Abstract:The paper describes excavations carried out at Bay Farm, Carnlough, Co. Antrim, between 1977 and 1980, which revealed that a series of hill-washes had covered a number of Later Mesolithic chipping floors located some distance behind the shoreline which existed at that time. A limited number of retouched tools were recovered, many in an upper stratum above the chipping floors and dumps of debris. The material recovered suggested that knapping activities had concentrated on the production of blades. A refitting programme carried out by G. Johnson showed that the so-called 'Larnian' uniplane core was often a final product in the reduction sequence of a nodule of flint. The reason for their abundance was that they represented a point at which it was difficult to remove the preferred blade form and so the core was abandoned in favour of a new nodule.
{"title":"Excavations at Bay Farm 1, Carnlough, Co. Antrim, and the Study of the 'Larnian' Technology","authors":"P. Woodman, G. Johnson","doi":"10.1353/ria.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The paper describes excavations carried out at Bay Farm, Carnlough, Co. Antrim, between 1977 and 1980, which revealed that a series of hill-washes had covered a number of Later Mesolithic chipping floors located some distance behind the shoreline which existed at that time. A limited number of retouched tools were recovered, many in an upper stratum above the chipping floors and dumps of debris. The material recovered suggested that knapping activities had concentrated on the production of blades. A refitting programme carried out by G. Johnson showed that the so-called 'Larnian' uniplane core was often a final product in the reduction sequence of a nodule of flint. The reason for their abundance was that they represented a point at which it was difficult to remove the preferred blade form and so the core was abandoned in favour of a new nodule.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85107997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies in the Significance of the Irish Stone Age : The Culture Sequence.","authors":"C. B. Whelan","doi":"10.1353/ria.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72741265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Palynology of Ringneill Quay, a New Mesolithic Site in Co. Down, Northern Ireland","authors":"M. Morrison","doi":"10.1353/ria.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84212325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the first detailed audit and analysis of radiocarbon-dated Mesolithic activity in Ireland. This provides a data set of 119 definite or possible sites and nearly 450 dates. This data set is reviewed to understand how changes in the character of archaeological activity and other biasing factors influence the distribution of radiocarbon dates across space and time. We present very different outcomes than previously published reviews, especially regarding the claimed impact of the 8200 cal BP climatic downturn. This is an outcome of the more reliable data set presented here. Some of the patterns identified are a product of sampling strategies, such as a peak in Earlier Mesolithic activity attributable to multiple dates from Mount Sandel. Others relate to restructuring of activity by hunter-gatherers leading to significant changes to the archaeological visibility of that activity at the change from Earlier to Later Mesolithic. Increasing numbers of radiocarbon dates at the end of the period, alongside the changing character of the archaeological evidence, may indicate low levels of population growth.
本文介绍了爱尔兰放射性碳定年中石器时代活动的第一次详细审计和分析。它提供了119个确定或可能的地点和近450个日期的数据集。对这些数据集进行回顾，以了解考古活动特征的变化和其他偏倚因素如何影响放射性碳年代在时空上的分布。我们提出了与之前发表的评论截然不同的结果，特别是关于8200 cal BP气候衰退的影响。这是这里提供的更可靠的数据集的结果。一些已确定的模式是采样策略的产物，例如中石器时代早期活动的高峰可归因于桑德尔山的多个日期。另一些则与狩猎采集者活动的重组有关，在中石器时代早期到晚期的变化中，狩猎采集者活动的考古可见性发生了重大变化。这一时期末期越来越多的放射性碳测年，加上考古证据的变化特征，可能表明人口增长水平较低。
{"title":"‘…where they pass their unenterprising existence…’: change over time in the Mesolithic of Ireland as shown in radiocarbon-dated activity","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first detailed audit and analysis of radiocarbon-dated Mesolithic activity in Ireland. This provides a data set of 119 definite or possible sites and nearly 450 dates. This data set is reviewed to understand how changes in the character of archaeological activity and other biasing factors influence the distribution of radiocarbon dates across space and time. We present very different outcomes than previously published reviews, especially regarding the claimed impact of the 8200 cal BP climatic downturn. This is an outcome of the more reliable data set presented here. Some of the patterns identified are a product of sampling strategies, such as a peak in Earlier Mesolithic activity attributable to multiple dates from Mount Sandel. Others relate to restructuring of activity by hunter-gatherers leading to significant changes to the archaeological visibility of that activity at the change from Earlier to Later Mesolithic. Increasing numbers of radiocarbon dates at the end of the period, alongside the changing character of the archaeological evidence, may indicate low levels of population growth.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73585225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preface to the Memoirs…of the Marquis of Clanricarde (1722) is a curious text. Written by Thomas O’Sullevane, ostensibly in response to the 1720 printing of the ‘Short view of the state and condition of the kingdom of Ireland’ by Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, the preface challenged ‘Protestant’ narratives of Catholic butchery in the 1640s. For the most part, O’Sullevane’s claims were supported by a sustained consideration of historical evidence, an uncommon feature in the contemporary discourse. His insights have had little impact, however, on how historians interpret the 1640s. Yet, Celtic scholars frequently invoke O’Sullevane’s preface to describe the schooling of Irish bardic poets—without reference to its broader purpose. The aim of this article is to historicise O’Sullevane’s work and to show how contemporary philological and antiquarian-minded investigations shaped O’Sullevane’s portrayal of the Irish past, especially the Irish bardic world.
《克莱里卡德侯爵回忆录》(1722)的序言是一篇奇怪的文章。由Thomas O ' sullevane撰写，表面上是对1720年出版的爱德华·海德(Edward Hyde)的《爱尔兰王国的状态和状况》的回应，克拉伦登伯爵，序言挑战了“新教”对1640年代天主教屠杀的叙述。在很大程度上，O 'Sullevane的主张得到了对历史证据的持续考虑的支持，这在当代话语中是不常见的特征。然而，他的见解对历史学家如何解读17世纪40年代几乎没有影响。然而，凯尔特学者经常引用O 'Sullevane的序言来描述爱尔兰吟游诗人的学校教育，而没有提及其更广泛的目的。本文的目的是将O 'Sullevane的作品历史化，并展示当代文献学和古物研究是如何塑造O 'Sullevane对爱尔兰过去，特别是爱尔兰诗歌世界的描绘的。
{"title":"‘The footsteps of that custom…still remaining’: Medieval memory culture and Thomas O’Sullevane’s portrayal of the Irish bardic tradition","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The preface to the Memoirs…of the Marquis of Clanricarde (1722) is a curious text. Written by Thomas O’Sullevane, ostensibly in response to the 1720 printing of the ‘Short view of the state and condition of the kingdom of Ireland’ by Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, the preface challenged ‘Protestant’ narratives of Catholic butchery in the 1640s. For the most part, O’Sullevane’s claims were supported by a sustained consideration of historical evidence, an uncommon feature in the contemporary discourse. His insights have had little impact, however, on how historians interpret the 1640s. Yet, Celtic scholars frequently invoke O’Sullevane’s preface to describe the schooling of Irish bardic poets—without reference to its broader purpose. The aim of this article is to historicise O’Sullevane’s work and to show how contemporary philological and antiquarian-minded investigations shaped O’Sullevane’s portrayal of the Irish past, especially the Irish bardic world.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78481085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A hoard containing five gold lunulae of Early Bronze Age date was found in north Co. Kildare in 1859. Although this hoard is better recorded than most others of the period, it has been mistakenly provenanced. This paper examines all relevant archival sources to re-establish the find place, the circumstances of discovery, the dispersal of the hoard, and its reconstitution. Most of the lunulae in this hoard belong to a particular sub-type which is examined and discussed. Fragmentation and manipulation of lunulae during their period of use and prior to deposition are also discussed. An appendix listing 76 extant lunulae from Ireland is also provided, with notes on new or corrected provenances where available.
{"title":"Reclaiming Mrs Tyrrell’s field: reprovenancing and reconsidering a hoard of gold lunulae from Ballinderry, Co. Kildare","authors":"Maria J. Cahill","doi":"10.1353/ria.0.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ria.0.0000","url":null,"abstract":"A hoard containing five gold lunulae of Early Bronze Age date was found in north Co. Kildare in 1859. Although this hoard is better recorded than most others of the period, it has been mistakenly provenanced. This paper examines all relevant archival sources to re-establish the find place, the circumstances of discovery, the dispersal of the hoard, and its reconstitution. Most of the lunulae in this hoard belong to a particular sub-type which is examined and discussed. Fragmentation and manipulation of lunulae during their period of use and prior to deposition are also discussed. An appendix listing 76 extant lunulae from Ireland is also provided, with notes on new or corrected provenances where available.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78221859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2005.105.1.197
M. Coleman
Abstract:The principal focus of this paper is to examine the importance of British contributions to the success of the Irish hospitals' sweepstake. In its early years, up to three quarters of Irish sweepstake tickets were sold in Britain, bringing millions of pounds into Ireland annually for expenditure on improving the state's hospital services. The vast amount of money leaving Britain in this way angered the British government and forced them to introduce new legislation to curtail the activities of the sweep. The paper will highlight the extent to which the success of the Irish sweepstake depended on the market for tickets in Britain; the danger posed to the survival of the sweep by the restriction of its activities in Britain after 1935; the role of the sweepstake controversy in further exacerbating already strained relations between the governments of Great Britain and the Irish Free State in the 1930s; how the success of the sweep in Britain raised the issue of legalising a British lottery; and the eventual decline of the Irish sweepstake as a force in British gambling circles in the post-war years.
{"title":"'A Terrible Danger to the Morals of the Country': The Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake in Great Britain 1930-87","authors":"M. Coleman","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2005.105.1.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2005.105.1.197","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The principal focus of this paper is to examine the importance of British contributions to the success of the Irish hospitals' sweepstake. In its early years, up to three quarters of Irish sweepstake tickets were sold in Britain, bringing millions of pounds into Ireland annually for expenditure on improving the state's hospital services. The vast amount of money leaving Britain in this way angered the British government and forced them to introduce new legislation to curtail the activities of the sweep. The paper will highlight the extent to which the success of the Irish sweepstake depended on the market for tickets in Britain; the danger posed to the survival of the sweep by the restriction of its activities in Britain after 1935; the role of the sweepstake controversy in further exacerbating already strained relations between the governments of Great Britain and the Irish Free State in the 1930s; how the success of the sweep in Britain raised the issue of legalising a British lottery; and the eventual decline of the Irish sweepstake as a force in British gambling circles in the post-war years.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75163988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2002.102.1.137
M. Comber
Abstract:Excavations in 1948 and 1949 identified a two-phase bivallate ringfort of the Early Historic period at Rathgurreen, Co. Galway. Approximately a quarter of the site was dug, comprising the south-western quadrant and the entrance area. Well-preserved dumps of animal bone and sea-shells were discovered throughout the excavated area, while a number of different crafts (such as the production of purple dye) were represented in the artefactual assemblage. The latter also included a fragment of an oil lamp of Roman origin. The site is just one of over thirty ringforts on the Maree peninsula, although it is probably the best preserved of these. Radiocarbon analyses date the occupation of the site from the fourth or fifth century AD to at least the ninth century.
{"title":"M.V. Duignan's Excavations at the Ringfort of Rathgurreen, Co. Galway, 1948-9","authors":"M. Comber","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2002.102.1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2002.102.1.137","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Excavations in 1948 and 1949 identified a two-phase bivallate ringfort of the Early Historic period at Rathgurreen, Co. Galway. Approximately a quarter of the site was dug, comprising the south-western quadrant and the entrance area. Well-preserved dumps of animal bone and sea-shells were discovered throughout the excavated area, while a number of different crafts (such as the production of purple dye) were represented in the artefactual assemblage. The latter also included a fragment of an oil lamp of Roman origin. The site is just one of over thirty ringforts on the Maree peninsula, although it is probably the best preserved of these. Radiocarbon analyses date the occupation of the site from the fourth or fifth century AD to at least the ninth century.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78626971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.05
M. Callan
Abstract:Dublin's atypical arrangement of two neighbouring cathedral chapters, St Patrick's and Holy Trinity, was a source of ongoing conflict. The conflict became more sinister in the early fourteenth century after Thomas de Chaddesworth, the dean of St Patrick's and the vicar of the archbishop-elect of Dublin, served as the primary inquisitor in the trial of the Templars and in 1310 initiated heresy proceedings against Philip de Braybrook, a canon of Holy Trinity. This article explores the conflict between the two chapters and how it shaped Philip's trial; it also examines the exceptionally irregular circumstances in which he became Dublin's first convicted heretic.
摘要:都柏林的两个相邻的大教堂章节，圣帕特里克和圣三一的非典型安排，是持续冲突的根源。这场冲突在14世纪初变得更加险恶，当时圣帕特里克教堂的院长、都柏林当选大主教的代理牧师托马斯·德·查德斯沃思(Thomas de Chaddesworth)担任圣殿骑士团审判的首席检察官，并于1310年对圣三位一体的正典牧师菲利普·德·布雷布鲁克(Philip de Braybrook)发起了异端诉讼。本文探讨了这两章之间的冲突，以及它如何影响了菲利普的审判;它还考察了他成为都柏林第一个被定罪的异教徒的异常不寻常的情况。
{"title":"The case of the incorrigible canon: Dublin's first heresy conviction, 1310, and the rivalry between its cathedral chapters","authors":"M. Callan","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Dublin's atypical arrangement of two neighbouring cathedral chapters, St Patrick's and Holy Trinity, was a source of ongoing conflict. The conflict became more sinister in the early fourteenth century after Thomas de Chaddesworth, the dean of St Patrick's and the vicar of the archbishop-elect of Dublin, served as the primary inquisitor in the trial of the Templars and in 1310 initiated heresy proceedings against Philip de Braybrook, a canon of Holy Trinity. This article explores the conflict between the two chapters and how it shaped Philip's trial; it also examines the exceptionally irregular circumstances in which he became Dublin's first convicted heretic.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75137502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.08
E. Murray, F. McCormick, C. Newman, S. Hamilton‐Dyer, G. Plunkett
Abstract:A series of shell middens and miscellaneous habitation sites, located in a dune system in west County Galway, have been exposed and are slowly disappearing through wind, wave and surface erosion. In 1992 a project was initiated to record, sample and date some of these sites and the radiocarbon results demonstrated that activity in the area spanned the Early Bronze Age through to the Iron Age and into the early and post medieval periods. This preliminary fieldwork was succeeded by the excavation of three of the better-preserved sites; a Bronze Age midden in 1994 and two early medieval sites (the subject of this paper), in 1997. The medieval sites dated to the late-seventh to ninth century ad and were represented by a sub-circular stone hut with a hearth and the charred remains of a more ephemeral wooden tent-like structure. The discovery of a bronze penannular brooch of ninth/tenth century date at the latter site would suggest that the settlements are not the remains of transient, impoverished peoples of the lower classes of society, eking out a living along the coast. The calcareous sands ensured good preservation of organic remains—fish and mammal bones, charred cereal grains, seeds and seaweed, and marine molluscs. Analyses of these indicated exploitation of marine resources but, otherwise, were comparable with the diet and economy represented by assemblages from established contemporary site types of the period. Unlike raths, crannógs and monastic settlements, however, the volume of material represented at the Galway sites was slight, despite the excellent preservation conditions. A range of seasonal indicators also suggested temporary habitation: probable late-spring/-summer occupation of the stone hut site and autumnal occupancy of the second, less substantial site. It is suggested that the machair plain, beside which the dunes are located, was most probably the attraction for settlers to the area and was exploited as an alternative pasture for the seasonal grazing of livestock.
{"title":"Doonloughan: a seasonal settlement site on the Connemara coast","authors":"E. Murray, F. McCormick, C. Newman, S. Hamilton‐Dyer, G. Plunkett","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A series of shell middens and miscellaneous habitation sites, located in a dune system in west County Galway, have been exposed and are slowly disappearing through wind, wave and surface erosion. In 1992 a project was initiated to record, sample and date some of these sites and the radiocarbon results demonstrated that activity in the area spanned the Early Bronze Age through to the Iron Age and into the early and post medieval periods. This preliminary fieldwork was succeeded by the excavation of three of the better-preserved sites; a Bronze Age midden in 1994 and two early medieval sites (the subject of this paper), in 1997. The medieval sites dated to the late-seventh to ninth century ad and were represented by a sub-circular stone hut with a hearth and the charred remains of a more ephemeral wooden tent-like structure. The discovery of a bronze penannular brooch of ninth/tenth century date at the latter site would suggest that the settlements are not the remains of transient, impoverished peoples of the lower classes of society, eking out a living along the coast. The calcareous sands ensured good preservation of organic remains—fish and mammal bones, charred cereal grains, seeds and seaweed, and marine molluscs. Analyses of these indicated exploitation of marine resources but, otherwise, were comparable with the diet and economy represented by assemblages from established contemporary site types of the period. Unlike raths, crannógs and monastic settlements, however, the volume of material represented at the Galway sites was slight, despite the excellent preservation conditions. A range of seasonal indicators also suggested temporary habitation: probable late-spring/-summer occupation of the stone hut site and autumnal occupancy of the second, less substantial site. It is suggested that the machair plain, beside which the dunes are located, was most probably the attraction for settlers to the area and was exploited as an alternative pasture for the seasonal grazing of livestock.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85092542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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