Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P05
José Domingues, P. Pinto
This study examines the first and to date probably the only known fragment of the legislative compilation known as the Reforma das Ordenacoes de D. Afonso V, [‘Revised Laws of King Afonso V’], accomplished by Doctor Rui Fernandes in the town of Arruda on 28 July 1446. The fact that it is a parchment fragment has given rise to the hypothesis that it is the only known vestige of the original version, which would have been deposited at the central Chancery immediately after the revision was concluded, in order to serve as the matrix for subsequent authentic copies.
{"title":"A fragment of the Reforma das Ordenações de D. Afonso V","authors":"José Domingues, P. Pinto","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P05","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the first and to date probably the only known fragment of the legislative compilation known as the Reforma das Ordenacoes de D. Afonso V, [‘Revised Laws of King Afonso V’], accomplished by Doctor Rui Fernandes in the town of Arruda on 28 July 1446. The fact that it is a parchment fragment has given rise to the hypothesis that it is the only known vestige of the original version, which would have been deposited at the central Chancery immediately after the revision was concluded, in order to serve as the matrix for subsequent authentic copies.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"522-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78298220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P02
V. Kleňová
On evictio in libertatem. – By the evictio in libertatem might be affected the sale of a statuliber, likewise the sale of a slave whom the fideicommissaria libertas was bequeathed and who were sold without mentioning their condicio. Evictio in libertatem refers also to the sale of a slave whose freedom was ordered through an earlier lex venditionis which was not repeated to the buyer and finally to the sale of a liber homo that was bought without the buyer`s knowledge of his freedom. Besides the dispersed phenomena of evictio in libertatem the paper deals with the cases where the liability of a vendor for eviction was excluded because of the fact that 1) the buyer has voluntarily (effective or ineffective) freed the bought slave, 2) the buyer was forced by praetor to manumit the bought slave ex causa fideicommissi, 3) the buyer caused the freedom of the bought slave indirectly through a breach of an obligation. Despite the excluded liability for eviction an actio empti was granted to the buyer if he suffered a loss in consequence of the legal defect, namely when: 1) the vendor in the sale said that the man sold is a statuliber, but concealed the condition of his freedom, he knew, 2) the vendor concealed the fact that to the slave sold the fideicommissary freedom is bequeathed and the slave, after he has been freed from the buyer, changed the person of the patron, 3) the vendor concealed the fideicommissary freedom bequeathed to the slave sold and the buyer was forced to manumit the slave. Furthermore was the seller liable ex empto when he said that the man sold is a statuliber, directed to be free on giving a certain amount of money, but declared the sum to be greater than it really was.
{"title":"Zur evictio in libertatem","authors":"V. Kleňová","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P02","url":null,"abstract":"On evictio in libertatem. – By the evictio in libertatem might be affected the sale of a statuliber, likewise the sale of a slave whom the fideicommissaria libertas was bequeathed and who were sold without mentioning their condicio. Evictio in libertatem refers also to the sale of a slave whose freedom was ordered through an earlier lex venditionis which was not repeated to the buyer and finally to the sale of a liber homo that was bought without the buyer`s knowledge of his freedom. Besides the dispersed phenomena of evictio in libertatem the paper deals with the cases where the liability of a vendor for eviction was excluded because of the fact that 1) the buyer has voluntarily (effective or ineffective) freed the bought slave, 2) the buyer was forced by praetor to manumit the bought slave ex causa fideicommissi, 3) the buyer caused the freedom of the bought slave indirectly through a breach of an obligation. Despite the excluded liability for eviction an actio empti was granted to the buyer if he suffered a loss in consequence of the legal defect, namely when: 1) the vendor in the sale said that the man sold is a statuliber, but concealed the condition of his freedom, he knew, 2) the vendor concealed the fact that to the slave sold the fideicommissary freedom is bequeathed and the slave, after he has been freed from the buyer, changed the person of the patron, 3) the vendor concealed the fideicommissary freedom bequeathed to the slave sold and the buyer was forced to manumit the slave. Furthermore was the seller liable ex empto when he said that the man sold is a statuliber, directed to be free on giving a certain amount of money, but declared the sum to be greater than it really was.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"133 1","pages":"434-473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87767151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P04
W. Zwalve, T. D. Vries
The present article purports to stress the importance of the legal curriculum in the over-all compilation process of Justinian’s Digest. The basic hypothesis is that, in composing the Digest, Justinian’s drafting committee based its composition on the arrangement of the legal curriculum as it was before Justinian and as it was about to be changed in the process. The basis of this hypothesis is the division of the Digest into seven partes. It is contended that the basic structure of the first five partes of the Digest was predetermined by the legal curriculum, whereas the last two partes are an ‘Appendix Masse’. It is also contended that the distribution of books over all the seven partes of the Digest is the result of a preconceived formula inspired by the mathematics of Diophantus of Alexandria.
{"title":"The New Temple On the origin, nature and composition of the partes Digestorum","authors":"W. Zwalve, T. D. Vries","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P04","url":null,"abstract":"The present article purports to stress the importance of the legal curriculum in the over-all compilation process of Justinian’s Digest. The basic hypothesis is that, in composing the Digest, Justinian’s drafting committee based its composition on the arrangement of the legal curriculum as it was before Justinian and as it was about to be changed in the process. The basis of this hypothesis is the division of the Digest into seven partes. It is contended that the basic structure of the first five partes of the Digest was predetermined by the legal curriculum, whereas the last two partes are an ‘Appendix Masse’. It is also contended that the distribution of books over all the seven partes of the Digest is the result of a preconceived formula inspired by the mathematics of Diophantus of Alexandria.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"130 1","pages":"492-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73131994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P07
Peter C. H. Chan
This article explores the position of mediation as a means of civil disputes resolution in China’s legal history. While civil adjudication existed in imperial China, the legal tradition of wu song (‘[a society] free from litigation’) played a fundamental role in shaping China’s imperial civil justice system. Under the Confucian ideology, disputes of a civil nature should be settled through conciliatory means so that the amicable relations of the disputants could be maintained. The culture of face-saving and the maintenance of cordial relations remains a distinctive characteristic of the modern Chinese society. This legal historical background provided the ideological foundation for civil procedural systems during the Republican era (1911-1949) and the early days of the People’s Republic (since 1949). The current debate on the contemporary mediation system is placed into the appropriate context when one understands that civil process in China today still operates under the shadow of cultural norms of the traditional Chinese legal order.
{"title":"Civil mediation in imperial, republican and modern-day China : Historical and cultural norms under the traditional Chinese legal order","authors":"Peter C. H. Chan","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P07","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the position of mediation as a means of civil disputes resolution in China’s legal history. While civil adjudication existed in imperial China, the legal tradition of wu song (‘[a society] free from litigation’) played a fundamental role in shaping China’s imperial civil justice system. Under the Confucian ideology, disputes of a civil nature should be settled through conciliatory means so that the amicable relations of the disputants could be maintained. The culture of face-saving and the maintenance of cordial relations remains a distinctive characteristic of the modern Chinese society. This legal historical background provided the ideological foundation for civil procedural systems during the Republican era (1911-1949) and the early days of the People’s Republic (since 1949). The current debate on the contemporary mediation system is placed into the appropriate context when one understands that civil process in China today still operates under the shadow of cultural norms of the traditional Chinese legal order.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"37 1","pages":"577-602"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74207071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P10
L. Waelkens
{"title":"Nova ratione, Change of paradigms in Roman law, edited by B. Sirks, 2014","authors":"L. Waelkens","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"629-631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90020116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P03
V. Hoof
A Roman debtor and his creditor could tailor their contract of pledge to fit their needs. If the parties specified the pledged asset in the contract, they wanted to restrict the debtor’s right to dispose of the pledged asset. The debtor would transfer pledged assets subject to pledge if he acted without permission of the creditor. The creditor could recover the pledged asset from any third-party possessor. If the parties pledged all of the debtor’s present and future assets, they wanted to enable the debtor to dispose of pledged assets in his ordinary course of business.
{"title":"The ‘generalis hypotheca’ and the sale of pledged assets in Roman law","authors":"V. Hoof","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P03","url":null,"abstract":"A Roman debtor and his creditor could tailor their contract of pledge to fit their needs. If the parties specified the pledged asset in the contract, they wanted to restrict the debtor’s right to dispose of the pledged asset. The debtor would transfer pledged assets subject to pledge if he acted without permission of the creditor. The creditor could recover the pledged asset from any third-party possessor. If the parties pledged all of the debtor’s present and future assets, they wanted to enable the debtor to dispose of pledged assets in his ordinary course of business.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"474-491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76252459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P06
M. Mirow
Legal historians have surmised that court records of the British province of East Florida (1763-1783) have been either lost or destroyed. This assumption was based on the poor conditions for survival of documents in Florida and statements made in the secondary literature on the province. Nonetheless, a significant number of documents related to the courts of British East Florida exist in the National Archives (Kew). These materials reveal an active legal culture using English law in a wide range of courts including (1) the Court of Common Pleas; (2) the Court of Chancery; (3) the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, Oyer et Terminer, Assize and General Gaol Delivery; (4) Special Courts of Oyer et Terminer; (5) the Court of Vice-Admiralty; (6) the Court of Ordinary; (7) the General Court; and (8) a District Court. This article studies a portion of the documents related to the Court of Common Pleas to describe the nature of the court’s practice in civil litigation. It closely examines three cases for which sufficient extant pleadings permit the reconstruction of the general contours of recovery for breach of a sales contract through an action of trespass on the case, for contract enforcement through an action of covenant, and for recovery of a sum certain through an action of debt. The small window provided by these cases into the activities of this court reveals a heretofore unknown world of English common law in North America during and after the American Declaration of Independence. This new information supplements and challenges our established understanding of colonial law in North America in the revolutionary period and the use of law in the British Empire. This study illustrates the many opportunities these sources offer to legal historians of the period.
{"title":"The Court of Common Pleas of East Florida 1763-1783","authors":"M. Mirow","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P06","url":null,"abstract":"Legal historians have surmised that court records of the British province of East Florida (1763-1783) have been either lost or destroyed. This assumption was based on the poor conditions for survival of documents in Florida and statements made in the secondary literature on the province. Nonetheless, a significant number of documents related to the courts of British East Florida exist in the National Archives (Kew). These materials reveal an active legal culture using English law in a wide range of courts including (1) the Court of Common Pleas; (2) the Court of Chancery; (3) the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, Oyer et Terminer, Assize and General Gaol Delivery; (4) Special Courts of Oyer et Terminer; (5) the Court of Vice-Admiralty; (6) the Court of Ordinary; (7) the General Court; and (8) a District Court. This article studies a portion of the documents related to the Court of Common Pleas to describe the nature of the court’s practice in civil litigation. It closely examines three cases for which sufficient extant pleadings permit the reconstruction of the general contours of recovery for breach of a sales contract through an action of trespass on the case, for contract enforcement through an action of covenant, and for recovery of a sum certain through an action of debt. The small window provided by these cases into the activities of this court reveals a heretofore unknown world of English common law in North America during and after the American Declaration of Independence. This new information supplements and challenges our established understanding of colonial law in North America in the revolutionary period and the use of law in the British Empire. This study illustrates the many opportunities these sources offer to legal historians of the period.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"16 1","pages":"540-576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78819880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P08
D. Fedele
The French translation of Baldus de Ubaldis’ commentary on the Peace of Constance (1183) by Dominique Gaurier provides an opportunity to point out some difficulties with regard to the original’s textual transmission. A lacuna occurring in the Milanese edition of c. 1502 was reproduced in the collections of treatises printed in Lyons in 1535 and 1544, and spread in the glossed editions of the Corpus iuris which appeared after the mid-sixteenth century.
多米尼克·高里耶(Dominique gaulier)对巴尔德斯·德·乌巴尔迪斯(Baldus de Ubaldis)对《康斯坦茨和平》(Peace of Constance)的评论(1183)的法语翻译提供了一个机会，可以指出一些关于原文文本传输的困难。在1502年米兰版中出现的一个空白在1535年和1544年里昂印刷的论文集中得到了复制，并在16世纪中期以后出现的《文集》的精光版中得到了传播。
{"title":"Medieval jurisprudence on international law","authors":"D. Fedele","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P08","url":null,"abstract":"The French translation of Baldus de Ubaldis’ commentary on the Peace of Constance (1183) by Dominique Gaurier provides an opportunity to point out some difficulties with regard to the original’s textual transmission. A lacuna occurring in the Milanese edition of c. 1502 was reproduced in the collections of treatises printed in Lyons in 1535 and 1544, and spread in the glossed editions of the Corpus iuris which appeared after the mid-sixteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"603-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84972637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P13
P. Kop
{"title":"Een proces van bloed, zweet en tranen! Juridisering van arbeidsongevallen in de negentiende eeuw in België, written by B. Debaenst, 2011","authors":"P. Kop","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"31 1","pages":"637-639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83786129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-14DOI: 10.1163/15718190-08534P01
Marc de Wilde
In 1615, the States of Holland and West-Vriesland commissioned Hugo Grotius to draft a set of legal regulations for the Jews in their province. This article analyzes Grotius’s draft, entitled Remonstrance. It examines how Grotius understood and justified the rights of Jews and to what extent his approach was novel. More particularly, it shows how Grotius developed the concept of a natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers to advocate admission and toleration of Jews. He borrowed this concept from the sixteenth-century jurist and theologian Francisco de Vitoria, who had used it to justify the Spanish colonization of the Americas. While Vitoria had suggested that the Indians had violated their natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers by refusing to admit the Spanish merchants to their lands, Grotius argued that the provinces of Holland and West-Vriesland had a natural duty to offer hospitality to the Jews who had been expelled from their communities for religious reasons. Unlike Vitoria, Grotius recognized the natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers as the natural foundation of the right to asylum, which applied irrespective of religion. This enabled him to argue that these Jews, as religious exiles, had to be admitted to the provinces of Holland and West-Vriesland, and granted particular rights, including the freedom of (private) worship.
{"title":"Offering Hospitality to Strangers: Hugo Grotius's Draft Regulations for the Jews","authors":"Marc de Wilde","doi":"10.1163/15718190-08534P01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08534P01","url":null,"abstract":"In 1615, the States of Holland and West-Vriesland commissioned Hugo Grotius to draft a set of legal regulations for the Jews in their province. This article analyzes Grotius’s draft, entitled Remonstrance. It examines how Grotius understood and justified the rights of Jews and to what extent his approach was novel. More particularly, it shows how Grotius developed the concept of a natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers to advocate admission and toleration of Jews. He borrowed this concept from the sixteenth-century jurist and theologian Francisco de Vitoria, who had used it to justify the Spanish colonization of the Americas. While Vitoria had suggested that the Indians had violated their natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers by refusing to admit the Spanish merchants to their lands, Grotius argued that the provinces of Holland and West-Vriesland had a natural duty to offer hospitality to the Jews who had been expelled from their communities for religious reasons. Unlike Vitoria, Grotius recognized the natural duty to offer hospitality to strangers as the natural foundation of the right to asylum, which applied irrespective of religion. This enabled him to argue that these Jews, as religious exiles, had to be admitted to the provinces of Holland and West-Vriesland, and granted particular rights, including the freedom of (private) worship.","PeriodicalId":43053,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Rechtsgeschiedenis-Revue D Histoire Du Droit-The Legal History Review","volume":"81 1","pages":"391-433"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88181665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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