The south Dublin frontier between English settlers and native Irish established after the twelfth-century conquest was the most prominent and longest lasting of medieval Ireland’s many marches. The frontier later underwent ongoing English contraction, but two separate late fifteenth-century developments sought to reverse this. The south Dublin marches were built up into an impressive military frontier, with a formidable belt of defences around its dikes and ditches. The frontier was also incorporated into the English Pale, a wider system of defences thrown up around the Dublin region, although elsewhere the defences of ‘the four obedient shires’ were less developed. The military frontier’s effectiveness in curtailing Irish raids remains unappreciated, however. Successive studies of the south Dublin frontier have argued instead for a truncated English Pale ending with the dikes and ditches of the statutory, march-maghery boundary as Irish raiding continued unabated. In practice, the military frontier extended English rule well into the Pale marches beyond, recovering erstwhile English ground lost during the marches’ earlier contraction.
{"title":"From medieval march to military frontier: English border formation in south Dublin, 1460–1534","authors":"Steven Ellis","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.a908608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.a908608","url":null,"abstract":"The south Dublin frontier between English settlers and native Irish established after the twelfth-century conquest was the most prominent and longest lasting of medieval Ireland’s many marches. The frontier later underwent ongoing English contraction, but two separate late fifteenth-century developments sought to reverse this. The south Dublin marches were built up into an impressive military frontier, with a formidable belt of defences around its dikes and ditches. The frontier was also incorporated into the English Pale, a wider system of defences thrown up around the Dublin region, although elsewhere the defences of ‘the four obedient shires’ were less developed. The military frontier’s effectiveness in curtailing Irish raids remains unappreciated, however. Successive studies of the south Dublin frontier have argued instead for a truncated English Pale ending with the dikes and ditches of the statutory, march-maghery boundary as Irish raiding continued unabated. In practice, the military frontier extended English rule well into the Pale marches beyond, recovering erstwhile English ground lost during the marches’ earlier contraction.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135434047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Culturally distinct Hiberno-Norse communities were prominent in Ireland from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries. Using historical, archaeological, literary and biological evidence this paper describes the experience of health, medicine and disease in this population during the period under review. Overall, the Hiberno-Norse people appear to have been prosperous, enjoyed good health and lived well, although some individuals were malnourished. Epidemics of unknown aetiology occasionally affected the Hiberno-Norse, through whom leprosy may have been introduced to Ireland. When disease struck, diet, herbs and surgery were resorted to by healers, many of whom are likely to have been women. This paper argues that Hiberno-Norse medical practice derived from both Gaelic and Norse traditions.
{"title":"Health, medicine and disease among the Hiberno-Norse from 800 to 1200 AD","authors":"Pierce Grace","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.a908607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.a908607","url":null,"abstract":"Culturally distinct Hiberno-Norse communities were prominent in Ireland from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries. Using historical, archaeological, literary and biological evidence this paper describes the experience of health, medicine and disease in this population during the period under review. Overall, the Hiberno-Norse people appear to have been prosperous, enjoyed good health and lived well, although some individuals were malnourished. Epidemics of unknown aetiology occasionally affected the Hiberno-Norse, through whom leprosy may have been introduced to Ireland. When disease struck, diet, herbs and surgery were resorted to by healers, many of whom are likely to have been women. This paper argues that Hiberno-Norse medical practice derived from both Gaelic and Norse traditions.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135434048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper suggests how the antiquarian interests of Captain Ralph Ouseley, resident in Limerick from the 1760s until his death in 1803 and a founder member of the Royal Irish Academy, shaped the careers of his three sons. Each travelled to India and two, Gore and Joseph Walker, found long and profitable employment there. The third and eldest, William (1768–1842) is the main focus of this account. As a youth, William Ouseley accompanied his father on antiquarian excursions in the west of Ireland where he applied his talents as a topographical artist. Soon, however, his curiosity shifted towards India and Persia, translating and publishing works in their languages, and becoming a voracious collector of manuscripts, artefacts and texts originating in the sub-continent. William Ouseley, although respected for his expertise by contemporaries and being knighted, failed to gain any remunerative official appointment. His sole visit to Asia only occurred in 1810. Nor did he participate in the fierce controversies generated by Vallancey about the possible linkages between the peoples and languages of Asia and of Ireland. Ouseley’s later life was passed in England, Wales and continental Europe, but the formative influence in Ireland of his father’s tutelage and collections, which included oriental elements, is suggested.
{"title":"Antiquarianism and orientalism from Limerick: the Ouseleys, 1739–1842","authors":"T. Barnard","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.a903297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.a903297","url":null,"abstract":"This paper suggests how the antiquarian interests of Captain Ralph Ouseley, resident in Limerick from the 1760s until his death in 1803 and a founder member of the Royal Irish Academy, shaped the careers of his three sons. Each travelled to India and two, Gore and Joseph Walker, found long and profitable employment there. The third and eldest, William (1768–1842) is the main focus of this account. As a youth, William Ouseley accompanied his father on antiquarian excursions in the west of Ireland where he applied his talents as a topographical artist. Soon, however, his curiosity shifted towards India and Persia, translating and publishing works in their languages, and becoming a voracious collector of manuscripts, artefacts and texts originating in the sub-continent. William Ouseley, although respected for his expertise by contemporaries and being knighted, failed to gain any remunerative official appointment. His sole visit to Asia only occurred in 1810. Nor did he participate in the fierce controversies generated by Vallancey about the possible linkages between the peoples and languages of Asia and of Ireland. Ouseley’s later life was passed in England, Wales and continental Europe, but the formative influence in Ireland of his father’s tutelage and collections, which included oriental elements, is suggested.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77895146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Published accounts of Leighlin Cathedral, Co. Carlow, have interpreted it as a structure of essentially no earlier than the late-thirteenth or early-fourteenth century, with a series of alterations thereafter down to the sixteenth century, followed by restorations in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The aim of this paper is to challenge the received interpretation of the earliest phase or phases of the fabric, presenting a case for the existing nave being a pre-thirteenth-century structure, built at least in part under Bishop Dúngal Ua Cáellaide (c. 1145x1152–1181) assisted by the patronage of Murchad Mac Gormáin, lord of the trícha cét of Uí Bairrche. Part I of the paper provides an analysis of the fabric and sets it into a contemporary architectural context. Part II examines the likely historical context of the building, insofar as this can be reconstructed.
Carlow Co. Leighlin大教堂的出版记录将其解释为基本上不早于13世纪末或14世纪初的结构，此后直到16世纪进行了一系列的改建，随后在17世纪和19世纪进行了修复。本文的目的是挑战对织物最早阶段或阶段的接受解释，提出一个现有中堂是13世纪前结构的案例，至少部分是在主教Dúngal Ua Cáellaide (c. 1145x1152-1181)的协助下建造的，并得到Uí Bairrche trícha c领主Murchad Mac Gormáin的赞助。论文的第一部分对织物进行了分析，并将其置于当代建筑语境中。第二部分考察了该建筑可能的历史背景，因为它可以被重建。
{"title":"The pre-thirteenth-century nave of Leighlin Cathedral: a reassessment of the building and its historical context","authors":"R. Gem","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.a902931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.a902931","url":null,"abstract":"Published accounts of Leighlin Cathedral, Co. Carlow, have interpreted it as a structure of essentially no earlier than the late-thirteenth or early-fourteenth century, with a series of alterations thereafter down to the sixteenth century, followed by restorations in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The aim of this paper is to challenge the received interpretation of the earliest phase or phases of the fabric, presenting a case for the existing nave being a pre-thirteenth-century structure, built at least in part under Bishop Dúngal Ua Cáellaide (c. 1145x1152–1181) assisted by the patronage of Murchad Mac Gormáin, lord of the trícha cét of Uí Bairrche. Part I of the paper provides an analysis of the fabric and sets it into a contemporary architectural context. Part II examines the likely historical context of the building, insofar as this can be reconstructed.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74164126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scholarship on twelfth-century Ireland often repeats that Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht and high-king of Ireland with opposition, was a stalwart supporter of Augustinian monastic reform, though not of the Cistercians. By studying the evidence of several disciplines including architectural history, art history and some literary testimony, this essay instead argues that while Toirrdelbach accepted episcopal reform, he opposed monastic reform in Connacht, both Augustinian and Cistercian alike, fearing it would devolve power away from him and the Uí Dubthaig, his hereditary clerics. A possible inauguration ode suggests he travelled as a youth to France and England, where exposure to the European investiture controversy may have influenced his subsequent relationship with reformers. Toirrdelbach’s acquisition at the 1152 synod of Kells of an archdiocese at Tuam for Connacht was not an unqualified success, as the largely Cistercian-controlled synod took pains to reduce his grip on the Connacht church.
关于12世纪爱尔兰的学术研究经常重复说，康那特国王、爱尔兰的最高国王托尔德尔巴赫·阿·康乔拜尔(Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair)是奥古斯丁修道院改革的坚定支持者，尽管他不是西多会教徒。通过研究几个学科的证据，包括建筑史，艺术史和一些文学的证词，这篇文章反而认为，虽然Toirrdelbach接受主教改革，他反对修道改革在康纳特，无论是奥古斯丁和西多会一样，担心它会转移权力远离他和Uí Dubthaig，他的世袭神职人员。一篇可能的就职颂词暗示，他年轻时曾到过法国和英国，在那里，他接触到的欧洲爵位争议可能影响了他后来与改革者的关系。1152年，泰尔德尔巴赫在凯尔斯主教会议上为康纳特在图阿姆获得了一个大主教管区，这并不是一个绝对的成功，因为主要由西多会控制的主教会议煞费苦心地减少了他对康纳特教会的控制。
{"title":"Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair and the politics of church reform in Connacht","authors":"J. Cooke","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The scholarship on twelfth-century Ireland often repeats that Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht and high-king of Ireland with opposition, was a stalwart supporter of Augustinian monastic reform, though not of the Cistercians. By studying the evidence of several disciplines including architectural history, art history and some literary testimony, this essay instead argues that while Toirrdelbach accepted episcopal reform, he opposed monastic reform in Connacht, both Augustinian and Cistercian alike, fearing it would devolve power away from him and the Uí Dubthaig, his hereditary clerics. A possible inauguration ode suggests he travelled as a youth to France and England, where exposure to the European investiture controversy may have influenced his subsequent relationship with reformers. Toirrdelbach’s acquisition at the 1152 synod of Kells of an archdiocese at Tuam for Connacht was not an unqualified success, as the largely Cistercian-controlled synod took pains to reduce his grip on the Connacht church.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77210177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The remains of various early medieval enclosed settlements—earthen and stone-built ringforts, non-circular enclosures, and lake-side crannógs—dominate the Irish landscape. Other settlements from this period lacked an enclosing element and our understanding of these is poor, especially their chronology. This paper provides an overview of the archaeological evidence for unenclosed settlements and other non-enclosure settlement types and analyses associated radiocarbon (14C) data to provide a preliminary chronology for this collective of sites. Temporal trends indicate that settlement peaked between the eighth to mid-ninth centuries before an ostensible reduction in activity at the end of the first millennium AD. This paper then reflects on the latter pattern, acknowledging that this may represent past settlement change or be partly influenced by excavation and research biases. Future avenues of research in the study of unenclosed settlements are also suggested.
{"title":"A chronology for unenclosed settlements in early medieval Ireland: settlement patterns in the late first millennium AD","authors":"Emma Hannah","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The remains of various early medieval enclosed settlements—earthen and stone-built ringforts, non-circular enclosures, and lake-side crannógs—dominate the Irish landscape. Other settlements from this period lacked an enclosing element and our understanding of these is poor, especially their chronology. This paper provides an overview of the archaeological evidence for unenclosed settlements and other non-enclosure settlement types and analyses associated radiocarbon (14C) data to provide a preliminary chronology for this collective of sites. Temporal trends indicate that settlement peaked between the eighth to mid-ninth centuries before an ostensible reduction in activity at the end of the first millennium AD. This paper then reflects on the latter pattern, acknowledging that this may represent past settlement change or be partly influenced by excavation and research biases. Future avenues of research in the study of unenclosed settlements are also suggested.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77900561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The building history of the cathedral of Clonfert, Co. Galway, is analysed and the main medieval phases are described and discussed. Particular attention is paid to Phase 5, dating to the fifteenth century, and the suggestion is made that these major works were carried out under bishop Cornelius Ó Cuinnlis with patronage from the fourth earl of Ormond, a major patron of church architecture including, as is claimed here, the famous Jerpoint cloister arcade. It is argued that the chancel at Clonfert was added to the building during this phase and that its fine early-thirteenth-century double east window was dismantled from its original position at the east end of what was until then a simple rectangular church and reassembled in its present position. Reassembly marks, extremely rare if not unique survivals in Ireland, were used in this process. It is also suggested that a room above the sacristy may have served as an anchorhold.
对高威Clonfert大教堂的建筑历史进行了分析，并对中世纪的主要阶段进行了描述和讨论。特别关注的是第五阶段，可以追溯到15世纪，有人建议这些主要工程是在主教Cornelius Ó cuninlis的领导下进行的，得到了奥蒙德四世伯爵的赞助，他是教堂建筑的主要赞助人，包括著名的Jerpoint回廊拱廊。有人认为，在这一阶段，Clonfert的圣坛被添加到建筑中，其精美的13世纪早期的东双窗从原来的位置拆除，直到那时它还是一个简单的矩形教堂的东端，并重新组装在现在的位置上。在这个过程中使用了重组标记，即使不是唯一的，也是非常罕见的。还有人认为，圣器室上方的一个房间可能曾被用作锚地。
{"title":"Clonfert Cathedral: its medieval building phases and the date of the chancel","authors":"Conleth Manning","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The building history of the cathedral of Clonfert, Co. Galway, is analysed and the main medieval phases are described and discussed. Particular attention is paid to Phase 5, dating to the fifteenth century, and the suggestion is made that these major works were carried out under bishop Cornelius Ó Cuinnlis with patronage from the fourth earl of Ormond, a major patron of church architecture including, as is claimed here, the famous Jerpoint cloister arcade. It is argued that the chancel at Clonfert was added to the building during this phase and that its fine early-thirteenth-century double east window was dismantled from its original position at the east end of what was until then a simple rectangular church and reassembled in its present position. Reassembly marks, extremely rare if not unique survivals in Ireland, were used in this process. It is also suggested that a room above the sacristy may have served as an anchorhold.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89416898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The position of Catholic priests in Ireland changed dramatically in the aftermath of the Cromwellian conquest of the country, which was completed in 1653. From a situation where de facto tolerance of the faith was widespread, laws against Roman clergy were now implemented with rigour. Many priests were arrested and executed while many more escaped to the sanctuary of the Catholic countries of continental Europe. As they sought to rid the country of any remnant of a Catholic clerical presence, the Commonwealth authorities undertook a number of schemes that were designed to ensure that the small number of priests who remained in captivity in Ireland would be unable to play any further role in the pastoral care of the Catholic population.
{"title":"To Barbados or Bofin: the fate of Irish Catholic priests imprisoned in the aftermath of the Cromwellian conquest, 1653 to 1662","authors":"Á. Hensey","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The position of Catholic priests in Ireland changed dramatically in the aftermath of the Cromwellian conquest of the country, which was completed in 1653. From a situation where de facto tolerance of the faith was widespread, laws against Roman clergy were now implemented with rigour. Many priests were arrested and executed while many more escaped to the sanctuary of the Catholic countries of continental Europe. As they sought to rid the country of any remnant of a Catholic clerical presence, the Commonwealth authorities undertook a number of schemes that were designed to ensure that the small number of priests who remained in captivity in Ireland would be unable to play any further role in the pastoral care of the Catholic population.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83480453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:How was the Viking Age remembered in texts from the Irish Sea zone, and what can this tell us about the culture of this region? When considering historical representations of the Vikings, the most often-cited texts are contemporary and capture the emotional toll of raids on a civilian population, yet were largely written from a monastic perspective. This article argues that in 'long twelfth-century' texts from the Irish Sea zone, the Viking Age was remembered as a period of opportunity which provided the backbone for a shared genre of 'heroic biography' within the textual corpus of the region. Works describe the mustering of pan-Irish Sea zone forces in order to restore an unjustly banished, exiled or disinherited figure to his rightful lands and status. Within this group of texts, insular Viking activity provides a unifying and productive opportunity to regain something lost rather than a destructive force for societal disruption.
{"title":"Heroic biography and the Viking age around the Irish sea","authors":"Lindy Brady","doi":"10.1353/ria.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:How was the Viking Age remembered in texts from the Irish Sea zone, and what can this tell us about the culture of this region? When considering historical representations of the Vikings, the most often-cited texts are contemporary and capture the emotional toll of raids on a civilian population, yet were largely written from a monastic perspective. This article argues that in 'long twelfth-century' texts from the Irish Sea zone, the Viking Age was remembered as a period of opportunity which provided the backbone for a shared genre of 'heroic biography' within the textual corpus of the region. Works describe the mustering of pan-Irish Sea zone forces in order to restore an unjustly banished, exiled or disinherited figure to his rightful lands and status. Within this group of texts, insular Viking activity provides a unifying and productive opportunity to regain something lost rather than a destructive force for societal disruption.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82553460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corruption was often said to be endemic in Elizabethan Ireland. Yet, few studies have been conducted to assess exactly what was involved in this ‘corruption’ and whether or not it was egregious or simply the species of profiteering from office which was tolerated, and in many ways expected, in early modern Europe. This paper explores this issue by providing a case study of one English official, Robert Legge, the deputy remembrancer of the Irish exchequer in late Elizabethan Ireland, who was particularly troubled by the levels of peculation he claimed to encounter in the Irish administration. Legge spent ten years in Ireland from the mid-1580s until his disappearance from the official record in 1593, during which time he composed many treatises and reports detailing the alleged corruption of the lord deputy, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and many other officials in the country. In assessing his writings, this paper examines the nature of corruption in Elizabethan Ireland and how it contributed to the problems faced by the regime there on the eve of the Nine Years War.
人们常说，腐败在伊丽莎白时代的爱尔兰很普遍。然而，很少有研究来评估这种“腐败”究竟涉及到什么，以及它是否令人震惊，还是仅仅是一种从办公室中牟取暴利的行为，这在现代早期的欧洲是被容忍的，而且在很多方面是被期待的。本文通过提供一位英国官员罗伯特·莱格(Robert Legge)的案例研究来探讨这一问题。莱格是伊丽莎白晚期爱尔兰财政部副部长，他声称自己在爱尔兰政府中遇到的投机行为水平令他特别困扰。从1580年代中期开始，莱格在爱尔兰呆了10年，直到1593年从官方记录中消失，在此期间，他写了许多论文和报告，详细描述了勋爵代表威廉·菲茨威廉爵士(Sir William Fitzwilliam)和该国许多其他官员的腐败行为。在评价他的著作时，本文考察了伊丽莎白时期爱尔兰腐败的本质，以及它是如何导致九年战争前夕爱尔兰政权面临的问题的。
{"title":"Corruption and crown government in late Elizabethan Ireland: the career and writings of Robert Legge","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Corruption was often said to be endemic in Elizabethan Ireland. Yet, few studies have been conducted to assess exactly what was involved in this ‘corruption’ and whether or not it was egregious or simply the species of profiteering from office which was tolerated, and in many ways expected, in early modern Europe. This paper explores this issue by providing a case study of one English official, Robert Legge, the deputy remembrancer of the Irish exchequer in late Elizabethan Ireland, who was particularly troubled by the levels of peculation he claimed to encounter in the Irish administration. Legge spent ten years in Ireland from the mid-1580s until his disappearance from the official record in 1593, during which time he composed many treatises and reports detailing the alleged corruption of the lord deputy, Sir William Fitzwilliam, and many other officials in the country. In assessing his writings, this paper examines the nature of corruption in Elizabethan Ireland and how it contributed to the problems faced by the regime there on the eve of the Nine Years War.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73218094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：