Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773
Yumiko Hayashi , Dhruba Shrestha , Raj Kumar Shrestha , Ganendra Bhakta Raya , Konosuke Morimoto , Christopher M. Parry , Koya Ariyoshi , Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
Aims
To evaluate the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) introduction on hospital admission due to pneumonia among children in Nepal.
Methods
Hospital records from Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to compare pre-PCV10 (2014–2015) and post-PCV10 (2016–2022) periods.
Results
Among 10,897 admitted children, the proportion of pneumonia cases declined from 20.4 % (n = 429) before the introduction of PCV10 to 10.5 % (n = 923) after its introduction (p < 0.001). The adjusted prevalence of pneumonia was 19 % lower in 2016 (aPR 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.64–1.02)) and 69 % lower in 2020 (aPR 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.21–0.45)) among children 2 to 23 months of age. Similarly, aPR reduced from 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.55–0.96) in 2016 to 0.31 (95 % CI 0.17–0.55) in 2020 among children of 24 to 59 months.
Conclusion
These findings support PCV10's role in reducing burden of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.
{"title":"Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on hospital admissions due to pneumonia among children in Nepal","authors":"Yumiko Hayashi , Dhruba Shrestha , Raj Kumar Shrestha , Ganendra Bhakta Raya , Konosuke Morimoto , Christopher M. Parry , Koya Ariyoshi , Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To evaluate the impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) introduction on hospital admission due to pneumonia among children in Nepal.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Hospital records from Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur from 2014 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed to compare pre-PCV10 (2014–2015) and post-PCV10 (2016–2022) periods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 10,897 admitted children, the proportion of pneumonia cases declined from 20.4 % (<em>n</em> = 429) before the introduction of PCV10 to 10.5 % (<em>n</em> = 923) after its introduction (<em>p</em> < 0.001). The adjusted prevalence of pneumonia was 19 % lower in 2016 (aPR 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.64–1.02)) and 69 % lower in 2020 (aPR 0.31 (95 % CI: 0.21–0.45)) among children 2 to 23 months of age. Similarly, aPR reduced from 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.55–0.96) in 2016 to 0.31 (95 % CI 0.17–0.55) in 2020 among children of 24 to 59 months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings support PCV10's role in reducing burden of childhood pneumonia in Nepal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100743
Danushka K. Wijesundara , Alexandra Playford , Kimberley Bruce , Andrea Corner , David A. Muller
The Vaccine Innovation Priority Strategy has identified microarray patch (MAP) devices as a top global priority for advancing equitable vaccine distribution. However, understanding the intrinsic immune-enhancing mechanisms of MAPs remains critical to guiding their optimisation. In this study, we focus on the immunological impact of MAP application, demonstrating that MAPs more effectively recruit antigen-presenting cells, particularly key dendritic cell (DC) subsets, including migratory DCs and lymphatic sinus DCs, to the draining lymph nodes compared to intradermal and intramuscular needle-and-syringe delivery. To facilitate this analysis, we developed a fluosphere-based method that allowed precise tracking of antigen-engaged DCs. This approach highlights that MAPs do not merely serve as an alternative delivery platform, but actively enhance early innate immune engagement by targeting multiple DC subsets known to drive robust and rapid adaptive responses. Together, these findings establish a practical framework to dissect MAP-specific immune mechanisms and support their refinement.
{"title":"Tracking antigen presenting cells to uncover the intrinsic immunostimulatory properties of microarray vaccine patches using a fluosphere-based assay","authors":"Danushka K. Wijesundara , Alexandra Playford , Kimberley Bruce , Andrea Corner , David A. Muller","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Vaccine Innovation Priority Strategy has identified microarray patch (MAP) devices as a top global priority for advancing equitable vaccine distribution. However, understanding the intrinsic immune-enhancing mechanisms of MAPs remains critical to guiding their optimisation. In this study, we focus on the immunological impact of MAP application, demonstrating that MAPs more effectively recruit antigen-presenting cells, particularly key dendritic cell (DC) subsets, including migratory DCs and lymphatic sinus DCs, to the draining lymph nodes compared to intradermal and intramuscular needle-and-syringe delivery. To facilitate this analysis, we developed a fluosphere-based method that allowed precise tracking of antigen-engaged DCs. This approach highlights that MAPs do not merely serve as an alternative delivery platform, but actively enhance early innate immune engagement by targeting multiple DC subsets known to drive robust and rapid adaptive responses. Together, these findings establish a practical framework to dissect MAP-specific immune mechanisms and support their refinement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771
Changcheng Zhu , Nerie Roa , Estelle Neathery , Nastassia Parker , Jaclyn Delarosa , Scott Knackstedt , Kelly Lee , Manjari Lal
Background/objectives
Four laboratory-scale lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mixing platforms were evaluated for producing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)–encapsulated LNPs with product attributes similar to the benchmark SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. For the comparative technical assessment, parameters such as lipid composition; the molar ratio of cationic polymer amine groups to nucleic acid phosphate groups; aqueous to organic ratio; and mRNA payload were kept identical across all tested mixing platforms.
Methods
Each platform was evaluated based on operational ease of use, and the mRNA-LNPs produced on each platform were assessed based on multiple parameters, such as physicochemical product attributes and in vivo performance.
Results
Multiple batches of LNPs incorporating two different-sized mRNA constructs, luciferase, and SARS-CoV-2 (approximately 2000 and 4000 nucleotides, respectively) were produced on each platform. The LNPs produced on the three micromixing platforms demonstrated similar product attributes in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, structural morphology, and immune response. The fourth platform, involving a rotor-stator mixing approach, showed larger particle size, lower encapsulation, and lower immune response compared to the other three tested platforms.
Conclusion
Three micromixing approaches were shown to produce mRNA-encapsulated LNPs with highly reproducible and consistent product attributes, structural features, in vivo luciferase protein expression, and generation of immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2. The operational use for each platform varied in terms of equipment setup, use of disposable or reusable workflow accessories, cleaning protocol, cleaning time, and user-controlled interface, all of which are summarized in this work.
{"title":"Comparative technical and operational assessment of current and emerging bench-scale lipid nanoparticle platforms for production of mRNA vaccines","authors":"Changcheng Zhu , Nerie Roa , Estelle Neathery , Nastassia Parker , Jaclyn Delarosa , Scott Knackstedt , Kelly Lee , Manjari Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objectives</h3><div>Four laboratory-scale lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mixing platforms were evaluated for producing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)–encapsulated LNPs with product attributes similar to the benchmark SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. For the comparative technical assessment, parameters such as lipid composition; the molar ratio of cationic polymer amine groups to nucleic acid phosphate groups; aqueous to organic ratio; and mRNA payload were kept identical across all tested mixing platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each platform was evaluated based on operational ease of use, and the mRNA-LNPs produced on each platform were assessed based on multiple parameters, such as physicochemical product attributes and in vivo performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multiple batches of LNPs incorporating two different-sized mRNA constructs, luciferase, and SARS-CoV-2 (approximately 2000 and 4000 nucleotides, respectively) were produced on each platform. The LNPs produced on the three micromixing platforms demonstrated similar product attributes in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, structural morphology, and immune response. The fourth platform, involving a rotor-stator mixing approach, showed larger particle size, lower encapsulation, and lower immune response compared to the other three tested platforms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Three micromixing approaches were shown to produce mRNA-encapsulated LNPs with highly reproducible and consistent product attributes, structural features, in vivo luciferase protein expression, and generation of immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2. The operational use for each platform varied in terms of equipment setup, use of disposable or reusable workflow accessories, cleaning protocol, cleaning time, and user-controlled interface, all of which are summarized in this work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760
Dustin Eckhardt , Jan-P. Klee , Irakli Sardlishvili , Jana Mueller , Lars E. Walter , Stefanie Fey , Jan Thorbow , Tim Hofmann , Aline Zimmer , Peter Czermak , Denise Salzig
Oncolytic measles virus (MeV) naturally targets cancer cells, inducing their lysis and stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. The high titers of infectious MeV for treatment (107–109 TCID₅₀ per dose) are currently produced in adherent Vero cells, requiring microcarriers for dynamic cultivation, complicating both upstream and downstream processing, and limiting production scalability. To address these challenges, we adapted Vero cells to suspension growth in chemically defined medium (CDM). The growth, metabolism and suitability of these cells for MeV production were investigated under dynamic cultivation using shake flasks and stirred-tank reactors (STR) at different scales. We showed that the adapted Vero suspension cells grew to 1.5-fold higher densities in the STR [(3.26 ± 0.54) × 106 cells mL−1] compared to shake flasks [(2.16 ± 0.22) × 106 cells mL−1], which also reflected faster growth rates. Besides the importance of carbon & nitrogen sources in the medium (e.g. glucose, glutamine, pyruvate), we found that the pH level, the lactate concentration and the osmolality were critical process parameters for prolonged exponential Vero cell growth. Infected Vero suspension cells reached MeV titers > 1.5 × 106 TCID₅₀ mL−1 faster than adherent Vero cells in both shake flasks and the STRs. Beyond oncolytic MeV production, these CDM-adapted Vero suspension cells may provide a promising basis for developing a production platform for other viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors.
溶瘤麻疹病毒（MeV）天然靶向癌细胞，诱导其裂解并刺激抗肿瘤免疫反应。用于治疗的高滴度传染性MeV （107-109 TCID₅0 /剂量）目前是在贴壁Vero细胞中生产的，需要微载体进行动态培养，使上游和下游加工复杂化，并限制了生产的可扩展性。为了解决这些问题，我们让Vero细胞在化学定义培养基（CDM）中悬浮生长。在不同规模的摇瓶和搅拌槽反应器（STR）的动态培养下，研究了这些细胞的生长、代谢和MeV生产的适宜性。我们发现，与摇瓶[（2.16±0.22）× 106 cells mL - 1]相比，适应后的Vero悬液细胞在STR中的生长密度提高了1.5倍[（3.26±0.54）× 106 cells mL - 1]，也反映了更快的生长速度。除了培养基中碳氮源（如葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺、丙酮酸）的重要性外，我们还发现pH水平、乳酸浓度和渗透压是延长指数Vero细胞生长的关键过程参数。感染的Vero悬浮细胞在摇瓶和STRs中比贴壁的Vero细胞更快地达到MeV滴度>； 1.5 × 106 TCID₅₀mL - 1。除了溶瘤性MeV的生产，这些适应cdm的Vero悬浮细胞可能为开发其他病毒、病毒样颗粒和病毒载体的生产平台提供了有希望的基础。
{"title":"Adaptation of Vero cells to chemically-defined suspension culture and implementation of a stirred tank reactor process for the production of oncolytic measles virus","authors":"Dustin Eckhardt , Jan-P. Klee , Irakli Sardlishvili , Jana Mueller , Lars E. Walter , Stefanie Fey , Jan Thorbow , Tim Hofmann , Aline Zimmer , Peter Czermak , Denise Salzig","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oncolytic measles virus (MeV) naturally targets cancer cells, inducing their lysis and stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. The high titers of infectious MeV for treatment (10<sup>7</sup>–10<sup>9</sup> TCID₅₀ per dose) are currently produced in adherent Vero cells, requiring microcarriers for dynamic cultivation, complicating both upstream and downstream processing, and limiting production scalability. To address these challenges, we adapted Vero cells to suspension growth in chemically defined medium (CDM). The growth, metabolism and suitability of these cells for MeV production were investigated under dynamic cultivation using shake flasks and stirred-tank reactors (STR) at different scales. We showed that the adapted Vero suspension cells grew to 1.5-fold higher densities in the STR [(3.26 ± 0.54) × 10<sup>6</sup> cells mL<sup>−1</sup>] compared to shake flasks [(2.16 ± 0.22) × 10<sup>6</sup> cells mL<sup>−1</sup>], which also reflected faster growth rates. Besides the importance of carbon & nitrogen sources in the medium (e.g. glucose, glutamine, pyruvate), we found that the pH level, the lactate concentration and the osmolality were critical process parameters for prolonged exponential Vero cell growth. Infected Vero suspension cells reached MeV titers > 1.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> TCID₅₀ mL<sup>−1</sup> faster than adherent Vero cells in both shake flasks and the STRs. Beyond oncolytic MeV production, these CDM-adapted Vero suspension cells may provide a promising basis for developing a production platform for other viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776
Xiaoya Fu , Qian Zhang , Shenyu Wang , Na Liu , Xuwen Wang , Xiang Guo , Yilan Xia , Yihan Lu
Background
In China, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has not yet been included in the national immunization program (NIP). Nevertheless, several provinces and municipalities have launched pilot HPV vaccination programs targeting female adolescents in secondary schools since 2021. This study aimed to explore the roles of key stakeholders in the decision-making process regarding HPV vaccination and to provide recommendations for future promotional strategies.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, including public health professionals, school teachers, and parents of adolescent girls. The interview framework comprised both fixed-choice and open-ended questions. Key topics addressed included: (1) the support for prioritizing HPV vaccination within NIP, (2) the influence of stakeholders on vaccination decisions, and (3) suggestions for enhancing vaccination promotion.
Results
Eighty-three people participated in the study. Only 30 % of respondents believed HPV vaccination should be prioritized in the NIP, citing concerns about public perception, cultural values, and financial feasibility. Health and class teachers were found to have a substantial impact on the vaccination choices of parents and their daughters. To boost vaccination uptake, a comprehensive approach that includes stakeholder collaboration, educational campaigns, digital technology, and improved access to immunization services was proposed.
Conclusion
This research provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes surrounding HPV vaccination and advocacy efforts aimed at girls aged 9–14 years. The findings serve as important references for future initiatives aimed at promoting awareness and uptake of the vaccine.
{"title":"Roles of stakeholders in the decision-making and health advocacy of human papillomavirus vaccination among children aged 9–14 years","authors":"Xiaoya Fu , Qian Zhang , Shenyu Wang , Na Liu , Xuwen Wang , Xiang Guo , Yilan Xia , Yihan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In China, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has not yet been included in the national immunization program (NIP). Nevertheless, several provinces and municipalities have launched pilot HPV vaccination programs targeting female adolescents in secondary schools since 2021. This study aimed to explore the roles of key stakeholders in the decision-making process regarding HPV vaccination and to provide recommendations for future promotional strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, including public health professionals, school teachers, and parents of adolescent girls. The interview framework comprised both fixed-choice and open-ended questions. Key topics addressed included: (1) the support for prioritizing HPV vaccination within NIP, (2) the influence of stakeholders on vaccination decisions, and (3) suggestions for enhancing vaccination promotion.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighty-three people participated in the study. Only 30 % of respondents believed HPV vaccination should be prioritized in the NIP, citing concerns about public perception, cultural values, and financial feasibility. Health and class teachers were found to have a substantial impact on the vaccination choices of parents and their daughters. To boost vaccination uptake, a comprehensive approach that includes stakeholder collaboration, educational campaigns, digital technology, and improved access to immunization services was proposed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This research provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes surrounding HPV vaccination and advocacy efforts aimed at girls aged 9–14 years. The findings serve as important references for future initiatives aimed at promoting awareness and uptake of the vaccine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775
Naharin Sultana Anni , Elizabeth Alvarez , Zain Chagla , Syed Muhammad Baqui Billah , Lawrence Mbuagbaw
Introduction
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sextually transmitted infection in Bangladesh, affecting both men and women. While the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) prevalence among women is well-documented, there is a significant gap in understanding men's KAP regarding HPV and its vaccine. In this study, we assessed the KAP of Bangladeshi men regarding HPV and its vaccine.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study with 30 men aged 16 and above from Dhaka and Barishal in Bangladesh from July 01, 2023, to August 31, 2023. Participants were general population, healthcare workers (HWs) and policymakers. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed face to face or via zoom using a semi-structured guide. Data were analyzed using NVivo 14 and thematic content analysis using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guide.
Results
We found limited knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men, particularly concerning the infection's impact. HWs and policymakers, although more informed, still demonstrated some misconceptions. A general positive attitude towards vaccination was observed, however, cultural, social, and religious factors were identified as barriers to vaccine acceptance. None of the participants had received the HPV vaccine, though some supported female family members were vaccinated.
Conclusions
Targeted interventions including education and awareness campaigns and gender-neutral vaccination programs are necessary to improve HPV prevention efforts in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men: a qualitative study","authors":"Naharin Sultana Anni , Elizabeth Alvarez , Zain Chagla , Syed Muhammad Baqui Billah , Lawrence Mbuagbaw","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sextually transmitted infection in Bangladesh, affecting both men and women. While the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) prevalence among women is well-documented, there is a significant gap in understanding men's KAP regarding HPV and its vaccine. In this study, we assessed the KAP of Bangladeshi men regarding HPV and its vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study with 30 men aged 16 and above from Dhaka and Barishal in Bangladesh from July 01, 2023, to August 31, 2023. Participants were general population, healthcare workers (HWs) and policymakers. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed face to face or via zoom using a semi-structured guide. Data were analyzed using NVivo 14 and thematic content analysis using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guide.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found limited knowledge about HPV and its vaccine among Bangladeshi men, particularly concerning the infection's impact. HWs and policymakers, although more informed, still demonstrated some misconceptions. A general positive attitude towards vaccination was observed, however, cultural, social, and religious factors were identified as barriers to vaccine acceptance. None of the participants had received the HPV vaccine, though some supported female family members were vaccinated.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Targeted interventions including education and awareness campaigns and gender-neutral vaccination programs are necessary to improve HPV prevention efforts in Bangladesh.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100730
Hyolim Kang , Megan Auzenbergs , Kaja Abbas , Clara Maure , Lourdes Moreno , Juan M. Pascale , Sandra López-Vergès , Eduardo Ortega-Barria , Jerome Kim , Kleber Luz , George Warimwe , Wisit Tangkeangsirisin , Elsa Marina Rojas Garrido , Yaniris Robles , Celia Martinez de Cuellar , Livia Vinhal , Gabriel Gonzalez-Escobar , Murat Ozturk , Katrin Dubischar , Juan Carlos Jaramillo , Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
The International Vaccine Institute and Gorgas Institute (Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies) organized the first Chikungunya Global Meeting in Panama City, Panama on December 12–13, 2023. Experts represented eight countries: Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, India, Kenya, Panama, Paraguay, and Thailand. The aim of this meeting was for stakeholders to discuss chikungunya disease burden, vaccine deployment strategies, regulatory challenges, and access issues. This meeting highlighted lessons learned from recent chikungunya outbreaks and perspectives on ways forward in chikungunya research. Specifically, the following topics were discussed in the meeting: (i) lessons from recent chikungunya outbreaks and regional perspectives, (ii) chikungunya research priorities, (iii) chikungunya vaccine development, (iv) regulatory approval and pathways, (v) vaccine access, financing, and procurement, (vi) ways forward through a chikungunya vaccine initiative, and (vii) chikungunya research on how to analyse protection and long-term memory. Experts called for investments in vaccine deployment and a better understanding of the long-term economic impacts of chikungunya. Going forward, the experts recommended creation of a global chikungunya vaccine initiative to coordinate research and generate evidence to inform prevention and control programmes of chikungunya outbreaks and introduction of chikungunya vaccination in high-burden settings and regions at risk of chikungunya outbreaks.
{"title":"Stakeholder meeting report: Chikungunya virus – recent outbreaks, vaccine development and the way forward","authors":"Hyolim Kang , Megan Auzenbergs , Kaja Abbas , Clara Maure , Lourdes Moreno , Juan M. Pascale , Sandra López-Vergès , Eduardo Ortega-Barria , Jerome Kim , Kleber Luz , George Warimwe , Wisit Tangkeangsirisin , Elsa Marina Rojas Garrido , Yaniris Robles , Celia Martinez de Cuellar , Livia Vinhal , Gabriel Gonzalez-Escobar , Murat Ozturk , Katrin Dubischar , Juan Carlos Jaramillo , Sushant Sahastrabuddhe","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The International Vaccine Institute and Gorgas Institute (Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies) organized the first Chikungunya Global Meeting in Panama City, Panama on December 12–13, 2023. Experts represented eight countries: Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, India, Kenya, Panama, Paraguay, and Thailand. The aim of this meeting was for stakeholders to discuss chikungunya disease burden, vaccine deployment strategies, regulatory challenges, and access issues. This meeting highlighted lessons learned from recent chikungunya outbreaks and perspectives on ways forward in chikungunya research. Specifically, the following topics were discussed in the meeting: (i) lessons from recent chikungunya outbreaks and regional perspectives, (ii) chikungunya research priorities, (iii) chikungunya vaccine development, (iv) regulatory approval and pathways, (v) vaccine access, financing, and procurement, (vi) ways forward through a chikungunya vaccine initiative, and (vii) chikungunya research on how to analyse protection and long-term memory. Experts called for investments in vaccine deployment and a better understanding of the long-term economic impacts of chikungunya. Going forward, the experts recommended creation of a global chikungunya vaccine initiative to coordinate research and generate evidence to inform prevention and control programmes of chikungunya outbreaks and introduction of chikungunya vaccination in high-burden settings and regions at risk of chikungunya outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100751
Sowmya Ajay Castro , Sarah Thomson , Helen Alexandra Shaw , Azul Zorzoli , Benjamin H. Meyer , Mark Reglinski , Mark McNeil , Helge C. Dorfmueller
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Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100729
Mohammed Mohammed Manga , Adeola Fowotade , Zara Isah Modibbo , Mashudu Madhivhandila , Tidiane Ndao , Olufemi Abayomi , Yahaya Mohammed
Background
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a significant contributor to various cancers, notably cervical cancer, which poses a major health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Nigeria. Despite the availability and effectiveness of HPV vaccines, many SSA countries have yet to reach the World Health Organization's vaccination goals. Nigeria introduced the HPV vaccine for girls (9–14 years) as part of the national immunization program in October 2023. This was heralded with certain misconceptions among both healthcare workers and the general populace. This study aimed to identify and rank these misconceptions via the modified Delphi technique to increase HPV vaccination coverage in Nigeria.
Objectives
The primary objective of this study was to identify and rank predominant HPV vaccine misconceptions in Nigeria, summarize the stability of expert judgments across rounds and to translate the prioritized list into communication and training recommendations.
Methods
We conducted desk review, expert validation and a two-round modified Delphi with immunization stakeholders from across Nigeria's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. Thirteen candidate misconceptions were generated from desk review and validation meetings, then rated on a five-point Likert “criticality” scale reflecting perceived prevalence, barrier importance, and likely impact on uptake if unaddressed. Descriptive statistics summarized item rankings and round-to-round changes; a paired t-test assessed aggregate stability.
Results
Forty-nine panelists completed both rounds. Rank order at the top was stable: the infertility/population-control misconception consistently ranked first, followed by the belief that vaccination promotes adolescent promiscuity, safety/“Western conspiracy” and “unknown long-term side-effects” clustered next. Aggregate ratings did not change significantly between rounds (paired t-test t (8) = 0.39, p = 0.71).
Conclusion
The stability of ratings between rounds indicate that observed differences were compatible with random variation rather than systematic shifts in opinion. A decision-ready prioritization of HPV vaccine misconceptions highlights a set of high-level misconceptions, like infertility, promiscuity, and safety/conspiracy narratives that should anchor first-wave communication in Nigeria.
Programs can translate these findings into audience-specific strategies like caregiver and community‑leader engagement with clear, safety-affirming messages, brief provider scripts and micro-training for school and clinic encounters and concise briefs for local decision-makers. Future iterations should pre-specify formal consensus thresholds and incorporate public prevalence measures to refine priority setting.
人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）是导致多种癌症的重要因素，尤其是宫颈癌，对包括尼日利亚在内的撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）构成了重大的健康挑战。尽管有HPV疫苗的可用性和有效性，但许多SSA国家尚未达到世界卫生组织的疫苗接种目标。尼日利亚于2023年10月将针对女童（9-14岁）的人乳头瘤病毒疫苗纳入国家免疫规划。这在卫生保健工作者和普通民众中引起了某些误解。本研究旨在通过改进的德尔菲技术对这些误解进行识别和排序，以提高尼日利亚的HPV疫苗接种覆盖率。本研究的主要目的是确定尼日利亚主要的HPV疫苗误解并对其进行排名，总结各轮专家判断的稳定性，并将优先列表转化为沟通和培训建议。方法我们对来自尼日利亚36个州和联邦首都直辖区的免疫利益攸关方进行了案头审查、专家验证和两轮改进德尔菲调查。从案头审查和验证会议中产生了13个候选误解，然后根据5分李克特“临界性”量表进行评分，该量表反映了感知的流行程度、障碍的重要性以及如果不加以解决可能对吸收的影响。描述性统计汇总了项目排名和轮间变化；配对t检验评估总体稳定性。结果49名小组成员完成了两轮调查。排名最靠前的是稳定的：不孕症/人口控制的误解一直排在第一位，其次是认为接种疫苗会促进青少年滥交的信念，其次是安全性/“西方阴谋”和“未知的长期副作用”。总评分在两轮之间没有显著变化（配对t检验t (8) = 0.39, p = 0.71）。结论轮次评分的稳定性表明，观察到的差异与随机变化相一致，而不是系统性的意见转变。对人乳头瘤病毒疫苗误解的决定优先次序突出了一系列高级误解，如不孕、滥交和安全/阴谋叙事，这些误解应该成为尼日利亚第一波传播的基础。项目可以将这些发现转化为针对特定受众的策略，如护理人员和社区领导人的参与，提供明确、肯定安全的信息，为学校和诊所提供简短的提供者脚本和微型培训，并为当地决策者提供简明的简报。未来的迭代应该预先指定正式的共识阈值，并纳入公共流行度量以改进优先级设置。
{"title":"Misconceptions leading to human papillomavirus vaccination hesitancy in Nigeria: Findings from a modified Delphi panel with stakeholders of the immunization ecosystem","authors":"Mohammed Mohammed Manga , Adeola Fowotade , Zara Isah Modibbo , Mashudu Madhivhandila , Tidiane Ndao , Olufemi Abayomi , Yahaya Mohammed","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a significant contributor to various cancers, notably cervical cancer, which poses a major health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Nigeria. Despite the availability and effectiveness of HPV vaccines, many SSA countries have yet to reach the World Health Organization's vaccination goals. Nigeria introduced the HPV vaccine for girls (9–14 years) as part of the national immunization program in October 2023. This was heralded with certain misconceptions among both healthcare workers and the general populace. This study aimed to identify and rank these misconceptions via the modified Delphi technique to increase HPV vaccination coverage in Nigeria.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The primary objective of this study was to identify and rank predominant HPV vaccine misconceptions in Nigeria, summarize the stability of expert judgments across rounds and to translate the prioritized list into communication and training recommendations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted desk review, expert validation and a two-round modified Delphi with immunization stakeholders from across Nigeria's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. Thirteen candidate misconceptions were generated from desk review and validation meetings, then rated on a five-point Likert “criticality” scale reflecting perceived prevalence, barrier importance, and likely impact on uptake if unaddressed. Descriptive statistics summarized item rankings and round-to-round changes; a paired <em>t</em>-test assessed aggregate stability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty-nine panelists completed both rounds. Rank order at the top was stable: the infertility/population-control misconception consistently ranked first, followed by the belief that vaccination promotes adolescent promiscuity, safety/“Western conspiracy” and “unknown long-term side-effects” clustered next. Aggregate ratings did not change significantly between rounds (paired <em>t</em>-test t (8) = 0.39, <em>p</em> = 0.71).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The stability of ratings between rounds indicate that observed differences were compatible with random variation rather than systematic shifts in opinion. A decision-ready prioritization of HPV vaccine misconceptions highlights a set of high-level misconceptions, like infertility, promiscuity, and safety/conspiracy narratives that should anchor first-wave communication in Nigeria.</div><div>Programs can translate these findings into audience-specific strategies like caregiver and community‑leader engagement with clear, safety-affirming messages, brief provider scripts and micro-training for school and clinic encounters and concise briefs for local decision-makers. Future iterations should pre-specify formal consensus thresholds and incorporate public prevalence measures to refine priority setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100744
Antonio Musolino , Marco Roversi , Mariateresa Romaniello , Vittorio Scoppola , Chiara Di Camillo , Laura Celestini , Alberto Villani , Diletta Valentini
Introduction
Pneumococcal vaccination has significantly decreased the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in the general population, however studies on effectiveness in Down syndrome (DS) are heterogeneous. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated the prevalence of adequate immune response in children with DS after pneumococcal vaccination and we searched for possible clinical predictors associated with it, in order to provide data to optimize vaccination strategies in this high-risk group.
Methods
Data of children with DS referred to the DS outpatient Clinic of Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, between September 2021 and March 2022 were reviewed. Clinical and laboratory predictors of immunological response to PCV vaccine, defined as an anti-pneumococcal IgG titer threshold above 0.35 μg/mL were compared and evaluated with bivariate analyses and logistic regression.
Results
In this cohort of 406 patients the mean age was 8.4 years and 56.2 % of individuals were male. Most of them had congenital cardiopathy (57.8 %) and recurrent respiratory infections (57.4 %). An anti-pneumococcal Ig titer ≥0.35 μg/mL was found in 50.5 % of patients. Those with Ig < 0.35 μg/mL were significantly younger (p < 0.001) and less likely to have autoimmune disorders or hypothyroidism. Logistic regression showed that a positive history of previous surgery increased the likelihood of Ig ≥ 0.35 μg/mL (OR 2.25, p = 0.001), as well as hypothyroidism (OR 3.14, p = 0.016) and celiac disease (OR 3.70, p = 0.030). Additionally, older age at last PCV13 dose positively correlated with higher Ig levels (p = 0.018).
Conclusion
Our findings confirm a lower prevalence of adequate immune response after anti-pneumococcal vaccination in individuals with DS. Older age at last PCV13 dose was found to be correlated to higher specific IgG titers; we suggest a tailored vaccination schedule or a booster dose in individuals with DS that could improve their immune protection.
肺炎球菌疫苗接种显著降低了普通人群侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病的负担，然而，对唐氏综合征（DS）有效性的研究存在差异。在这项横断面研究中，我们评估了肺炎球菌疫苗接种后DS患儿充分免疫应答的患病率，并寻找与之相关的可能的临床预测因素，以便为优化这一高危人群的疫苗接种策略提供数据。方法回顾2021年9月至2022年3月意大利罗马Bambino Gesù儿童医院DS门诊转介的DS患儿数据。采用双变量分析和logistic回归对PCV疫苗免疫应答的临床和实验室预测因子进行了比较和评估，其定义为抗肺炎球菌IgG滴度阈值高于0.35 μg/mL。结果406例患者的平均年龄为8.4岁，56.2%为男性。以先天性心脏病（57.8%）和反复呼吸道感染（57.4%）居多。50.5%的患者抗肺炎球菌Ig滴度≥0.35 μg/mL。Ig <； 0.35 μg/mL的患者明显更年轻（p < 0.001），发生自身免疫性疾病或甲状腺功能减退的可能性更小。Logistic回归分析显示，既往手术史阳性患者Ig≥0.35 μg/mL （OR 2.25, p = 0.001）、甲状腺功能减退（OR 3.14, p = 0.016）和乳糜泻（OR 3.70, p = 0.030）的可能性增加。最后一次PCV13剂量的年龄与较高的Ig水平呈正相关（p = 0.018）。结论：我们的研究结果证实，DS患者接种抗肺炎球菌疫苗后免疫反应不足的发生率较低。PCV13最后剂量年龄越大，特异性IgG滴度越高；我们建议为退行性椎体滑移患者量身定制疫苗接种计划或加强剂量，以提高他们的免疫保护。
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