Pub Date : 2020-06-25DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00062-7
Tom Wilson
Model migration age schedules have proved valuable to demographers for a range of applications for over 40 years. The original Rogers-Castro curve has been extended over time to include a retirement curve, a post-retirement curve, and a student peak. With demographic analyses extending to higher age groups than in the past due to population ageing, it is important for the model schedule to faithfully reflect migration patterns at advanced ages. Recent data on internal migration in the nonagenarian and centenarian ages reveals several examples of rising then falling mobility with increasing age. This paper suggests an alternative specification of the post-retirement curve of the model schedule to reflect this pattern. The modified model migration schedule is successfully fitted to example internal migration age patterns from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The modified schedule should prove useful in preparing input data for population projections and analyses of migration age patterns extending to the highest ages.
{"title":"Modelling Age Patterns of Internal Migration at the Highest Ages","authors":"Tom Wilson","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00062-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00062-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model migration age schedules have proved valuable to demographers for a range of applications for over 40 years. The original Rogers-Castro curve has been extended over time to include a retirement curve, a post-retirement curve, and a student peak. With demographic analyses extending to higher age groups than in the past due to population ageing, it is important for the model schedule to faithfully reflect migration patterns at advanced ages. Recent data on internal migration in the nonagenarian and centenarian ages reveals several examples of rising then falling mobility with increasing age. This paper suggests an alternative specification of the post-retirement curve of the model schedule to reflect this pattern. The modified model migration schedule is successfully fitted to example internal migration age patterns from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The modified schedule should prove useful in preparing input data for population projections and analyses of migration age patterns extending to the highest ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"7 3","pages":"175-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-16DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00063-6
Jeongsoo Kim, Lloyd B. Potter
Amid a persistent U.S. fertility decline since the Great Recession, fertility recuperation patterns by geographic regions were not homogeneous. This study hypothesizes that the geographic discrepancies in fertility patterns are attributable to different labor force compositions by the regions. We use data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Estimates of the Resident Population County Components of Population Change to estimate the discrepancy in fertility variations at the county-level. By comparing the slopes of births before and following the recession, we visualize the characteristics of fertility variations at the U.S. county-level. Also, a multiple linear regression model estimates that the counties with a greater share of labor force in wholesale trade, information & technology, finance & insurance, and professional & scientific industry show greater volatility in fertility trends throughout the Great Recession. On the contrary, the counties with higher proportions of the labor force in agriculture, retail trade, and education industry tend to less change over the years of the economic recession. However, fertility recuperation is limitedly identified amid the structural fertility decline after the Great Recession.
{"title":"U.S. Fertility Decline and Recuperation Following the Great Recession by County-Level Industrial Composition of the Labor Force","authors":"Jeongsoo Kim, Lloyd B. Potter","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00063-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00063-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amid a persistent U.S. fertility decline since the Great Recession, fertility recuperation patterns by geographic regions were not homogeneous. This study hypothesizes that the geographic discrepancies in fertility patterns are attributable to different labor force compositions by the regions. We use data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Estimates of the Resident Population County Components of Population Change to estimate the discrepancy in fertility variations at the county-level. By comparing the slopes of births before and following the recession, we visualize the characteristics of fertility variations at the U.S. county-level. Also, a multiple linear regression model estimates that the counties with a greater share of labor force in wholesale trade, information & technology, finance & insurance, and professional & scientific industry show greater volatility in fertility trends throughout the Great Recession. On the contrary, the counties with higher proportions of the labor force in agriculture, retail trade, and education industry tend to less change over the years of the economic recession. However, fertility recuperation is limitedly identified amid the structural fertility decline after the Great Recession.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"73 3","pages":"193-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00059-2
Heather A. O’Connell, Christina J. Diaz
Social scientists assert that the growth and redistribution of the Hispanic population has altered local racial and economic dynamics in the United States. Yet, comparably little work tests this perspective. We develop hypotheses based on two key sets of theories—the shifting racial/ethnic color line and (im)migrant incorporation into labor markets—to guide our analysis of the relationship between changing Hispanic population concentration and changes in black–white economic inequality. Our first-differenced analysis draws on county-level data from the 1990 and 2000 decennial Census, the US Department of Agriculture, and CQ Press Voting and Elections Collection. In addition to assessing black–white disparities in income, poverty, and unemployment, we test whether the relationship of interest is more or less pronounced in new destinations. When shifts in Hispanic concentration are associated with changes in black and white economic outcomes, we find improved outcomes for blacks (e.g., lower unemployment and poverty rates) but modestly diminished outcomes for whites. There is some evidence that these patterns result in declining black–white inequality in both new and established destinations; however, the declines are small and exclusive to unemployment and poverty outcomes. Results ultimately suggest limited structural changes as they relate to black–white economic inequality during this period.
{"title":"Hispanic Population Growth and Black–White Inequality: Changing Demographics, Changing Social Positions?","authors":"Heather A. O’Connell, Christina J. Diaz","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00059-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00059-2","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists assert that the growth and redistribution of the Hispanic population has altered local racial and economic dynamics in the United States. Yet, comparably little work tests this perspective. We develop hypotheses based on two key sets of theories—the shifting racial/ethnic color line and (im)migrant incorporation into labor markets—to guide our analysis of the relationship between changing Hispanic population concentration and changes in black–white economic inequality. Our first-differenced analysis draws on county-level data from the 1990 and 2000 decennial Census, the US Department of Agriculture, and CQ Press Voting and Elections Collection. In addition to assessing black–white disparities in income, poverty, and unemployment, we test whether the relationship of interest is more or less pronounced in new destinations. When shifts in Hispanic concentration are associated with changes in black and white economic outcomes, we find improved outcomes for blacks (e.g., lower unemployment and poverty rates) but modestly diminished outcomes for whites. There is some evidence that these patterns result in declining black–white inequality in both new and established destinations; however, the declines are small and exclusive to unemployment and poverty outcomes. Results ultimately suggest limited structural changes as they relate to black–white economic inequality during this period.","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"71 4","pages":"33-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-02DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00058-3
E. Striessnig, J. Bora
{"title":"Under-Five Child Growth and Nutrition Status: Spatial Clustering of Indian Districts","authors":"E. Striessnig, J. Bora","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00058-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00058-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"221 1","pages":"63 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-020-00058-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53017762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-27DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00057-4
Corey S. Sparks
{"title":"Review of Guangqing Chi and Jun Zhu: Spatial Regression Models for the Social Sciences","authors":"Corey S. Sparks","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00057-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00057-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"6 9","pages":"119-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00071-6
Gemma Catney, Christopher D Lloyd
Changes in the spatial patterns of ethnic diversity and residential segregation are often highly localized, but inconsistencies in geographical data units across different time points limit their exploration. In this paper, we argue that, while they are often over-looked, population grids provide an effective means for the study of long-term fine-scale changes. Gridded data represent population structures: there are gaps where there are no people, and they are not (unlike standard zones) based on population distributions at any one time point. This paper uses an innovative resource, PopChange, which provides spatially fine-grained (1 km by 1 km) gridded data on country of birth (1971-2011) and ethnic group (1991-2011). These data enable insight into micro-level change across a long time period. Exploring forty years of change over five time points, measures of residential ethnic diversity and segregation are employed here to create a comprehensive 'atlas' of ethnic neighbourhood change across the whole of Britain. Four key messages are offered: (1) as Britain's ethnic diversity has grown, the spatial complexity of this diversity has also increased, with greater diversity in previously less diverse spaces; (2) ethnic residential segregation has steadily declined at this micro-scale; (3) as neighbourhoods have become more diverse, they have become more spatially integrated; (4) across the whole study period, the most dynamic period of change was between 2001 and 2011. While concentrating on Britain as a case study, the paper explores the potential offered by gridded data, and the methods proposed to analyse them, for future allied studies within and outside this study area.
{"title":"Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation.","authors":"Gemma Catney, Christopher D Lloyd","doi":"10.1007/s40980-020-00071-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-020-00071-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changes in the spatial patterns of ethnic diversity and residential segregation are often highly localized, but inconsistencies in geographical data units across different time points limit their exploration. In this paper, we argue that, while they are often over-looked, population grids provide an effective means for the study of long-term fine-scale changes. Gridded data represent population structures: there are gaps where there are no people, and they are not (unlike standard zones) based on population distributions at any one time point. This paper uses an innovative resource, <i>PopChange</i>, which provides spatially fine-grained (1 km by 1 km) gridded data on country of birth (1971-2011) and ethnic group (1991-2011). These data enable insight into micro-level change across a long time period. Exploring forty years of change over five time points, measures of residential ethnic diversity and segregation are employed here to create a comprehensive 'atlas' of ethnic neighbourhood change across the whole of Britain. Four key messages are offered: (1) as Britain's ethnic diversity has grown, the spatial complexity of this diversity has also increased, with greater diversity in previously less diverse spaces; (2) ethnic residential segregation has steadily declined at this micro-scale; (3) as neighbourhoods have become more diverse, they have become more spatially integrated; (4) across the whole study period, the most dynamic period of change was between 2001 and 2011. While concentrating on Britain as a case study, the paper explores the potential offered by gridded data, and the methods proposed to analyse them, for future allied studies within and outside this study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"8 3","pages":"215-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-020-00071-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39087332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1007/s40980-019-00056-0
Amber R. Crowell, Mark Fossett
The Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area has a rapidly growing foreign-born population in part due to its high levels of refugee reception and migrants drawn to the burgeoning high-tech and manufacturing industries. As a result, the Twin Cities are unique in that every major racial group has a sizable foreign-born segment with a wide range of U.S. entry experiences and thus the area offers an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of locational attainments and segregation of a highly diverse non-White population. Accordingly, we examine the residential outcomes of Blacks, Latinos and Asians, investigate how nativity, socioeconomic gains, and acculturation translate into residential contact with Whites, and draw the link between these micro-level locational attainments and overall segregation patterns for the area. We find Latinos and Asians experience traditional spatial assimilation dynamics but a different pattern is seen for Blacks wherein foreign-born Blacks are less segregated than U.S.-born Blacks, reversing the expected role of nativity and acculturation and suggesting a more complicated story of ethnic stratification and assimilation supported by the segmented assimilation framework.
{"title":"The Unique Case of Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN: Locational Attainments and Segregation in the Twin Cities","authors":"Amber R. Crowell, Mark Fossett","doi":"10.1007/s40980-019-00056-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-019-00056-0","url":null,"abstract":"The Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area has a rapidly growing foreign-born population in part due to its high levels of refugee reception and migrants drawn to the burgeoning high-tech and manufacturing industries. As a result, the Twin Cities are unique in that every major racial group has a sizable foreign-born segment with a wide range of U.S. entry experiences and thus the area offers an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of locational attainments and segregation of a highly diverse non-White population. Accordingly, we examine the residential outcomes of Blacks, Latinos and Asians, investigate how nativity, socioeconomic gains, and acculturation translate into residential contact with Whites, and draw the link between these micro-level locational attainments and overall segregation patterns for the area. We find Latinos and Asians experience traditional spatial assimilation dynamics but a different pattern is seen for Blacks wherein foreign-born Blacks are less segregated than U.S.-born Blacks, reversing the expected role of nativity and acculturation and suggesting a more complicated story of ethnic stratification and assimilation supported by the segmented assimilation framework.","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"114 1","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Kamenetsky, Guangqing Chi, Donghui Wang, Jun Zhu
Poverty has been studied across many social science disciplines, resulting in a large body of literature. Scholars of poverty research have long recognized that the poor are not uniformly distributed across space. Understanding the spatial aspect of poverty is important because it helps us understand place-based structural inequalities. There are many spatial regression models, but there is a learning curve to learn and apply them to poverty research. This manuscript aims to introduce the concepts of spatial regression modeling and walk the reader through the steps of conducting poverty research using R: standard exploratory data analysis, standard linear regression, neighborhood structure and spatial weight matrix, exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial linear regression. We also discuss the spatial heterogeneity and spatial panel aspects of poverty. We provide code for data analysis in the R environment and readers can modify it for their own data analyses. We also present results in their raw format to help readers become familiar with the R environment.
许多社会科学学科都对贫困问题进行了研究,从而产生了大量文献。研究贫困问题的学者早已认识到,贫困人口在空间上的分布并不均匀。理解贫困的空间性非常重要,因为它有助于我们理解基于地方的结构性不平等。目前有许多空间回归模型,但要学习并将其应用于贫困研究,还需要一定的学习曲线。本手稿旨在介绍空间回归模型的概念,并指导读者使用 R 进行贫困研究的步骤:标准探索性数据分析、标准线性回归、邻里结构和空间权重矩阵、探索性空间数据分析和空间线性回归。我们还讨论了贫困的空间异质性和空间面板方面。我们提供了 R 环境下的数据分析代码,读者可以根据自己的数据分析对代码进行修改。我们还提供了原始格式的结果,以帮助读者熟悉 R 环境。
{"title":"Spatial Regression Analysis of Poverty in R.","authors":"Maria Kamenetsky, Guangqing Chi, Donghui Wang, Jun Zhu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poverty has been studied across many social science disciplines, resulting in a large body of literature. Scholars of poverty research have long recognized that the poor are not uniformly distributed across space. Understanding the spatial aspect of poverty is important because it helps us understand place-based structural inequalities. There are many spatial regression models, but there is a learning curve to learn and apply them to poverty research. This manuscript aims to introduce the concepts of spatial regression modeling and walk the reader through the steps of conducting poverty research using R: standard exploratory data analysis, standard linear regression, neighborhood structure and spatial weight matrix, exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial linear regression. We also discuss the spatial heterogeneity and spatial panel aspects of poverty. We provide code for data analysis in the R environment and readers can modify it for their own data analyses. We also present results in their raw format to help readers become familiar with the R environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"7 2-3","pages":"113-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6857788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-24DOI: 10.1007/s40980-019-00054-2
Yoann Doignon
{"title":"Demographic Ageing in the Mediterranean: The End of the Spatial Dichotomy Between the Shores?","authors":"Yoann Doignon","doi":"10.1007/s40980-019-00054-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-019-00054-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":"8 1","pages":"85 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-019-00054-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53017712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}