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Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated Zika virus vaccine by gamma irradiation 伽玛辐照灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100706
Pumin Sintara , Puttawat Suphaprueksapong , Suwimol Jetawattana , Witthawat Wiriyarat , Yada Akkhawattanangkul , Komgrid Charngkaew , Nusara Chomanee , Jantip Saelee , Artit Wongsa , Thongkoon Priengprom , Boonrat Tassaneetrithep
Developing the Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine remains a critical global public health need. This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of gamma-irradiated Thai ZIKV isolate. Inactivation was confirmed by serial passaging and detection of viral replication using RT-PCR, which demonstrated complete loss of infectivity in ZIKV irradiated with 25 and 50 kGy. Western blotting confirmed that irradiation preserved viral envelope protein antigenicity. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice with 25 kGy-irradiated ZIKV, either alone or with alum adjuvant, at two-week intervals. No mortality or local reactions were observed in any group of mice. Antigen-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers were measured by ELISA and focus reduction neutralization test, respectively. T cell responses were assessed via intracellular IFN-γ and TNF-α staining by flow cytometry. The irradiated vaccine induced ZIKV-specific antibody and cytokine-producing T cell responses; however, neutralizing antibody titers were low. Mice immunized with irradiated ZIKV combined with alum adjuvant had higher ZIKV-specific antibody titers and T cells producing IFN-γ or TNF-α than those without adjuvant, though differences were not statistically significant. Although the viral integrity and antigenicity remained unchanged, these findings demonstrate that gamma-irradiated ZIKV is non-infectious and immunogenic in mice, supporting its safety profile and the potential for further optimization in future dose-ranging and efficacy studies.
开发寨卡病毒(ZIKV)疫苗仍然是一项关键的全球公共卫生需求。本研究评估了伽玛辐照的泰国ZIKV分离物的安全性和免疫原性。通过连续传代和RT-PCR检测病毒复制,证实了ZIKV在25和50 kGy辐照下完全丧失了传染性。Western blotting证实辐照保存了病毒包膜蛋白的抗原性。BALB/c小鼠皮下接种25 kgy辐照的ZIKV,单独或与明胶佐剂,每隔两周免疫两次。各组小鼠均未见死亡或局部反应。采用ELISA法和减焦中和试验分别测定抗原特异性IgG和中和抗体滴度。流式细胞术检测细胞内IFN-γ和TNF-α染色评价T细胞反应。辐照疫苗诱导寨卡病毒特异性抗体和产生细胞因子的T细胞反应;然而,中和抗体滴度较低。与未接种佐剂的小鼠相比,经辐照的ZIKV联合明铝佐剂免疫的小鼠具有更高的ZIKV特异性抗体滴度和产生IFN-γ或TNF-α的T细胞,但差异无统计学意义。尽管病毒的完整性和抗原性保持不变,但这些发现表明,伽玛辐照的ZIKV在小鼠中是非传染性和免疫原性的,支持其安全性以及在未来剂量范围和疗效研究中进一步优化的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The validation of the Slovak vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale and pilot study 斯洛伐克疫苗接种态度检查(VAX)量表和试点研究的验证
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100715
Martin Novák , Jana Zibolenová , Peter Vyšehradský , Romana Ulbrichtová , Eva Malobická , Eliška Štefanová , Ján Mikas , Adriana Mečochová , Henrieta Hudečková , Viera Švihrová

Introduction

The resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases poses a significant global public health challenge, exacerbated by the rise of anti-vaccination attitudes. The aim of this study was to validate the Slovak version of the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) questionnaire and to examine the attitudes towards vaccination in Slovakia.

Methods

The VAX scale questionnaire, translated into Slovak and validated, was used for the survey. The VAX scale uses 12 statements assessing anti-vaccination attitudes. Each statement is scored on a 6-point Likert scale, with higher total score indicates more negative attitudes towards vaccinations. Our questionnaire also included demographic questions (age, gender, residence, education level, profession, and economic activity). For validation, the questionnaire was translated into the Slovak using forward and backward translations. The validation survey was conducted on the sample size of 115 participants. Correlation was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient, internal consistency was tested. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess validity. Subsequently, a pilot study was conducted in March 2023 with a sample size of 473 participants.

Results

The VAX scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.925) and reliability. The results of the CFA were comparable to findings from other languages versions. The pilot study revealed that parents, non-healthcare professionals, and older individuals exhibited higher anti-vaccination attitudes. In contrast, healthcare professionals had the lowest VAX scores, reflecting more pro-vaccination attitudes.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need for targeted educational and communication strategies to address vaccine hesitancy. By identifying demographic patterns and potential hotspots of vaccine skepticism, public health initiatives can be better tailored to improve vaccination rates. The validated Slovak VAX scale provides a reliable tool for ongoing assessment and intervention efforts.
疫苗可预防疾病的死灰复燃对全球公共卫生构成重大挑战,反疫苗接种态度的上升加剧了这一挑战。本研究的目的是验证斯洛伐克版本的疫苗接种态度检查(VAX)问卷,并检查斯洛伐克对疫苗接种的态度。方法采用VAX量表问卷,经斯洛伐克文翻译并验证。VAX量表使用12个陈述来评估反对接种疫苗的态度。每个陈述都以6分的李克特量表得分,总分越高表明对疫苗接种的负面态度越强烈。我们的问卷还包括人口统计问题(年龄、性别、居住地、教育水平、职业和经济活动)。为了验证,使用正向和反向翻译将问卷翻译成斯洛伐克文。验证性调查的样本量为115人。采用Pearson相关系数计算相关性,检验内部一致性。验证性因子分析(CFA)评估效度。随后,在2023年3月进行了一项试点研究,样本量为473名参与者。结果VAX量表具有较强的内部一致性(Cronbach’s alpha = 0.925)和信度。CFA的结果与其他语言版本的结果相当。初步研究显示,父母、非卫生保健专业人员和老年人表现出更高的反疫苗接种态度。相比之下,医疗保健专业人员的VAX得分最低,反映出更赞成接种疫苗的态度。结论这些发现突出了有针对性的教育和传播策略来解决疫苗犹豫的必要性。通过确定人口统计模式和疫苗怀疑的潜在热点,可以更好地调整公共卫生举措,以提高疫苗接种率。经过验证的斯洛伐克VAX量表为正在进行的评估和干预工作提供了可靠的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-country analysis on HPV vaccination behaviors among health workers and parents: a qualitative report from seven middle-income countries 卫生工作者和家长HPV疫苗接种行为的跨国分析:来自七个中等收入国家的定性报告
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100725
Gulaiim Almatkyzy , Sahil Khan Warsi , Siff Malue Nielsen , Brett J. Craig

Purpose

This article presents a cross-country analysis of qualitative research reports on the barriers and drivers of HPV vaccination-related behavior among parents and health workers in seven middle-income countries using the COM-B theoretical framework. Four reports are from countries that had already introduced the HPV vaccine — Georgia, Moldova, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, while the other three reports are from Kazakhstan, Kosovo, and Tajikistan which were preparing for HPV vaccine introduction in 2023 and 2024.

Results

The cross-country analysis revealed that health workers (HWs), especially specialists like gynecologists and oncologists, were viewed as trusted sources of vaccination information by both parents and HWs. However, HWs faced gaps in HPV vaccine knowledge and communication skills, and these gaps persisted in some form even after training was conducted in countries that had already introduced the HPV vaccine. In addition, these specialists were not always included when training sessions were conducted with family doctors and nurses in preparation for the vaccine's introduction. Parents also experience knowledge gaps, safety concerns, and lack of trust. Parents across countries shared concerns related to HPV vaccine safety and effectiveness and were often exposed to misconceptions or misinformation through media and social networks. This was compounded by the lack of a strong and confident recommendation from HWs and poor patient-provider communication.

Conclusions

The analyzed reports highlighted the need for tailored, multi-faceted interventions that account for locally specific issues, influencers, and target groups. Two prominent recommendations posited in the reports were: 1) engaging parents and addressing their concerns at the community level, and 2) ensuring HPV vaccine confidence through HW training and engagement, especially for specialists, and providing access to evidence-based information for HWs and others who influence vaccine acceptance.
目的:本文采用COM-B理论框架,对七个中等收入国家的父母和卫生工作者中HPV疫苗接种相关行为的障碍和驱动因素的定性研究报告进行了跨国分析。四份报告来自已经引入人乳头瘤病毒疫苗的国家——格鲁吉亚、摩尔多瓦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦,而另外三份报告来自哈萨克斯坦、科索沃和塔吉克斯坦,这些国家正准备在2023年和2024年引入人乳头瘤病毒疫苗。结果跨国分析显示,卫生工作者(HWs),特别是妇科医生和肿瘤科医生等专家,被家长和卫生工作者视为疫苗接种信息的可靠来源。然而,卫生工作者在人乳头瘤病毒疫苗知识和沟通技巧方面存在差距,即使在已经引进人乳头瘤病毒疫苗的国家开展培训之后,这些差距仍以某种形式存在。此外,在为准备引进疫苗而与家庭医生和护士进行培训时,这些专家并不总是包括在内。父母也会经历知识差距、安全问题和缺乏信任。各国家长都对HPV疫苗的安全性和有效性感到担忧,并经常通过媒体和社交网络接触到误解或错误信息。卫生服务人员缺乏强有力和自信的建议,以及患者与提供者之间沟通不佳,使情况更加复杂。经分析的报告强调,需要针对当地具体问题、影响者和目标群体采取量身定制的多方面干预措施。报告中提出的两项重要建议是:1)让家长参与并在社区层面解决他们的关切;2)通过卫生工作者的培训和参与,特别是对专家的培训和参与,确保对HPV疫苗的信心,并向卫生工作者和其他影响疫苗接受程度的人提供循证信息。
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引用次数: 0
A natural oil-based nanoadjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in an experimental vaccine 一种天然油基纳米佐剂增强了实验性疫苗中产肠毒素大肠杆菌的免疫原性
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100724
María Eugenia Cecchini , Sofía Arsaute , Ivana Dalila Montironi , Dardo Andrés Roma , José Raviolo , Federico Ruiz Moreno , Belkys Maletto , Nahuel Matías Camacho , Fernando Javier Mañas , Romina Valeria Bellingeri , Laura Noelia Cariddi
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. The development of novel adjuvanted vaccines that can be administered directly to piglets remains a priority for the swine industry. Minthostachys verticillata essential oil (EO) has shown adjuvant effects, but its poor stability and solubility limit its use, that could be solved by emulsification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an EO-based nanoadjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of ETEC in an experimental vaccine using mice as a preliminary model. A nanoemulsion (NEO) was formulated with EO (20 % v/v), Tween 80 (0.75 % v/v), and Span 60 (0.25 % w/v) using a high-energy method. The interaction between NEO and ETEC was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope. Experimental vaccines were prepared with inactivated ETEC strain combined with NEO (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/mL of EO) or EO (1 mg/mL) as adjuvants. Controls included Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA), Tween 80/Span 60 as a vehicle control, saline, and non-adjuvanted formulations. Balb/c mice were subcutaneously injected with the experimental vaccines, with four doses administered every 14 days. Antigen-specific antibody titers (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), opsonizing capacity, and CD4+/CD69+ and CD8+/CD69+ T cells activation were evaluated. Splenic mononuclear cell proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-γ and IL-10) were also measured. Hepatic enzyme levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were assessed to evaluate toxicity. NEO induced anti-ETEC IgG with significant opsonizing potential, increase in the percentage of CD4+/CD69+ and CD8+/CD69+ T cells, and production of IFN-γ. It caused no local reactogenicity, did not alter hepatic enzyme levels, and did not increase MDA concentrations. In conclusion, NEO demonstrated adjuvant potential, activating both humoral and cellular immune responses against ETEC without evidence of toxicity.
产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)是仔猪断奶后腹泻的主要原因。新型佐剂疫苗的发展,可以直接给小猪施用仍然是养猪业的优先事项。乳香精油具有一定的佐剂作用,但其稳定性和溶解度较差,限制了其应用,可采用乳化法加以解决。本研究旨在以小鼠为初步模型,评价以eo为基础的纳米佐剂对ETEC实验性疫苗免疫原性的增强作用。以EO (20% v/v)、Tween 80 (0.75% v/v)和Span 60 (0.25% w/v)为原料,采用高能法制备纳米乳液(NEO)。用扫描电镜分析了NEO与ETEC的相互作用。以灭活ETEC菌株联合NEO(0.5、0.75和1 mg/mL EO)或EO (1 mg/mL)作为佐剂制备实验疫苗。对照组包括不完全弗氏佐剂(IFA)、Tween 80/Span 60作为对照、生理盐水和非佐剂配方。Balb/c小鼠皮下注射实验疫苗,每14天注射4次。评估抗原特异性抗体滴度(IgG, IgG1, IgG2a),调理能力,CD4+/CD69+和CD8+/CD69+ T细胞活化。同时测定脾脏单核细胞增殖和细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-10)的产生。评估肝酶水平和丙二醛(MDA)浓度以评估毒性。NEO诱导的抗etec IgG具有显著的活化电位,CD4+/CD69+和CD8+/CD69+ T细胞百分比增加,IFN-γ产生。它不引起局部反应原性,不改变肝酶水平,也不增加丙二醛浓度。总之,NEO显示出佐剂潜力,激活针对ETEC的体液和细胞免疫反应,无毒性证据。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale: Psychometric properties and validation among pregnant and breastfeeding persons and parents COVID-19疫苗犹豫量表:孕妇和哺乳者及父母的心理测量特性和验证
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100720
Heidi Sze Lok Fan , Edmond Pui Hang Choi , Elizabeth Keys , Rishma Chooniedass , Stephanie Masina , Alex Halonen , Kalysse Mantai , Marie Tarrant

Introduction

The Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) was developed by the World Health Organization's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) to examine parents' vaccine hesitancy toward childhood vaccines. The VHS has been validated and modified to assess vaccine hesitancy toward specific vaccines, including influenza and human papillomavirus vaccines, but not the COVID-19 vaccine. The objective of this study is to validate a modified VHS for the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant and breastfeeding persons, and parents of children under 12 years of age.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in British Columbia, Canada from October to December 2021. A total of 1510 participants including pregnant and breastfeeding persons, and parents of children <12 years of age were included in the analysis. Participants completed questionnaires tailored to their respective groups based on self-identification. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the original VHS structure. The data were then randomly split into training and validation sets for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Factor structure, internal construct validity, internal consistency, and known-group validity were evaluated.

Results

The original VHS model showed a poor fit. Exploratory factor analysis identified a revised one-factor model (VHS-COVID19), which showed satisfactory fit in the validation sample for pregnant participants (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.999; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.041; standardized root mean squared residual [SRMR] = 0.008; Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.997), breastfeeding participants (CFI = 0.995; RMAEA = 0.089; SRMR = 0.006; TLI = 0.990) and parent participants (CFI = 0.995; RMAEA = 0.080; SRMR = 0.004; TLI = 0.992). The revised scale comprised five items for pregnant and breastfeeding participants and six for parent participants. VHS-COVID19 showed high internal construct validity and reliability.

Conclusions

The VHS-COVID19 shows adequate psychometric performance for assessing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant, breastfeeding persons, and parents. It is easy to administer and can be used by healthcare providers to rapidly assess vaccine hesitancy of the targeted population in clinical settings.
疫苗犹豫量表(VHS)是由世界卫生组织免疫战略咨询专家组(SAGE)制定的,用于检查父母对儿童疫苗的犹豫。VHS已经过验证和修改,以评估疫苗对特定疫苗的犹豫性,包括流感和人乳头瘤病毒疫苗,但不包括COVID-19疫苗。本研究的目的是在孕妇和哺乳者以及12岁以下儿童的父母中验证改进的COVID-19疫苗VHS。方法于2021年10 - 12月在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省进行横断面调查。共有1510名参与者,包括孕妇和母乳喂养者,以及12岁儿童的父母被纳入分析。参与者根据自我认同完成了针对各自群体的调查问卷。采用验证性因子分析对原始VHS结构进行评估。然后将数据随机分为探索性和验证性因素分析的训练集和验证集。评估因子结构、内部构念效度、内部一致性及已知组效度。结果原VHS模型拟合较差。探索性因子分析建立了改进的单因素模型(vhs - covid),孕妇(比较拟合指数[CFI] = 0.999,近似均方根误差[RMSEA] = 0.041,标准化均方根残差[SRMR] = 0.008,塔克- lewis指数[TLI] = 0.997)、母乳喂养参与者(CFI = 0.995, RMAEA = 0.089, SRMR = 0.006, TLI = 0.990)和父母参与者(CFI = 0.995, RMAEA = 0.080, SRMR = 0.004, RMAEA = 0.09)与验证样本拟合良好。tli = 0.992)。修订后的量表包括孕妇和哺乳期参与者的5个项目和父母参与者的6个项目。VHS-COVID19具有较高的内部结构效度和信度。结论VHS-COVID19在评估孕妇、哺乳期人员和父母的COVID-19疫苗犹豫方面表现良好。它易于管理,可由卫生保健提供者在临床环境中用于快速评估目标人群的疫苗犹豫。
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引用次数: 0
Potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in Tunisia: A comparative modeling study 突尼斯人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种的潜在健康影响和成本效益:一项比较模型研究
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100712
Oumaima Laraj , Beya Benzina , Ahlem Gzara , Amira Kebir , Kaja Abbas , Slimane BenMiled

Background:

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting women especially in low- and middle income countries and is caused by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the cervical cancer burden. However, HPV vaccination is not yet included in the Tunisian immunization program. To inform decision-making on HPV vaccine introduction in Tunisia, we conducted a comparative modeling study to project the health impact and cost-effectiveness of four HPV vaccines (Cecolin, Cervarix, Gardasil, 4, and Gardasil-9) targeted to 12-year-old girls in 2025.

Methods:

We used two static cohort models (UNIVAC and Papillomavirus Rapid Interface for Modeling and Economics (PRIME)) to estimate the health and economic impact of HPV vaccination from the health system and societal perspectives. Our data inputs to the model include demography and cervical cancer burden as well as unit costs for treatment, vaccines, and vaccine delivery. We estimated health impact in terms of cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted by HPV vaccination, and economic impact in terms of vaccination costs, treatment costs saved, net cost, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).

Results:

We estimated that Cecolin is the most cost-effective HPV vaccine in Tunisia, particularly when cross-protection is considered. Despite Cervarix offering greater health benefits of 70% versus 62% reductions in cervical cancer cases and deaths at 87% coverage, Cecolin has lower net costs and is more favorable across different willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. At a WTP of USD 1169 per DALY averted (30% of Tunisia’s GDP per capita), Cecolin and Cervarix demonstrate similar probabilities of being cost-effective.

Conclusion:

Based on the vaccine impact estimates generated by the UNIVAC and PRIME models, we inferred that the four HPV vaccines (Cecolin, Cervarix Gardasil,4, and Gardasil-9) were cost-effective in the Tunisian context. This evidence is useful to inform HPV vaccine introduction in Tunisia.
背景:宫颈癌是影响妇女的最普遍的癌症之一,特别是在低收入和中等收入国家,是由人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)持续感染引起的。接种人乳头瘤病毒疫苗可显著减轻子宫颈癌的负担。然而,HPV疫苗接种尚未包括在突尼斯免疫规划中。为了为突尼斯引入HPV疫苗的决策提供信息,我们进行了一项比较模型研究,以预测2025年针对12岁女孩的四种HPV疫苗(Cecolin, Cervarix, Gardasil, 4和Gardasil-9)的健康影响和成本效益。方法:我们使用两个静态队列模型(UNIVAC和乳头瘤病毒快速建模和经济学接口(PRIME))从卫生系统和社会角度估计HPV疫苗接种的健康和经济影响。我们对模型的数据输入包括人口统计学和宫颈癌负担,以及治疗、疫苗和疫苗交付的单位成本。我们从HPV疫苗接种避免的病例、死亡和残疾调整生命年(DALYs)方面估计了健康影响,从疫苗接种成本、节省的治疗成本、净成本和增量成本-效果比(ICERs)方面估计了经济影响。结果:我们估计Cecolin是突尼斯最具成本效益的HPV疫苗,特别是考虑到交叉保护时。尽管Cervarix提供了更大的健康效益,在87%的覆盖率下,宫颈癌病例和死亡减少了70%,而Cecolin的净成本更低,并且在不同的支付意愿(WTP)阈值上更有利。每个DALY所避免的WTP为1169美元(相当于突尼斯人均GDP的30%),Cecolin和Cervarix显示出相似的成本效益可能性。结论:根据UNIVAC和PRIME模型产生的疫苗影响估计,我们推断四种HPV疫苗(Cecolin, Cervarix Gardasil,4和Gardasil-9)在突尼斯的情况下具有成本效益。这一证据有助于为突尼斯引入HPV疫苗提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Durability of neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients after infection and booster vaccination COVID-19患者感染和加强疫苗接种后中和抗体和t细胞反应的持久性
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100718
Lin Yao , Xiao-Lin Jiang , Jun-Xia Cao , Qiang Guo , Meng-Na Wu , Shu-Zhi Wu , Li-Jun Duan , Yuan Shen , Bing-Dong Zhan , Jun-Fen Lin , Ming-Dong Jiang , Hong-Hong Peng , Yu-Wei Zhang , Guo-Jian Yang , Xue-Dong Song , Chao Shi , Ji-Yan Zhang , Wen-Guo Jiang , Mai-Juan Ma
Determining the durability of immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is critical for understanding immune protection upon reinfection and optimizing vaccine design. We measured SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent patients up to 14 months after infection and COVID-19 convalescents who received two doses of BBIBP-CorV at 6-month intervals. We observed that most convalescents had durable neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain at least 14 months after infection. Administering a booster dose to convalescent patients significantly increased neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan strain, but neutralization activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5 was significantly decreased. Six months after the first dose vaccination, the neutralizing antibody levels significantly declined and were not further enhanced by a second dose. Omicron BA.1-specific T-cell responses were detectable in most convalescent patients and were not significantly affected by vaccination. These analyses provide insights into the durability of the immune response after infection and hybrid immunization and may be relevant for future vaccine strategies.
确定SARS-CoV-2感染或疫苗接种后免疫的持久性对于了解再感染后的免疫保护和优化疫苗设计至关重要。我们测量了感染后14个月的COVID-19恢复期患者和每隔6个月接受两剂BBIBP-CorV的COVID-19恢复期患者的sars - cov -2特异性抗体和t细胞反应。我们观察到,大多数康复者在感染后至少14个月对SARS-CoV-2武汉株有持久的中和抗体和t细胞反应。恢复期患者给予加强剂量后,抗武汉株的中和抗体显著增加,但抗欧米克隆ba1 .1、ba2 .2、ba2.12.1和ba4 /BA的中和活性明显增加。5显著降低。第一剂疫苗接种后6个月,中和抗体水平显著下降,第二剂疫苗接种后未进一步增强。在大多数恢复期患者中可检测到Omicron ba .1特异性t细胞反应,并且接种疫苗不显著影响。这些分析为感染和混合免疫后免疫反应的持久性提供了见解,并可能与未来的疫苗策略相关。
{"title":"Durability of neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients after infection and booster vaccination","authors":"Lin Yao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Lin Jiang ,&nbsp;Jun-Xia Cao ,&nbsp;Qiang Guo ,&nbsp;Meng-Na Wu ,&nbsp;Shu-Zhi Wu ,&nbsp;Li-Jun Duan ,&nbsp;Yuan Shen ,&nbsp;Bing-Dong Zhan ,&nbsp;Jun-Fen Lin ,&nbsp;Ming-Dong Jiang ,&nbsp;Hong-Hong Peng ,&nbsp;Yu-Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Guo-Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Xue-Dong Song ,&nbsp;Chao Shi ,&nbsp;Ji-Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-Guo Jiang ,&nbsp;Mai-Juan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the durability of immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is critical for understanding immune protection upon reinfection and optimizing vaccine design. We measured SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent patients up to 14 months after infection and COVID-19 convalescents who received two doses of BBIBP-CorV at 6-month intervals. We observed that most convalescents had durable neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain at least 14 months after infection. Administering a booster dose to convalescent patients significantly increased neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan strain, but neutralization activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5 was significantly decreased. Six months after the first dose vaccination, the neutralizing antibody levels significantly declined and were not further enhanced by a second dose. Omicron BA.1-specific T-cell responses were detectable in most convalescent patients and were not significantly affected by vaccination. These analyses provide insights into the durability of the immune response after infection and hybrid immunization and may be relevant for future vaccine strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
COVID-19 and influenza vaccination among adults stably engaged in HIV care 在稳定从事艾滋病毒护理的成年人中接种COVID-19和流感疫苗
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100719
Grazia Alessio , Drieda Zaçe , Christopher Jones , Andrea Di Lorenzo , Alessandra Imeneo , Vincenzo Malagnino , Elisabetta Teti , Loredana Sarmati , Alessandra Ruggiero , Marco Iannetta , Anna Maria Geretti , EVAN-CoV-Study Group

Introduction

Vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza is recommended for people living with HIV, but real-world uptake data remain incomplete, especially in populations facing socioeconomic barriers. We assessed uptake and associated factors at an HIV outpatient centre serving a socioeconomically disadvantaged area of Rome. Participants were in stable HIV care and were encouraged to receive vaccination at no cost, at a location of choice. COVID-19 vaccination was initially available both on-site and externally; influenza vaccination was only available externally.

Methods

We analysed a random 50 % sample of 750 adults, retrieving data from the vaccination registry and medical records. Full COVID-19 vaccination was defined as primary vaccination plus 1 additional dose. Logistic regression identified factors associated with uptake.

Results

Between December 2020 and July 2024, 331/375 (88.3 %) participants received primary COVID-19 vaccination (typically two mRNA vaccine doses 3–4 weeks apart) and 286/375 (76.3 %) received ≥1 additional dose, with most vaccinations occurring before September 2023. Odds of full vaccination were lower among participants <50 years and heterosexual men and women (vs. men who have sex with men). Other associated factors included migrant background, injecting drug use, history of advanced immunosuppression, HIV viraemia, and CD4 <500 cells/mm3. Influenza vaccination uptake (2022/2023) was low (99/375, 26.4 %), although almost 4-fold higher among those vaccinated against COVID-19.

Conclusions

Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage and suboptimal influenza vaccination uptake persist among adults stably engaged in HIV care. Addressing barriers, particularly in those with additional vulnerabilities, and integrating vaccination into HIV services may improve uptake and reduce preventable illness.
建议艾滋病毒感染者接种COVID-19和流感疫苗,但实际数据仍然不完整,特别是在面临社会经济障碍的人群中。我们评估了罗马社会经济弱势地区艾滋病门诊中心的吸收情况和相关因素。参与者得到稳定的艾滋病毒护理,并被鼓励在选择的地点免费接种疫苗。最初可在现场和外部同时接种COVID-19疫苗;流感疫苗只能在外部接种。方法对750名成年人随机抽取50%的样本进行分析,从疫苗接种登记和医疗记录中检索数据。完整的COVID-19疫苗接种定义为初次接种加≥1剂额外接种。逻辑回归确定了与摄取相关的因素。结果在2020年12月至2024年7月期间,331/375(88.3%)的参与者接受了COVID-19初次疫苗接种(通常间隔3-4周两次mRNA疫苗剂量),286/375(76.3%)的参与者接受了≥1次额外剂量,大多数疫苗接种发生在2023年9月之前。在50岁以上的异性恋男女(与男男性行为者相比)中,完全接种疫苗的几率较低。其他相关因素包括移民背景、注射吸毒、晚期免疫抑制史、HIV病毒血症和CD4 500细胞/mm3。流感疫苗接种率(2022/2023)较低(99/375,26.4%),但COVID-19疫苗接种率高出近4倍。结论在稳定参与艾滋病毒护理的成年人中,COVID-19疫苗覆盖率和流感疫苗接种率的差异仍然存在。消除障碍,特别是在那些有额外脆弱性的人群中,并将疫苗接种纳入艾滋病毒服务,可能会改善接种情况并减少可预防疾病。
{"title":"COVID-19 and influenza vaccination among adults stably engaged in HIV care","authors":"Grazia Alessio ,&nbsp;Drieda Zaçe ,&nbsp;Christopher Jones ,&nbsp;Andrea Di Lorenzo ,&nbsp;Alessandra Imeneo ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Malagnino ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Teti ,&nbsp;Loredana Sarmati ,&nbsp;Alessandra Ruggiero ,&nbsp;Marco Iannetta ,&nbsp;Anna Maria Geretti ,&nbsp;EVAN-CoV-Study Group","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza is recommended for people living with HIV, but real-world uptake data remain incomplete, especially in populations facing socioeconomic barriers. We assessed uptake and associated factors at an HIV outpatient centre serving a socioeconomically disadvantaged area of Rome. Participants were in stable HIV care and were encouraged to receive vaccination at no cost, at a location of choice. COVID-19 vaccination was initially available both on-site and externally; influenza vaccination was only available externally.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analysed a random 50 % sample of 750 adults, retrieving data from the vaccination registry and medical records. Full COVID-19 vaccination was defined as primary vaccination plus <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span>1 additional dose. Logistic regression identified factors associated with uptake.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between December 2020 and July 2024, 331/375 (88.3 %) participants received primary COVID-19 vaccination (typically two mRNA vaccine doses 3–4 weeks apart) and 286/375 (76.3 %) received ≥1 additional dose, with most vaccinations occurring before September 2023. Odds of full vaccination were lower among participants &lt;50 years and heterosexual men and women (vs. men who have sex with men). Other associated factors included migrant background, injecting drug use, history of advanced immunosuppression, HIV viraemia, and CD4 &lt;500 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. Influenza vaccination uptake (2022/2023) was low (99/375, 26.4 %), although almost 4-fold higher among those vaccinated against COVID-19.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine coverage and suboptimal influenza vaccination uptake persist among adults stably engaged in HIV care. Addressing barriers, particularly in those with additional vulnerabilities, and integrating vaccination into HIV services may improve uptake and reduce preventable illness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016–2020 估算2016-2020年美国流感类型和亚型疫苗接种的历史疾病负担和影响
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100700
Sinead E. Morris , Sarabeth M. Mathis , Jessie R. Chung , Brendan Flannery , Alissa O'Halloran , Charisse N. Cummings , Shikha Garg , Peng-Jun Lu , Tammy A. Santibanez , Carrie Reed , Matthew Biggerstaff , A. Danielle Iuliano
Seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses a compartmental framework to estimate the annual disease burden and burden prevented by vaccination for all influenza types and subtypes combined. However, these estimates do not capture underlying shifts in disease burden caused by different circulating influenza virus types or subtypes. We demonstrate an extension of the current framework to estimate disease burden and burden prevented by vaccination for influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2), and influenza type B viruses. We applied this method to data from the 2016/17 to 2019/20 seasons that included age- and virus-specific hospitalizations and vaccine effectiveness estimates, and age-specific vaccination coverage estimates. We estimated the number of symptomatic illnesses, medically-attended illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by each virus, and the corresponding number prevented by vaccination. Disease burden and vaccine-prevented disease burden varied substantially by season, age, and virus type or subtype. The greatest disease burden was estimated in 2017/18, whereas 2019/20 had the greatest burden prevented by vaccination. Influenza A viruses contributed most to disease burden in all seasons. Vaccination against influenza B viruses prevented the largest percentage of hospitalizations among children and adults <65 years, whereas vaccination against A(H1N1) prevented the largest percentage of hospitalizations among adults ≥65 years. Overall, our results highlight complex variability in influenza disease burden by season, age, and virus type and subtype. These findings can be used to improve our understanding of the factors impacting influenza disease burden each season and to enhance communications of the value of influenza vaccination.
季节性流感在美国造成大量发病率和死亡率。美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)使用分区框架来估计所有流感类型和亚型的年度疾病负担和通过接种疫苗预防的负担。然而,这些估计并未反映由不同流行流感病毒类型或亚型引起的疾病负担的潜在变化。我们展示了当前框架的扩展,以估计疾病负担和通过接种甲型流感病毒亚型A(H1N1)和A(H3N2)以及乙型流感病毒预防的负担。我们将这种方法应用于2016/17至2019/20季节的数据,包括年龄和病毒特异性住院率和疫苗有效性估计,以及年龄特异性疫苗接种覆盖率估计。我们估计了由每种病毒引起的有症状疾病、医疗护理疾病、住院和死亡的数量,以及通过接种疫苗预防的相应数量。疾病负担和疫苗预防疾病负担因季节、年龄和病毒类型或亚型而有很大差异。据估计,2017/18年的疾病负担最大,而2019/20年通过疫苗接种预防的疾病负担最大。甲型流感病毒对所有季节的疾病负担贡献最大。在儿童和65岁以上的成年人中,接种乙型流感疫苗预防住院的比例最大,而接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗预防≥65岁的成年人住院的比例最大。总的来说,我们的结果强调了流感疾病负担在季节、年龄、病毒类型和亚型方面的复杂变异性。这些发现可用于提高我们对每个季节影响流感疾病负担的因素的理解,并加强流感疫苗接种价值的宣传。
{"title":"Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016–2020","authors":"Sinead E. Morris ,&nbsp;Sarabeth M. Mathis ,&nbsp;Jessie R. Chung ,&nbsp;Brendan Flannery ,&nbsp;Alissa O'Halloran ,&nbsp;Charisse N. Cummings ,&nbsp;Shikha Garg ,&nbsp;Peng-Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Tammy A. Santibanez ,&nbsp;Carrie Reed ,&nbsp;Matthew Biggerstaff ,&nbsp;A. Danielle Iuliano","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses a compartmental framework to estimate the annual disease burden and burden prevented by vaccination for all influenza types and subtypes combined. However, these estimates do not capture underlying shifts in disease burden caused by different circulating influenza virus types or subtypes. We demonstrate an extension of the current framework to estimate disease burden and burden prevented by vaccination for influenza A virus subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2), and influenza type B viruses. We applied this method to data from the 2016/17 to 2019/20 seasons that included age- and virus-specific hospitalizations and vaccine effectiveness estimates, and age-specific vaccination coverage estimates. We estimated the number of symptomatic illnesses, medically-attended illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by each virus, and the corresponding number prevented by vaccination. Disease burden and vaccine-prevented disease burden varied substantially by season, age, and virus type or subtype. The greatest disease burden was estimated in 2017/18, whereas 2019/20 had the greatest burden prevented by vaccination. Influenza A viruses contributed most to disease burden in all seasons. Vaccination against influenza B viruses prevented the largest percentage of hospitalizations among children and adults &lt;65 years, whereas vaccination against A(H1N1) prevented the largest percentage of hospitalizations among adults ≥65 years. Overall, our results highlight complex variability in influenza disease burden by season, age, and virus type and subtype. These findings can be used to improve our understanding of the factors impacting influenza disease burden each season and to enhance communications of the value of influenza vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reasons for unvaccinated booster dose of COVID-19, adverse reaction after vaccination, and COVID-19 infection status among those with COVID-19 booster vaccination hesitancy 未接种COVID-19加强疫苗剂量的原因、疫苗接种后的不良反应以及COVID-19加强疫苗接种犹豫不决者的感染状况
IF 2.2 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100701
Sho Takahashi , Shohei Sakai , Yuichiro Ohki , Kaede Tobe , Yurie Kobashi , Masaharu Tsubokura

Background

We have previously reported reasons for vaccine hesitance among those who did not receive the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. However, the detailed causes of hesitancy related to booster vaccinations remain largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to describe why individuals who received one or two vaccine doses avoided booster shots.

Methods

In March 2023, a cross-sectional Internet survey was conducted to investigate the reasons for vaccine hesitancy and the extent of adverse reactions following vaccination among individuals who had not received a booster dose in Japan. Survey items included social demographics, comorbidities, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, history of COVID-19 vaccination, adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and reasons for vaccination decline. The reasons for avoiding vaccination were summarized.

Results

In this study, 545 individuals were included: 262 did not receive vaccination, 21 received one dose, and 263 received two doses by March 2023. The most common reason for avoiding subsequent booster doses among individuals who received one or two doses of the vaccine was concerns about adverse reactions (n[%] = 192 [67.8 %]), followed by concerns about vaccine safety (n[%] = 154 [54.4 %]). The proportion of vaccine safety concerns was lower in the booster vaccination hesitant group than in the non-vaccination group (p < 0.001). The group that avoided booster vaccination due to adverse reactions experienced all types of adverse reactions more severely than those for which adverse reactions were not a reason for vaccine hesitancy.

Conclusions

The most prominent reason for avoiding booster doses after receiving one or two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine was related to concerns regarding associated side effects. To prevent vaccine hesitancy regarding booster doses, including COVID-19, the strategy for reducing discomfort caused by these adverse reactions should involve the first and second doses.
我们之前曾报道过未接种2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫苗的人对疫苗犹豫的原因。然而,与加强疫苗接种有关的犹豫的详细原因在很大程度上仍未得到调查。这项研究的目的是描述为什么接种了一剂或两剂疫苗的人避免了加强注射。方法2023年3月,在日本进行了一项横断面网络调查,调查未接种加强剂的个体接种疫苗后犹豫的原因和不良反应的程度。调查项目包括社会人口统计学、合并症、SARS-CoV-2感染史、COVID-19疫苗接种史、COVID-19疫苗不良反应、疫苗接种率下降原因。总结了避免接种疫苗的原因。结果截至2023年3月,545人未接种疫苗262人,接种一剂疫苗21人,接种两剂疫苗263人。在接受一剂或两剂疫苗的个体中,避免后续加强剂量的最常见原因是担心不良反应(n[%] = 192[67.8%]),其次是担心疫苗安全性(n[%] = 154[54.4%])。加强疫苗接种犹豫组对疫苗安全的担忧比例低于未接种疫苗组(p <;0.001)。由于不良反应而避免加强疫苗接种的组比不良反应不是疫苗犹豫的原因的组经历了更严重的各种不良反应。结论接种一剂或两剂新冠肺炎疫苗后避免加强接种的最主要原因与担心相关副作用有关。为了防止对加强剂量(包括COVID-19)的疫苗犹豫,减少这些不良反应引起的不适的策略应包括第一剂和第二剂。
{"title":"Reasons for unvaccinated booster dose of COVID-19, adverse reaction after vaccination, and COVID-19 infection status among those with COVID-19 booster vaccination hesitancy","authors":"Sho Takahashi ,&nbsp;Shohei Sakai ,&nbsp;Yuichiro Ohki ,&nbsp;Kaede Tobe ,&nbsp;Yurie Kobashi ,&nbsp;Masaharu Tsubokura","doi":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvacx.2025.100701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We have previously reported reasons for vaccine hesitance among those who did not receive the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. However, the detailed causes of hesitancy related to booster vaccinations remain largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to describe why individuals who received one or two vaccine doses avoided booster shots.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In March 2023, a cross-sectional Internet survey was conducted to investigate the reasons for vaccine hesitancy and the extent of adverse reactions following vaccination among individuals who had not received a booster dose in Japan. Survey items included social demographics, comorbidities, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, history of COVID-19 vaccination, adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines, and reasons for vaccination decline. The reasons for avoiding vaccination were summarized.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, 545 individuals were included: 262 did not receive vaccination, 21 received one dose, and 263 received two doses by March 2023. The most common reason for avoiding subsequent booster doses among individuals who received one or two doses of the vaccine was concerns about adverse reactions (n[%] = 192 [67.8 %]), followed by concerns about vaccine safety (n[%] = 154 [54.4 %]). The proportion of vaccine safety concerns was lower in the booster vaccination hesitant group than in the non-vaccination group (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The group that avoided booster vaccination due to adverse reactions experienced all types of adverse reactions more severely than those for which adverse reactions were not a reason for vaccine hesitancy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The most prominent reason for avoiding booster doses after receiving one or two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine was related to concerns regarding associated side effects. To prevent vaccine hesitancy regarding booster doses, including COVID-19, the strategy for reducing discomfort caused by these adverse reactions should involve the first and second doses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43021,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Vaccine: X
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