Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.04
Robert Hensey, Pádraig Meehan, Marion A. Dowd, Sam Moore
Abstract:AbstractThe Carrowkeel complex represents one of the four main groups of passage tombs in Ireland. Although less well known than its counterpart in the Boyne Valley, new discoveries in recent years have renewed interest in this internationally significant yet under-investigated site. This paper reviews the 1911 excavation of passage tombs at Carrowkeel and presents new research and discoveries that have been made since. New dates (from a radiocarbon dating project undertaken by the authors) which demonstrate activity within the complex towards the end of the fourth millennium bc are discussed. The authors consider the significance of the recently discovered passage tomb art within the complex, and outline the prospects for future research there, particularly with regard to human bone assemblage from the 1911 excavations.
{"title":"A century of archaeology—historical excavation and modern research at the Carrowkeel passage tombs, County Sligo","authors":"Robert Hensey, Pádraig Meehan, Marion A. Dowd, Sam Moore","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThe Carrowkeel complex represents one of the four main groups of passage tombs in Ireland. Although less well known than its counterpart in the Boyne Valley, new discoveries in recent years have renewed interest in this internationally significant yet under-investigated site. This paper reviews the 1911 excavation of passage tombs at Carrowkeel and presents new research and discoveries that have been made since. New dates (from a radiocarbon dating project undertaken by the authors) which demonstrate activity within the complex towards the end of the fourth millennium bc are discussed. The authors consider the significance of the recently discovered passage tomb art within the complex, and outline the prospects for future research there, particularly with regard to human bone assemblage from the 1911 excavations.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75077470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.07
Juliana Adelman, F. Ludlow
Abstract:AbstractThis essay reviews the status of Irish environmental history. Although presently embryonic in scope, there are important beginnings as well as many key antecedent studies, often written by scholars in the disciplines of social, economic and agricultural history, and historical geography. The work of these scholars suggests the great potential of the discipline in Ireland, with a rich body of evidence awaiting interrogation by environmental historians. Starting with the advent of the Irish written record and the early medieval period, we highlight a selection of the most pertinent documentary sources and outline their potential for environmental historians. Key questions that might be asked by Irish environmental historians are suggested. A concise introduction to the large body of relevant work that examines the history of human-environmental interactions in Ireland, including within the allied disciplines of environmental and landscape archaeology and palaeoecology, is provided. Integrating the results and insights of these disciplines with those that can be gleaned from scrutiny of the documentary record should be of central concern to environmental historians of Ireland. Improving our awareness and understanding of the human consequences of past environmental change has never been more important than in the context of current debates about the social and economic effects of environmental changes presently experienced and projected for coming decades.
{"title":"The past, present and future of environmental history in Ireland","authors":"Juliana Adelman, F. Ludlow","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThis essay reviews the status of Irish environmental history. Although presently embryonic in scope, there are important beginnings as well as many key antecedent studies, often written by scholars in the disciplines of social, economic and agricultural history, and historical geography. The work of these scholars suggests the great potential of the discipline in Ireland, with a rich body of evidence awaiting interrogation by environmental historians. Starting with the advent of the Irish written record and the early medieval period, we highlight a selection of the most pertinent documentary sources and outline their potential for environmental historians. Key questions that might be asked by Irish environmental historians are suggested. A concise introduction to the large body of relevant work that examines the history of human-environmental interactions in Ireland, including within the allied disciplines of environmental and landscape archaeology and palaeoecology, is provided. Integrating the results and insights of these disciplines with those that can be gleaned from scrutiny of the documentary record should be of central concern to environmental historians of Ireland. Improving our awareness and understanding of the human consequences of past environmental change has never been more important than in the context of current debates about the social and economic effects of environmental changes presently experienced and projected for coming decades.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75196781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.04
P. Grace
Abstract:Between A.D. 540 and 795 a series of major epidemics occurred in Ireland. Recorded in the Irish annals, each outbreak was given a name in Latin or Irish, but without clinical details the identity of specific diseases is speculative. Tentative diagnoses are: bubonic plague (blefed, second buide chonnail, mortalitas puerorum), relapsing fever or infectious hepatitis (first buide chonnail), Hansesn's disease or any scaly skin disorder (samthrosc, lepra), smallpox (bolgach), dysentery (riuth fola), lameness from polio or a cattle zoonosis (baccach) and pneumonia (scamach). Through examination of the annals and their interpretation by medical and other historians, this article provides an overview of the diseases in Ireland during the early medieval period and offers novel suggestions as to the identity of some of the disorders described.
{"title":"From blefed to scamach: pestilence in early medieval Ireland","authors":"P. Grace","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Between A.D. 540 and 795 a series of major epidemics occurred in Ireland. Recorded in the Irish annals, each outbreak was given a name in Latin or Irish, but without clinical details the identity of specific diseases is speculative. Tentative diagnoses are: bubonic plague (blefed, second buide chonnail, mortalitas puerorum), relapsing fever or infectious hepatitis (first buide chonnail), Hansesn's disease or any scaly skin disorder (samthrosc, lepra), smallpox (bolgach), dysentery (riuth fola), lameness from polio or a cattle zoonosis (baccach) and pneumonia (scamach). Through examination of the annals and their interpretation by medical and other historians, this article provides an overview of the diseases in Ireland during the early medieval period and offers novel suggestions as to the identity of some of the disorders described.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74220441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2021.121.01
Bhreathnach, Dowling
Abstract:This paper is a case study of the medieval settlement of Ferns, Co. Wexford, in the south-east of Ireland, with particular reference to the twelfth-century Augustinian foundation of St Mary's Abbey. The study explores an interdisciplinary approach to Ferns in which the evidence of archaeology, geophysical surveys and historical sources are combined to produce a comprehensive profile of the canons' foundation and its environs. Ferns was chosen for various reasons. Historical references associated with an existing early medieval church are relatively wide-ranging with the survival of three versions of the life of St Máedóc, its patron saint. The place's secular importance as the chief seat of an important dynasty, the Uí Chennselaig, probably began in the tenth century but is notably evident in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. It is one of the very few twelfth-century Irish foundations for which the transcript of an original charter survives, that of Diarmait mac Murchada, king of Leinster's charter to the Augustinian canons of St Mary's dating to 1160/2. In addition, the site's archaeology and history suggests that reorganisation of ecclesiastical settlements formed an essential part of the transformation of the Irish church during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and that planning this reorganisation was to the forefront of royal and church politics alike.
摘要:本文以爱尔兰东南部韦克斯福德郡(Ferns, Co. Wexford)的中世纪定居点为例，特别参考了12世纪奥古斯丁(augustine)建立的圣玛丽修道院(St Mary’s Abbey)。该研究探索了一种跨学科的方法来研究蕨类植物，其中考古证据，地球物理调查和历史资料相结合，产生了一个关于经典基础及其周边地区的综合概况。选择蕨类植物有多种原因。与现存的中世纪早期教堂相关的历史参考文献相对广泛，其守护神圣Máedóc的生活有三个版本。作为一个重要王朝Uí Chennselaig的主要所在地，这个地方的世俗重要性可能始于10世纪，但在11世纪和12世纪尤为明显。这是12世纪爱尔兰为数不多的保留了原始宪章文本的基金会之一，这是伦斯特国王Diarmait mac Murchada的宪章，该宪章可追溯到1160/2年的圣玛丽的奥古斯丁教义。此外，该遗址的考古和历史表明，教会定居点的重组是12世纪和13世纪爱尔兰教会转型的重要组成部分，而这一重组的规划是皇室和教会政治的前沿。
{"title":"Forming an episcopal see and an Augustinian foundation in medieval Ireland: the case of Ferns, Co. Wexford","authors":"Bhreathnach, Dowling","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2021.121.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2021.121.01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper is a case study of the medieval settlement of Ferns, Co. Wexford, in the south-east of Ireland, with particular reference to the twelfth-century Augustinian foundation of St Mary's Abbey. The study explores an interdisciplinary approach to Ferns in which the evidence of archaeology, geophysical surveys and historical sources are combined to produce a comprehensive profile of the canons' foundation and its environs. Ferns was chosen for various reasons. Historical references associated with an existing early medieval church are relatively wide-ranging with the survival of three versions of the life of St Máedóc, its patron saint. The place's secular importance as the chief seat of an important dynasty, the Uí Chennselaig, probably began in the tenth century but is notably evident in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. It is one of the very few twelfth-century Irish foundations for which the transcript of an original charter survives, that of Diarmait mac Murchada, king of Leinster's charter to the Augustinian canons of St Mary's dating to 1160/2. In addition, the site's archaeology and history suggests that reorganisation of ecclesiastical settlements formed an essential part of the transformation of the Irish church during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and that planning this reorganisation was to the forefront of royal and church politics alike.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72576609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.08
S. Hegarty
Abstract:George Victor Du Noyer (1817–69) was among the surveyors employed by the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) shortly after its foundation in 1845. He was one of several men—antiquarians, artists, recorders of nineteenth century life— whose interest went beyond geology. This paper explores Du Noyer's development as a geologist, and his transformation from artist to geologist. It discusses Du Noyer's career in both the Ordnance and the Geological Surveys and considers his relationships with his superiors—relationships that were at times marked by a profound loyalty, while at other times involving a certain amount of tension, and always driven by the personalities involved. The paper also considers the motivation behind Du Noyer's presentation of albums of sketches to the Royal Irish Academy.
{"title":"George Victor Du Noyer's career in the Ordnance and Geological Surveys (1835–69): geologist by profession, artist by temperament","authors":"S. Hegarty","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2018.118.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:George Victor Du Noyer (1817–69) was among the surveyors employed by the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) shortly after its foundation in 1845. He was one of several men—antiquarians, artists, recorders of nineteenth century life— whose interest went beyond geology. This paper explores Du Noyer's development as a geologist, and his transformation from artist to geologist. It discusses Du Noyer's career in both the Ordnance and the Geological Surveys and considers his relationships with his superiors—relationships that were at times marked by a profound loyalty, while at other times involving a certain amount of tension, and always driven by the personalities involved. The paper also considers the motivation behind Du Noyer's presentation of albums of sketches to the Royal Irish Academy.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72482575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.11
R. Sharpe
Abstract:AbstractA selection of 25 Irish poems, first printed at Clonmel in 1802, became a bestseller with several different booksellers in Cork issuing competing editions, especially during the 1820s and 1830s. Usually known as Tadhg Gaelach's Pious Miscellany, it sold more copies than any other literary work in Irish, so that the bookseller Seán Ó Dálaigh could call it in 1848 ‘work at the present day in the hands of almost every peasant in Munster’. Its success faded out along with much of Irish provincial printing in the 1840s. Copies are rare, and this article for the first time seeks not merely to list the editions and to record where copies are preserved but also to classify them and to assess what this printing phenomenon has to say about literacy in Irish in early nineteenth-century Munster. Apart from catechisms no other work in Irish made so successful an entry into print, and the textual history of the poems ought in this case to take into account not only manuscript evidence but also these printed editions which appear to have been corrected by editorial hands, more likely from aural knowledge of the poetry than from collation against manuscripts. The only known editor was Patrick Denn, of Cappoquin, who, it is argued, worked with the Cork bookseller Charles Dillon between 1821 and 1828. So few copies now survive that their distribution cannot be traced from material evidence, but the list of subscribers in the first printing from Clonmel 1802 provides information that has allowed its initial distribution to be mapped. Further work to record books printed in Irish in the first half of the nineteenth century would provide a valuable witness to the circulation of vernacular texts, even as the manuscript tradition was fading out.
摘要:《25首爱尔兰诗歌选集》于1802年在克隆梅尔出版社首次印刷，成为科克几家不同书商竞相发行的畅销书，特别是在19世纪20年代和30年代。它通常被称为Tadhg Gaelach的《虔诚杂记》(Pious Miscellany)，比任何其他爱尔兰文学作品都卖得多，所以书商Seán Ó Dálaigh在1848年称它为“现在几乎每个明斯特农民手中的作品”。它的成功随着19世纪40年代爱尔兰各省印刷业的衰落而消失。副本是罕见的，这篇文章第一次不仅列出了版本，记录了副本的保存地点，还对它们进行了分类，并评估了这种印刷现象对19世纪初明斯特爱尔兰语读写能力的影响。除了教义问答，没有其他爱尔兰作品能如此成功地进入印刷领域，在这种情况下，诗歌的文本历史不仅应该考虑手稿证据，还应该考虑这些印刷版本，这些版本似乎是由编辑修改的，更可能是来自诗歌的听觉知识，而不是对手稿的整理。唯一为人所知的编辑是卡波昆的帕特里克·邓恩(Patrick Denn)，据说他在1821年至1828年间与科克书商查尔斯·狄龙(Charles Dillon)合作。现在存世的副本非常少，以至于无法从物证中追溯它们的发行情况，但克朗梅尔1802年第一次印刷时的订户名单提供了一些信息，使人们能够绘制出它最初的发行情况。进一步记录19世纪上半叶用爱尔兰语印刷的书籍的工作，将为方言文本的流通提供宝贵的见证，即使手稿传统正在消失。
{"title":"Tadhg Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin's Pious Miscellany: editions of the Munster bestseller of the early nineteenth century","authors":"R. Sharpe","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractA selection of 25 Irish poems, first printed at Clonmel in 1802, became a bestseller with several different booksellers in Cork issuing competing editions, especially during the 1820s and 1830s. Usually known as Tadhg Gaelach's Pious Miscellany, it sold more copies than any other literary work in Irish, so that the bookseller Seán Ó Dálaigh could call it in 1848 ‘work at the present day in the hands of almost every peasant in Munster’. Its success faded out along with much of Irish provincial printing in the 1840s. Copies are rare, and this article for the first time seeks not merely to list the editions and to record where copies are preserved but also to classify them and to assess what this printing phenomenon has to say about literacy in Irish in early nineteenth-century Munster. Apart from catechisms no other work in Irish made so successful an entry into print, and the textual history of the poems ought in this case to take into account not only manuscript evidence but also these printed editions which appear to have been corrected by editorial hands, more likely from aural knowledge of the poetry than from collation against manuscripts. The only known editor was Patrick Denn, of Cappoquin, who, it is argued, worked with the Cork bookseller Charles Dillon between 1821 and 1828. So few copies now survive that their distribution cannot be traced from material evidence, but the list of subscribers in the first printing from Clonmel 1802 provides information that has allowed its initial distribution to be mapped. Further work to record books printed in Irish in the first half of the nineteenth century would provide a valuable witness to the circulation of vernacular texts, even as the manuscript tradition was fading out.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85080310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:AbstractDetails of daily life such as food and drink can be difficult to capture in prehistory, especially on an island with a temperate climate and covered mainly by acidic soils: plant remains will only survive through charring or water-logging, whilst animal bone frequently dissolves unless calcined. At the molecular level, however, a host of biochemical and isotopic signatures exist indicating what our prehistoric antecedents ate and drank. The most robust of these biomarkers are lipids, commonly found absorbed into the clay matrix of pottery vessels—the residues of meals sometimes many thousands of years old. The wet, acidic conditions that accelerate the decay of so much prehistoric organic matter fortunately preserve these lipid residues exceedingly well. This paper details the results of a recent programme of molecular and compound-specific stable isotope analysis on lipids from nearly 500 Irish Neolithic vessels, providing unparalleled insights into the diet, and food procurement and processing activities of our earliest farming communities.
{"title":"The molecules of meals: new insight into Neolithic foodways","authors":"J. Smyth, R. Evershed","doi":"10.1353/ria.2015.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.2015.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractDetails of daily life such as food and drink can be difficult to capture in prehistory, especially on an island with a temperate climate and covered mainly by acidic soils: plant remains will only survive through charring or water-logging, whilst animal bone frequently dissolves unless calcined. At the molecular level, however, a host of biochemical and isotopic signatures exist indicating what our prehistoric antecedents ate and drank. The most robust of these biomarkers are lipids, commonly found absorbed into the clay matrix of pottery vessels—the residues of meals sometimes many thousands of years old. The wet, acidic conditions that accelerate the decay of so much prehistoric organic matter fortunately preserve these lipid residues exceedingly well. This paper details the results of a recent programme of molecular and compound-specific stable isotope analysis on lipids from nearly 500 Irish Neolithic vessels, providing unparalleled insights into the diet, and food procurement and processing activities of our earliest farming communities.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81682745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.08
B. Lambkin
Abstract:AbstractThe first ‘setting’ of the Northern Ireland conflict in its historiography as a ‘problem’ was by Denis Barritt and Charles Carter in The Northern Ireland problem (Oxford, 1962). Before 1969 this description was the default setting. After 1969 it was displaced by a plethora of rival ‘resettings’ resulting in an intractable meta-conflict or ‘conflict about what the conflict is about’, which persists to the present day. Recently, it has been shown that the process of problematisation is itself problematic and that greater attention needs to be paid to the ‘genealogy’ or ‘pathways of transmission’ of ‘the Northern Ireland problem’ in order to transcend the meta-conflict. This article responds to that call by studying the reception of Barritt and Carter's setting of the problem and then, in more detail, its first resetting by Andrew Boyd in Holy war in Belfast (Tralee, 1969). Three problematic aspects of the ‘genealogy’ of Holy war are exposed: distortion of the historiography; elision of Barritt and Carter's setting; and establishing of the meta-conflict. Further work to address these problematic aspects is noted, and the position of Holy war in the historiography of the conflict is reassessed.
{"title":"The historiography of the conflict in Northern Ireland and the reception of Andrew Boyd's Holy war in Belfast (1969)","authors":"B. Lambkin","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2014.114.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThe first ‘setting’ of the Northern Ireland conflict in its historiography as a ‘problem’ was by Denis Barritt and Charles Carter in The Northern Ireland problem (Oxford, 1962). Before 1969 this description was the default setting. After 1969 it was displaced by a plethora of rival ‘resettings’ resulting in an intractable meta-conflict or ‘conflict about what the conflict is about’, which persists to the present day. Recently, it has been shown that the process of problematisation is itself problematic and that greater attention needs to be paid to the ‘genealogy’ or ‘pathways of transmission’ of ‘the Northern Ireland problem’ in order to transcend the meta-conflict. This article responds to that call by studying the reception of Barritt and Carter's setting of the problem and then, in more detail, its first resetting by Andrew Boyd in Holy war in Belfast (Tralee, 1969). Three problematic aspects of the ‘genealogy’ of Holy war are exposed: distortion of the historiography; elision of Barritt and Carter's setting; and establishing of the meta-conflict. Further work to address these problematic aspects is noted, and the position of Holy war in the historiography of the conflict is reassessed.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79445786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2011.111.253
R. McManus
Abstract:Ireland experienced dramatic political, social and economic change in the twentieth century, of which the shift from a majority rural to a majority urban population was one of the most notable. These changes are reflected in the nature and form of the built environment. In this essay, the evolution of urban and suburban housing during Ireland's first urban century is considered. Existing patterns of unplanned middleclass suburban expansion were supplemented, from the 1920s, by a programme of planned working-class suburbanization. State intervention thus impacted on the location and form of new housing estates, while layouts owed much to the early British town-planning movement. High levels of owner-occupation in Ireland, the combined result of government policy and individual preference, were also reflected in a preference for particular housing forms. The predominance of the standardised three-or four-bedroom, semi-detached or detached house, was not challenged until the 1990s when there was a surge in apartment provision, largely driven by tax incentives. Changing norms in terms of housing size, facilities and design were shaped by the standards adopted by government and local authorities, as well as to the pressures of the speculative building process.
{"title":"Suburban and urban housing in the twentieth century","authors":"R. McManus","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2011.111.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2011.111.253","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Ireland experienced dramatic political, social and economic change in the twentieth century, of which the shift from a majority rural to a majority urban population was one of the most notable. These changes are reflected in the nature and form of the built environment. In this essay, the evolution of urban and suburban housing during Ireland's first urban century is considered. Existing patterns of unplanned middleclass suburban expansion were supplemented, from the 1920s, by a programme of planned working-class suburbanization. State intervention thus impacted on the location and form of new housing estates, while layouts owed much to the early British town-planning movement. High levels of owner-occupation in Ireland, the combined result of government policy and individual preference, were also reflected in a preference for particular housing forms. The predominance of the standardised three-or four-bedroom, semi-detached or detached house, was not challenged until the 1990s when there was a surge in apartment provision, largely driven by tax incentives. Changing norms in terms of housing size, facilities and design were shaped by the standards adopted by government and local authorities, as well as to the pressures of the speculative building process.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79651890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2004.104.1.57
Linda M. Doran
Abstract:This paper explores the direction and context of medieval communication channels in the territory covered by the modern counties of Longford and Roscommon. The network consisted of roadways-both local and interregional-and water-based arteries. The landscape of the area dictated how people moved across the terrain. Large tracts of bog generated a need for trackways to provide access to good land trapped in the peat. The extensive water system centred on the Shannon facilitated travel to otherwise isolated places. The numerous islands contain the remains of secular and religious settlements. The roads identified as belonging to the regional network are plotted on a map of the area. This mapping shows that the main factors shaping the road network were the location of the ritual centre at Cruachain and the siting of religious establishments. Two major roads-the Slighe Assail and the Slighe Mhór-linked an otherwise isolated area to the east-coast ports and to English and continental markets. The relationship of the roads in particular to medieval settlement patterns is examined.
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