Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2021.121.06
P. Grace
Abstract:Bloodletting by venesection or by the application of leeches was commonly engaged in by medical practitioners until the late nineteenth century. Based on the classical ideas of Hippocrates and Galen that humoral imbalance was the cause of disease, bleeding was used to treat sickness and maintain health. While the paradigm of humoral medicine was challenged by iatrochemistry in the early modern period, bleeding remained popular into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Bloodletting was practised widely in Ireland from at least the thirteenth century and possibly earlier; both the Gaelic and Anglo-Norman communities resorted to bleeding. This paper explores the origins of therapeutic bleeding in Ireland and examines the experiences of bloodletting among the Irish in the context of evolving ideas in medicine from the medieval period until it was abandoned in the first half of the twentieth century.This is an open access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Open Access funding provided by IReL.
{"title":"Therapeutic bloodletting in Ireland from the medieval period to modern times","authors":"P. Grace","doi":"10.3318/priac.2021.121.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2021.121.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Bloodletting by venesection or by the application of leeches was commonly engaged in by medical practitioners until the late nineteenth century. Based on the classical ideas of Hippocrates and Galen that humoral imbalance was the cause of disease, bleeding was used to treat sickness and maintain health. While the paradigm of humoral medicine was challenged by iatrochemistry in the early modern period, bleeding remained popular into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Bloodletting was practised widely in Ireland from at least the thirteenth century and possibly earlier; both the Gaelic and Anglo-Norman communities resorted to bleeding. This paper explores the origins of therapeutic bleeding in Ireland and examines the experiences of bloodletting among the Irish in the context of evolving ideas in medicine from the medieval period until it was abandoned in the first half of the twentieth century.This is an open access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Open Access funding provided by IReL.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85496769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2021.121.07
Marion A. Dowd, J. Bonsall, T. Kahlert, Rory Connolly, C. Stimpson
Abstract:Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare, has produced the first evidence for human occupation on the island of Ireland during the Palaeolithic. A butchered brown bear patella discovered in the cave during excavations by the Committee Appointed to Explore Irish Caves in 1902 was recently dated by AMS to the Late Upper Palaeolithic (LUP) period. As part of current investigations into the cave, this paper presents hitherto unpublished data on the archaeological and palaeontological context of the antiquarian discoveries based on detailed analysis of an unpublished notebook related to the 1902 excavation. A GIS reconstruction of the original antiquarian grid system has facilitated a visualisation of the spatial distribution of artefacts, human bones and faunal remains found at the cave. This provides a more nuanced understanding of human activities at this multi-period site and highlights the role of natural formation processes at the cave, particularly with regard to the bones of extinct fauna. Preliminary results of a recent excavation inform our interpretation of the antiquarian data. The information extracted from the unpublished notebook provides an essential foundation for any future investigations of the site or any re-evaluation of material recovered there in 1902.
摘要:Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare提供了人类在旧石器时代居住在爱尔兰岛的第一个证据。在1902年爱尔兰洞穴探险委员会的挖掘过程中，在洞穴中发现了一个被屠宰的棕熊髌骨，最近AMS将其确定为晚期旧石器时代(LUP)时期。作为目前对洞穴调查的一部分，本文介绍了迄今为止未发表的关于考古和古生物学背景的数据，这些数据是基于对一本未发表的与1902年挖掘有关的笔记本的详细分析。原始古物网格系统的GIS重建促进了在洞穴中发现的人工制品、人骨和动物遗骸的空间分布的可视化。这提供了对这个多时期遗址的人类活动的更细致的理解，并突出了洞穴自然形成过程的作用，特别是关于灭绝动物的骨头。最近一次发掘的初步结果为我们对古物资料的解释提供了信息。从未出版的笔记本中提取的信息为今后对该地点的任何调查或对1902年在那里发现的材料的任何重新评估提供了重要的基础。
{"title":"Revisiting Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare: new light on the 1902 excavations","authors":"Marion A. Dowd, J. Bonsall, T. Kahlert, Rory Connolly, C. Stimpson","doi":"10.3318/priac.2021.121.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2021.121.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare, has produced the first evidence for human occupation on the island of Ireland during the Palaeolithic. A butchered brown bear patella discovered in the cave during excavations by the Committee Appointed to Explore Irish Caves in 1902 was recently dated by AMS to the Late Upper Palaeolithic (LUP) period. As part of current investigations into the cave, this paper presents hitherto unpublished data on the archaeological and palaeontological context of the antiquarian discoveries based on detailed analysis of an unpublished notebook related to the 1902 excavation. A GIS reconstruction of the original antiquarian grid system has facilitated a visualisation of the spatial distribution of artefacts, human bones and faunal remains found at the cave. This provides a more nuanced understanding of human activities at this multi-period site and highlights the role of natural formation processes at the cave, particularly with regard to the bones of extinct fauna. Preliminary results of a recent excavation inform our interpretation of the antiquarian data. The information extracted from the unpublished notebook provides an essential foundation for any future investigations of the site or any re-evaluation of material recovered there in 1902.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85823958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.07
Claire Cotter
In August 1910 Thomas J. Westropp visited a number of promontory forts in north-west County Mayo, including two very impressive examples: Doonamo on the Mullet Peninsula and a fort he called 'Dun Kilmore' on the island of Achillbeg. With customary diligence he described and commented on his findings in a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The paper, Notes on the larger cliff forts of the west coast of County Mayo (Westropp 1911, 11-133) is the subject of this retrospective. These particular forts were visited to provide context for the multi-disciplinary Clare Island Survey of 1909-11, to which Westropp contributed the archaeological and historical section (Westropp 1911, section 1, Part 2, 1-2.78). The 'cliff forts' paper also formed part of a long series of articles by Westropp on Irish promontory forts, published in the journals of the Royal Irish Academy and the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland between 1906 and 1922. 1 The protracted fieldwork involved the greater part of it carried out in the years 1906 to 1915 saw Westropp visit most of the (then) known promontory forts along the western and southern coast-line.2 Along the way he discovered or brought to official attention a great number of other unrecorded forts. Subsequent work on the Leinster forts was curtailed by his early death at the
1910年8月，托马斯·j·韦斯特罗普(Thomas J. Westropp)参观了梅奥郡西北部的一些海角堡垒，其中包括两个非常令人印象深刻的例子:穆雷半岛(Mullet Peninsula)上的多纳莫(Doonamo)和阿奇贝格岛(Achillbeg)上被他称为“Dun Kilmore”的堡垒。在《皇家爱尔兰学院学报》上发表的一篇论文中，他以惯常的勤奋描述并评论了自己的发现。论文《关于梅奥郡西海岸较大的悬崖堡垒的注释》(Westropp 1911, 11-133)是本次回顾的主题。这些特殊的堡垒被访问，为1909-11年的多学科克莱尔岛调查提供了背景，韦斯特罗普为该调查贡献了考古和历史部分(韦斯特罗普1911年，第1节，第2部分，1-2.78)。“悬崖堡垒”的论文也是韦斯特罗普关于爱尔兰海角堡垒的长篇系列文章的一部分，这些文章在1906年至1922年期间发表在爱尔兰皇家学院和爱尔兰皇家文物学会的期刊上。在1906年到1915年的漫长的田野调查中，韦斯特罗普参观了大部分(当时)已知的沿着西部和南部海岸线的海角要塞一路上，他发现或引起了官方的注意，许多其他未被记录的堡垒。随后的伦斯特堡工程因他在英国英年早逝而中断
{"title":"In Retrospect: A centennial look at Thomas J. Westropp's field records of the promontory forts of north County Mayo","authors":"Claire Cotter","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.07","url":null,"abstract":"In August 1910 Thomas J. Westropp visited a number of promontory forts in north-west County Mayo, including two very impressive examples: Doonamo on the Mullet Peninsula and a fort he called 'Dun Kilmore' on the island of Achillbeg. With customary diligence he described and commented on his findings in a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The paper, Notes on the larger cliff forts of the west coast of County Mayo (Westropp 1911, 11-133) is the subject of this retrospective. These particular forts were visited to provide context for the multi-disciplinary Clare Island Survey of 1909-11, to which Westropp contributed the archaeological and historical section (Westropp 1911, section 1, Part 2, 1-2.78). The 'cliff forts' paper also formed part of a long series of articles by Westropp on Irish promontory forts, published in the journals of the Royal Irish Academy and the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland between 1906 and 1922. 1 The protracted fieldwork involved the greater part of it carried out in the years 1906 to 1915 saw Westropp visit most of the (then) known promontory forts along the western and southern coast-line.2 Along the way he discovered or brought to official attention a great number of other unrecorded forts. Subsequent work on the Leinster forts was curtailed by his early death at the","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82928769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2003.103.1.13
W. O'brien
Abstract:The availability of raw material was an important factor in the increasing use of metal in Early Bronze Age Ireland. The emergence of mining centres and the establishment of supply networks had important implications for economic and social relations. This paper considers a group of Bronze Age copper mines in the Goleen area of the Mizen peninsula, Co. Cork. These sites date to the early second millennium BC, and are part of a distribution of Mount Gabriel-type mines in the west Cork area.
{"title":"The Bronze Age Copper Mines of the Goleen Area, Co. Cork","authors":"W. O'brien","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2003.103.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2003.103.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The availability of raw material was an important factor in the increasing use of metal in Early Bronze Age Ireland. The emergence of mining centres and the establishment of supply networks had important implications for economic and social relations. This paper considers a group of Bronze Age copper mines in the Goleen area of the Mizen peninsula, Co. Cork. These sites date to the early second millennium BC, and are part of a distribution of Mount Gabriel-type mines in the west Cork area.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83162262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2020.120.09
Annracháin
Abstract:Comhbhá an dúlra is the name given to the idea that Nature acts in sympathy with rightful rulers. It is one of the most enduring tropes of Gaelic literature from earliest times. If the correct ruler was in place and acted justly, Nature was deemed to flourish and the weather would conspire to support him. If he died, suffered mishap or misbehaved, Nature would be held to wither and even the weather would deteriorate. Modern poets, whose work is examined in this paper, have taken up the trope of comhbhá an dúlra in intriguing and fruitful ways. Their work often display a high degree of irony as they reflect on non-traditional forms of relationship between humans and the natural world. In doing so they demonstrate the malleability and acuity of the modern Gaelic poetic tradition, which now challenges the supremacy of humans, sometimes in an ecocritical spirit, while reconfiguring some of the most deeply rooted Gaelic images.
{"title":"Seeing the natural world: Comhbhá an Dúlra","authors":"Annracháin","doi":"10.3318/priac.2020.120.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2020.120.09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Comhbhá an dúlra is the name given to the idea that Nature acts in sympathy with rightful rulers. It is one of the most enduring tropes of Gaelic literature from earliest times. If the correct ruler was in place and acted justly, Nature was deemed to flourish and the weather would conspire to support him. If he died, suffered mishap or misbehaved, Nature would be held to wither and even the weather would deteriorate. Modern poets, whose work is examined in this paper, have taken up the trope of comhbhá an dúlra in intriguing and fruitful ways. Their work often display a high degree of irony as they reflect on non-traditional forms of relationship between humans and the natural world. In doing so they demonstrate the malleability and acuity of the modern Gaelic poetic tradition, which now challenges the supremacy of humans, sometimes in an ecocritical spirit, while reconfiguring some of the most deeply rooted Gaelic images.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83798533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2020.120.10
Lucy Collins
Abstract:Long before climate change became a recognised phenomenon, unusual weather patterns were affecting our lives and being recorded in our literature. Referred to as the ‘Little Ice Age’, the period between 1450 and 1850 saw severe weather conditions in Europe and North America, and during this time both private and published writings show a particular sensitivity to meteorological description. Turbulent weather, both at sea and on land, was a feature of much seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry, combining experience and observation in powerful ways. The Romantic era brought further change to the literary representation of weather, when heightened attention to subjective states was matched by an increased awareness of the relationship between natural forces and political upheaval. In this essay I will explore the changing representation of weather in poetry written in Ireland between 1600 and 1820 and examine the relationship between literary convention and political and intellectual transformation in these texts.
{"title":"‘Nature herself seems in the vapours now’: poetry and climate change in Ireland 1600–1820","authors":"Lucy Collins","doi":"10.3318/priac.2020.120.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2020.120.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Long before climate change became a recognised phenomenon, unusual weather patterns were affecting our lives and being recorded in our literature. Referred to as the ‘Little Ice Age’, the period between 1450 and 1850 saw severe weather conditions in Europe and North America, and during this time both private and published writings show a particular sensitivity to meteorological description. Turbulent weather, both at sea and on land, was a feature of much seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetry, combining experience and observation in powerful ways. The Romantic era brought further change to the literary representation of weather, when heightened attention to subjective states was matched by an increased awareness of the relationship between natural forces and political upheaval. In this essay I will explore the changing representation of weather in poetry written in Ireland between 1600 and 1820 and examine the relationship between literary convention and political and intellectual transformation in these texts.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83431409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2019.119.04
H. Gandois, Aurélien Burlot, B. Mille, Cecile Le Carlier De Veslud
Abstract:This paper examines the possibility that a variant of Irish Killaha-type axeheads, dating to the start of the Bronze Age, has been identified in France. This proposed Ploukilla-type shares morphological characteristics with the classic Irish examples but is different in that the objects are poorly cast and non-functional, suggesting they are axe-ingots. The analysed French objects contain copper consistent with Type A metal from the mine at Ross Island, Co. Kerry. However, they are pure copper, in contrast to the standard Killaha type, which is representative of the first tin bronze in Ireland. The Ploukilla-type objects are concentrated in Brittany. They suggest that copper from Ross Island was traded along the Atlantic seaboard of north-west France, where no direct evidence of contemporary exploitation of copper sources is known.
摘要:本文研究了在法国发现的一种可追溯到青铜时代开始的爱尔兰基拉式斧头的可能性。这个被提出的ploukilla型与经典的爱尔兰例子具有相同的形态特征，但不同的是，这些物体的铸造质量很差，没有功能，表明它们是斧头铸锭。经分析的法国文物中含有的铜与来自克里罗斯岛(Ross Island, Co. Kerry)矿山的A型金属一致。然而，它们是纯铜，而不是标准的基拉哈类型，这是爱尔兰第一个锡青铜的代表。普洛基拉类天体集中在布列塔尼。他们认为，来自罗斯岛的铜是沿着法国西北部的大西洋沿岸进行交易的，而在那里，没有直接的证据表明当时有铜资源被开采。
{"title":"Early Bronze Age axe-ingots from Brittany: evidence for connections with south-west Ireland?","authors":"H. Gandois, Aurélien Burlot, B. Mille, Cecile Le Carlier De Veslud","doi":"10.3318/priac.2019.119.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2019.119.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper examines the possibility that a variant of Irish Killaha-type axeheads, dating to the start of the Bronze Age, has been identified in France. This proposed Ploukilla-type shares morphological characteristics with the classic Irish examples but is different in that the objects are poorly cast and non-functional, suggesting they are axe-ingots. The analysed French objects contain copper consistent with Type A metal from the mine at Ross Island, Co. Kerry. However, they are pure copper, in contrast to the standard Killaha type, which is representative of the first tin bronze in Ireland. The Ploukilla-type objects are concentrated in Brittany. They suggest that copper from Ross Island was traded along the Atlantic seaboard of north-west France, where no direct evidence of contemporary exploitation of copper sources is known.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85355759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2016.116.08
Conleth Manning
Abstract:Excavations at the impressive early medieval cashel or stone fort of Cahergal were concentrated on the entrance through the circular enclosing wall and on the circular stone house in the centre, where a sequence of habitation and other use was in evidence. Many stake holes associated with the early occupation of the house were found, indicating internal features. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the cashel and stone house were constructed between the mid-seventh and mid-ninth centuries AD and may have served initially as a venue for high-status ceremonies and entertaining. Later use of the site dating between the eleventh and seventeenth centuries seems to have been by people of lower status.
{"title":"Excavations at Cahergal, Co. Kerry: A Venue for Royal Ceremony in Early Medieval Corcu Duibne","authors":"Conleth Manning","doi":"10.3318/priac.2016.116.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2016.116.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Excavations at the impressive early medieval cashel or stone fort of Cahergal were concentrated on the entrance through the circular enclosing wall and on the circular stone house in the centre, where a sequence of habitation and other use was in evidence. Many stake holes associated with the early occupation of the house were found, indicating internal features. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the cashel and stone house were constructed between the mid-seventh and mid-ninth centuries AD and may have served initially as a venue for high-status ceremonies and entertaining. Later use of the site dating between the eleventh and seventeenth centuries seems to have been by people of lower status.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89463354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2006.106.1.1
R. Cleary, N. Finlay, Sandra A. Mc Keown, M. Mccarthy, Meriel Mc Clatchie
Abstract:The site was first detected in an aerial survey of the Bruff region as a large oval enclosure, visible as a crop mark. Geophysical prospection techniques indicated evidence of archaeological remains inside and outside the enclosure. The excavation concentrated on the enclosing element and part of the interior. The excavated area was small relative to the size of the site and produced evidence for sequential use from the early-sixth to early-eleventh centuries AD. The settlement included sixth century circular houses that appear to have been unenclosed and the construction of a double palisade fence around the site in the eighth-ninth century. Pits within the enclosure have similar dates to the palisade and others date to the early-eleventh century. A trackway on the west side of the enclosure pre-dated the palisade fence and was in use from the seventh century. Upcast from digging the footings for the palisade fence covered part of the trackway surface. The site included a second trackway and part of an enclosure ditch dating from the late-tenth to early-eleventh century. The site had a long period of use and the settlement may have been relatively continuous. Evidence for the economy was provided by the animal bones that showed a reliance on cattle and charred plant remains confirmed barley cultivation. Iron working debris, albeit limited, suggested some industrial activity on the site.
{"title":"Excavations of an Early-Medieval period enclosure at Ballynagallagh, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick","authors":"R. Cleary, N. Finlay, Sandra A. Mc Keown, M. Mccarthy, Meriel Mc Clatchie","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2006.106.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2006.106.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The site was first detected in an aerial survey of the Bruff region as a large oval enclosure, visible as a crop mark. Geophysical prospection techniques indicated evidence of archaeological remains inside and outside the enclosure. The excavation concentrated on the enclosing element and part of the interior. The excavated area was small relative to the size of the site and produced evidence for sequential use from the early-sixth to early-eleventh centuries AD. The settlement included sixth century circular houses that appear to have been unenclosed and the construction of a double palisade fence around the site in the eighth-ninth century. Pits within the enclosure have similar dates to the palisade and others date to the early-eleventh century. A trackway on the west side of the enclosure pre-dated the palisade fence and was in use from the seventh century. Upcast from digging the footings for the palisade fence covered part of the trackway surface. The site included a second trackway and part of an enclosure ditch dating from the late-tenth to early-eleventh century. The site had a long period of use and the settlement may have been relatively continuous. Evidence for the economy was provided by the animal bones that showed a reliance on cattle and charred plant remains confirmed barley cultivation. Iron working debris, albeit limited, suggested some industrial activity on the site.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90448932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2019.119.05
MacCotter
Abstract:This study addresses the emergence of a parish system in Ireland between AD 700 and AD 1300. This process is examined against the background of similar processes in Britain and the Continent, and a taxonomy of early Irish church types reveals parallels, if not indeed linkages, between Ireland and her neighbours. By the early twelfth century a de facto parish system based on the local community, the túath, emerges in Ireland. The parish church of this system may be described as the túath-church. Some elements of this system can be found much earlier, in the eighth century canons. The arrival of the Anglo-Normans sees the túath-church system replaced by the English version of the Gregorian reform parish, the establishment of which in Ireland occurs during the century from 1172. This system is a complex mix of rectories and vicarages with origins both secular and ecclesiastical, and was the result of tension between lay and monastic interests on the one hand and episcopal efforts to maintain the cura animarum on the other. Elements of the earlier túath-church system survived within the later reformed parish structure.
{"title":"The origins of the parish in Ireland","authors":"MacCotter","doi":"10.3318/priac.2019.119.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2019.119.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study addresses the emergence of a parish system in Ireland between AD 700 and AD 1300. This process is examined against the background of similar processes in Britain and the Continent, and a taxonomy of early Irish church types reveals parallels, if not indeed linkages, between Ireland and her neighbours. By the early twelfth century a de facto parish system based on the local community, the túath, emerges in Ireland. The parish church of this system may be described as the túath-church. Some elements of this system can be found much earlier, in the eighth century canons. The arrival of the Anglo-Normans sees the túath-church system replaced by the English version of the Gregorian reform parish, the establishment of which in Ireland occurs during the century from 1172. This system is a complex mix of rectories and vicarages with origins both secular and ecclesiastical, and was the result of tension between lay and monastic interests on the one hand and episcopal efforts to maintain the cura animarum on the other. Elements of the earlier túath-church system survived within the later reformed parish structure.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73528316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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