsen ,&nbsp;Sören Möller ,&nbsp;Christine Stabell Benn ,&nbsp;Peter Aaby","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Numerous national health intervention campaigns, e.g. supplementary immunization campaigns/activities (SIAs), have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in the last decades. These campaigns are rarely evaluated for overall health outcomes. Information on campaigns is critical for evaluations. We investigated; 1) quality of campaign information sources and 2) implication of quality for outcome evaluations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We focused on three campaign types: oral polio vaccine (OPV), vitamin A supplementation (VAS) and measles vaccine (MV) campaigns in two case countries, for which “gold standard” information on campaigns collected regularly at Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) sites: Guinea-Bissau and Bangladesh. We compared the campaign information from HDSS with information from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Rotary Foundation (Rotary, only OPV campaigns). First, campaigns were matched and compared based on intervention type, date of campaign and target age group. Second, we assessed the implications of using various sources of campaign information on the estimated effect of OPV campaigns on all-cause under-3-year mortality in Cox proportional hazards regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The proportion of matched OPV campaigns was highest between HDSS and Rotary. VAS campaigns (only information from HDSS and WHO) matched poorly. The estimated effect of OPV campaigns information on child mortality in Bangladesh went from being statistically significant (HR = 0.69 (0.52–0.90)) using HDSS campaign information to not being significant (HR = 0.93 (0.71–1.21) using WHO campaign information.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Compared with the HDSS, Rotary had the best campaign information on the conduct of OPV campaigns, whereas the WHO quality of campaign information was low for both OPV and VAS. A low quality of campaign information may alter conclusions of health outcome evaluations. Reliable and precise information on campaigns is essential to assess their effects. Public and private campaign stakeholders should track campaign information meticulously and support that publicly data is available for researchers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mumps outbreak in Zimbabwe: The case for universal MMR vaccination in Africa","authors":"Phanuel Tawanda Gwinji ,&nbsp;Grant Murewanhema ,&nbsp;Enos Moyo ,&nbsp;Tafadzwa Dzinamarira","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100586","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical and economic value of enhanced influenza vaccines for the elderly in Argentina","authors":"Analía Urueña ,&nbsp;Paula Micone ,&nbsp;Joaquín Mould-Quevedo ,&nbsp;Carolina Saenz ,&nbsp;Micaela Delgado ,&nbsp;José Luis Montes ,&nbsp;Norberto Giglio","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Enhanced influenza vaccines are the best option for the elderly. In 2021, Argentina introduced the MF59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV) for individuals aged 65 years. and above, in the national immunization program. High dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV) is also currently registered. This study evaluates the clinical and economic outcomes of these noted enhanced influenza vaccines for the elderly in Argentina.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a static decision-tree model and adopting the payer's perspective during an average influenza season, the analysis incorporated influenza epidemiological data from pre-pandemic Argentinian seasons (2014–2019), strain distribution, vaccination uptake, influenza-related costs and Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) gained. Results include two relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) scenarios from two published meta-analyses, due to reported rVE variability, although without statistical significance expected between enhanced vaccines. Vaccination acquisition costs were obtained from aIIV manufacturer, while HD-IIV costs were estimated using local (Argentinian private sector) and international public sector data (Europe). This assessment considered one GDP per-capita (US$13,696) as a cost-effectiveness threshold and included multiple sensitivity analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>With an expected lower vaccine cost and non-significant higher rVE for aIIV vs HD-IIV (3.2 %), aIIV generated 41.4 QALYs gained and US$8.7 M savings to the Argentinean public health system. In this scenario aIIV resulted as a dominant strategy over HD-IIV. On a second scenario, where HD-IIV has a non-significant higher rVE compared to aIIV (15.9 % and 13.9 % for HD-IIV and aIIV, respectively, both vs standard-dose IIV), HD-IIV would only result cost-effective compared to aIIV if its public price is up to 25 % the incremental cost in relation to the standard-dose IIV acquisition price.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In Argentina, the use of enhanced influenza vaccines in the elderly can increase vaccine effectiveness, reduce mortality and disease-related costs. Based on comparable effectiveness, the economic advantage of aIIV over HD-IIV confirms the current vaccination strategy employing aIIV in Argentina.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among elderly: A systematic review","authors":"M.C. Law ,&nbsp;P.K.F. Chiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background &amp; Objectives</h3><div>Elderly infected with COVID-19 has high mortality risk, and the protection from COVID-19 vaccine is limited by vaccine hesitancy. The information of vaccine hesitancy in elderly is incomplete and fragmented. In this study, we attempt to examine the level of vaccine hesitancy in elderly and the related factors in global perspectives.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review was conducted to include observational studies of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in elderly from January 2020 to September 2021. Search strategies covering COVID-19 vaccine, vaccine hesitancy and elderly in four databases of PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE LIBRARY were adopted. Studies reporting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy prevalence in elderly were included. A meta-analysis of the vaccine hesitancy prevalence was performed. The primary outcome is the vaccine hesitancy prevalence in elderly population globally. The secondary outcomes are the factors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among elderly.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Initial 479 articles were included for screening, with 54 studies included for meta-analysis of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in elderly and 6 studies included for qualitative analysis of factors for vaccine hesitancy. The overall prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 27.7 % (95 % C.I: 23.8–31.6 %). The prevalence was significantly higher in Asia than in Europe (35.3 % VS 17.9 %, p &lt; 0.05). The vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher before the launch of the vaccine than after (30.3 % VS 18.7 %, p &lt; 0.05). Important factors of vaccine hesitancy in elderly identified were low income, low education, perception of COVID-19 being more contagious, more vaccine side effects and lower vaccine efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is an important problem in elderly, with geographical variation. Tailored policy and strategies targeting the hesitancy factors were required to promote COVID-19 vaccine to elderly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost of the typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction through an integrated campaign and follow-on routine immunization in Malawi","authors":"Frédéric Debellut ,&nbsp;George Bello ,&nbsp;Mike Chisema ,&nbsp;Rouden Mkisi ,&nbsp;Moses Kamzati ,&nbsp;Clint Pecenka ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Mugisha","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malawi introduced typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in 2023 through an integrated campaign delivering TCV alongside other vaccines and interventions (measles rubella vaccine (MRV), bivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV), and vitamin A Supplementation). The campaign sought to reach all children 9 months to younger than 14 years, representing more than 9 million individuals, and about half the country’s population. Following the campaign, TCV was incorporated into the routine immunization program for 9-month-old infants. We conducted a micro-costing study at 50 randomly selected health facilities, 10 districts, and at national level to retrospectively assess the financial and economic cost of the integrated campaign, as well as prospectively estimate the cost of delivering TCV in the routine immunization system. The financial and economic costs per dose for all interventions delivered in the campaign were $0.49 ($0.42;$0.57) and $0.84 ($0.67;$1.02), respectively. The main activities and cost types varied; human resources represented the main resource at health facility level, and per diem at district and national levels. The financial and economic cost to routinely deliver a dose of TCV were $0.44 ($0.17;$0.87), and $2.37 ($1.39;$3.53), respectively, with human resources as the main resource used by the routine program at all levels.</div><div>The cost per dose delivered in the integrated campaign in Malawi was comparable with other integrated campaigns and was lower than the reported cost to deliver TCV in single antigen campaigns in India and Zimbabwe. Integrated campaigns may represent an opportunity to introduce new vaccines such as TCV to lower the cost per dose delivered. Attention should be given to challenges coming with integration, such as the burden for healthcare workers.</div><div>Evidence produced by this study can be used in Malawi to inform financial sustainability of the TCV program and should inform decisions and strategies for implementation by other countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142655349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}