The article deals with the evaluation of the economic performance of domestic enterprises under foreign control, especially by subjects from Eastern European countries currently involved in the war conflict in Ukraine, through several key indicators monitored by Inward Foreign Affiliates Statistics (IFATS) and compiled by the Czech Statistical Office (CZSO). The war conflict in Ukraine raises, among other, questions about the effects of sanctions against aggressor countries. IFATS could serve as one possible source for evaluation of their impact with new data coming in the future. In the article, selected data from the IFATS database will be compared for the economy as a whole and according to the specific prevailing economic activities as well. Although the contribution of enterprises controlled by subjects from both aggressor countries and Ukraine to the Czech economy is quite marginal, the latter ones are among the most represented in terms of their number that is still growing. However, their economic importance grows much slower.
{"title":"Economic Performance of Czech Enterprises under the Control of Subjects from War-Affected European Countries and Their Comparison with Western and V4 Controlling Countries","authors":"J. Zeman","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.32","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the evaluation of the economic performance of domestic enterprises under foreign control, especially by subjects from Eastern European countries currently involved in the war conflict in Ukraine, through several key indicators monitored by Inward Foreign Affiliates Statistics (IFATS) and compiled by the Czech Statistical Office (CZSO). The war conflict in Ukraine raises, among other, questions about the effects of sanctions against aggressor countries. IFATS could serve as one possible source for evaluation of their impact with new data coming in the future. In the article, selected data from the IFATS database will be compared for the economy as a whole and according to the specific prevailing economic activities as well. Although the contribution of enterprises controlled by subjects from both aggressor countries and Ukraine to the Czech economy is quite marginal, the latter ones are among the most represented in terms of their number that is still growing. However, their economic importance grows much slower.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42233088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region is an important player in the world agriculture trade. They have vast potential to strengthen their position in global agricultural trade due to theregion's opportunities to increase agricultural production combined with growing global demand. To discover the SAARC potential of agricultural trade patterns, the present paper examines the determinants of bilateral agricultural exports from 2000 to 2019. The gravity model was estimated by employing the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PMML) technique, including zero trade flows for panel data. The results confirm the positive and significant impact of exporter gross domestic product (GDP), importer GDP, Broder, common language, South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), and India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) on bilateral agricultural trade inthe SAARC region. On the other hand, distance and development levels significantly negatively impact bilateral agricultural trade. Lastly, the study showed an insignificant impact of the bilateral exchange rate.
{"title":"Determinants of Bilateral Agricultural Trade of SAARC Region: a Gravity Model Approach","authors":"T. Nengroo, I. Shah, Md. Sarafraz Equbal","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.40","url":null,"abstract":"The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region is an important player in the world agriculture trade. They have vast potential to strengthen their position in global agricultural trade due to theregion's opportunities to increase agricultural production combined with growing global demand. To discover the SAARC potential of agricultural trade patterns, the present paper examines the determinants of bilateral agricultural exports from 2000 to 2019. The gravity model was estimated by employing the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PMML) technique, including zero trade flows for panel data. The results confirm the positive and significant impact of exporter gross domestic product (GDP), importer GDP, Broder, common language, South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), and India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) on bilateral agricultural trade inthe SAARC region. On the other hand, distance and development levels significantly negatively impact bilateral agricultural trade. Lastly, the study showed an insignificant impact of the bilateral exchange rate.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49219125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the common challenges in actuarial mathematics is finding a model for the number of claims and claim severity. We focus on one of the suggested models, namely, on the Schröter family of discrete probability distributions. Furthermore, we introduce a simple and easy-to-compute parameter estimate for this family of distributions, which can be used especially as initial values in optimization algorithms that are needed to compute other estimates.
{"title":"A Simple Estimation of Parameters for Discrete Distributions from the Schröter Family","authors":"F. Agu, Ján Mačutek, G. Szűcs","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.42","url":null,"abstract":"One of the common challenges in actuarial mathematics is finding a model for the number of claims and claim severity. We focus on one of the suggested models, namely, on the Schröter family of discrete probability distributions. Furthermore, we introduce a simple and easy-to-compute parameter estimate for this family of distributions, which can be used especially as initial values in optimization algorithms that are needed to compute other estimates.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42853354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the run-up to launching the «Next Generation EU» large-scale recovery plan aimed at overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic consequences it becomes important to analyse the pre-Covid development problems, including those in the field of education. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of inequality in educational achievements and opportunities in the Visegrad Group countries based on the PISA data from 2003–2018 period. The results obtained by our research team suggest that Hungary has the highest level of inequality of opportunity among the Visegrad Group countries, followed by Slovakia. Meanwhile, individual factors contributing to the overall level of inequality of opportunity have both features common to all countries and unique features.
{"title":"Inequality of Opportunity in Education: the Visegrad Countries Case","authors":"I. Pauhófová, Z. Ibragimova, M. Frants","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.57","url":null,"abstract":"In the run-up to launching the «Next Generation EU» large-scale recovery plan aimed at overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic consequences it becomes important to analyse the pre-Covid development problems, including those in the field of education. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of inequality in educational achievements and opportunities in the Visegrad Group countries based on the PISA data from 2003–2018 period. The results obtained by our research team suggest that Hungary has the highest level of inequality of opportunity among the Visegrad Group countries, followed by Slovakia. Meanwhile, individual factors contributing to the overall level of inequality of opportunity have both features common to all countries and unique features.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This note reviews a direct least squares estimation of a state space model and highlights its advantages over the standard Kalman filter in some applications. Although there is a close relationship between these two concepts, dual understanding of the estimation problem seems to be little appreciated by the mainstream econometric literature as well as applied researchers. Due to computational and theoretical advancements, the least squares estimation of a state space model has become a viable alternative in many fields, showing great potential in solving otherwise difficult problems. This note gathers and discusses some possible applications to illustrate the point and contribute to their wider use in practice.
{"title":"State Space Estimation: from Kalman Filter Back to Least Squares","authors":"Miroslav Plašil","doi":"10.54694/stat.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"This note reviews a direct least squares estimation of a state space model and highlights its advantages over the standard Kalman filter in some applications. Although there is a close relationship between these two concepts, dual understanding of the estimation problem seems to be little appreciated by the mainstream econometric literature as well as applied researchers. Due to computational and theoretical advancements, the least squares estimation of a state space model has become a viable alternative in many fields, showing great potential in solving otherwise difficult problems. This note gathers and discusses some possible applications to illustrate the point and contribute to their wider use in practice.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44881995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brazil does not have an official real estate price index yet. A 2011 presidential decree stipulated for the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) the assignment to create and spread a real estate price index for Brazil. In this paper, we test some different hedonic model methods to estimate quarterly price indices for apartments in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2015. Our goals are: i) to measure and compare the different hedonic methods; ii) to present some results that will contribute to the discussion about the development of an official real estate price index in Brazil. The empirical results corroborate the idea of intense apartment prices valuation in Belo Horizonte, mainly between 2007 and 2011, when the annual price index growth remained above 20%. These results cast light on the potential use of both hedonic methods and administrative data base to construct an official real estate price index for Brazil.
{"title":"Hedonic Price Methods and Real Estate Price Index: an Explanatory Study for Apartments Market in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from 2004 to 2015","authors":"Luiz Andrés Ribeiro Paixão","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.46","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil does not have an official real estate price index yet. A 2011 presidential decree stipulated for the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) the assignment to create and spread a real estate price index for Brazil. In this paper, we test some different hedonic model methods to estimate quarterly price indices for apartments in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2015. Our goals are: i) to measure and compare the different hedonic methods; ii) to present some results that will contribute to the discussion about the development of an official real estate price index in Brazil. The empirical results corroborate the idea of intense apartment prices valuation in Belo Horizonte, mainly between 2007 and 2011, when the annual price index growth remained above 20%. These results cast light on the potential use of both hedonic methods and administrative data base to construct an official real estate price index for Brazil.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42035440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suadat Hussain Wani, Effat Yasmin, Mohammed Ayub Soudager
In changing context of the present-day world, trade openness has a crucial role to play in economic development of different countries. Besides other factors, institutional quality plays a vibrant role in achieving a high growth rate. The objective of the present study is to understand how institutional quality influences economic growth and trade openness in India. To achieve the objectives of the study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing approach has been used. The findings show that there exists long-run relationship between the variables used in this study. From the findings, it can be concluded that total trade has a negative impact, whereas export enhances economic growth in the country. The results also show that improvement in institutional quality has a positive impact on economic growth. Thus the findings suggest that the country needs to adopt policies that can improve the quality of institutions and can enhance the formation of physical and human capital.
{"title":"Role of Institutional Quality in Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from India","authors":"Suadat Hussain Wani, Effat Yasmin, Mohammed Ayub Soudager","doi":"10.54694/stat.2023.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.2","url":null,"abstract":"In changing context of the present-day world, trade openness has a crucial role to play in economic development of different countries. Besides other factors, institutional quality plays a vibrant role in achieving a high growth rate. The objective of the present study is to understand how institutional quality influences economic growth and trade openness in India. To achieve the objectives of the study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing approach has been used. The findings show that there exists long-run relationship between the variables used in this study. From the findings, it can be concluded that total trade has a negative impact, whereas export enhances economic growth in the country. The results also show that improvement in institutional quality has a positive impact on economic growth. Thus the findings suggest that the country needs to adopt policies that can improve the quality of institutions and can enhance the formation of physical and human capital.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Dembicka-Niemiec, Michał Buczyński, Maria Mołodwicz
The purpose of the study is to determine the level of sustainable development of metropolitan cities in Poland within the basic dimensions of sustainable development. At the same time, the levels of development of cities in terms of consumption were determined, and an attempt was made to identify the relationship of the levels of development of cities and the levels of development of consumption. Three main dimensions of sustainable development were considered: social, economic and environmental-spatial. It was important to find an answer to the question whether consumption can influence the levels of sustainable development achieved by cities, and in what aspects? A taxonomic method was used, which allows organizing the studied territorial units in a hierarchical manner. The levels of their development in each dimension were determined. Identifying the structure of features allows determining at what distance from the ideal structure of features the studied cities are. The research was carried out in dynamic terms by analyzing 2007 and 2020.
{"title":"Consumption and Sustainable Development of Polish Metropolitan Cities","authors":"Agnieszka Dembicka-Niemiec, Michał Buczyński, Maria Mołodwicz","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.39","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to determine the level of sustainable development of metropolitan cities in Poland within the basic dimensions of sustainable development. At the same time, the levels of development of cities in terms of consumption were determined, and an attempt was made to identify the relationship of the levels of development of cities and the levels of development of consumption. Three main dimensions of sustainable development were considered: social, economic and environmental-spatial. It was important to find an answer to the question whether consumption can influence the levels of sustainable development achieved by cities, and in what aspects? A taxonomic method was used, which allows organizing the studied territorial units in a hierarchical manner. The levels of their development in each dimension were determined. Identifying the structure of features allows determining at what distance from the ideal structure of features the studied cities are. The research was carried out in dynamic terms by analyzing 2007 and 2020.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minimum wage hikes increase the consumption of affected households. This paper studies the structure of the additional consumption across various low-income household types. Using a unique set of cross-sectional data at the household level in the Czech Republic, I simulate the impact on consumption categories of additions to disposable income due to minimum wage increases between 2011 and 2019. My findings suggest that the additional income is predominantly allocated to essentials, despite a drop in their budget share. Consumption of addictive goods represents a luxury for low-income households, among whom the demand is even more elastic for those with children. Similarly, health and education expenditures are substantially income sensitive for households with children.
{"title":"How Do Changes in the Minimum Wage Affect Household Consumption?","authors":"Jan Bittner","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.23","url":null,"abstract":"Minimum wage hikes increase the consumption of affected households. This paper studies the structure of the additional consumption across various low-income household types. Using a unique set of cross-sectional data at the household level in the Czech Republic, I simulate the impact on consumption categories of additions to disposable income due to minimum wage increases between 2011 and 2019. My findings suggest that the additional income is predominantly allocated to essentials, despite a drop in their budget share. Consumption of addictive goods represents a luxury for low-income households, among whom the demand is even more elastic for those with children. Similarly, health and education expenditures are substantially income sensitive for households with children.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44122099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In demography, mortality modeling with respect to age and time dimensions is often associated with the traditionally used Lee-Carter model. The Lee-Carter model considers a constant set of parameters of agespecific mortality change for forecasts, which can lead to the problem of overcoming the biodemographic limit. The main motivation of this paper is the use of more flexible models for mortality modeling. The paper explores the use of state space models for modeling and predicting mortality in a form not typically used in demography. In this context, it is a generalized Poisson state space model with overdispersion parameters. Concerning the empirical results, a comparison is made between the predictive abilities of the Lee-Carter and the generalized Poisson state space model with overdispersion parameters. The state space Poisson model with overdispersion parameters led to better results with respect to the comparison of modeled and historical observations. However, when comparing the predictions in the cross-validation area, both models were represented with similar overall mean squared error.
{"title":"The Usage of State Space Models in Mortality Modeling and Predictions","authors":"Martin Matejka, I. Malá","doi":"10.54694/stat.2022.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2022.33","url":null,"abstract":"In demography, mortality modeling with respect to age and time dimensions is often associated with the traditionally used Lee-Carter model. The Lee-Carter model considers a constant set of parameters of agespecific mortality change for forecasts, which can lead to the problem of overcoming the biodemographic limit. The main motivation of this paper is the use of more flexible models for mortality modeling. The paper explores the use of state space models for modeling and predicting mortality in a form not typically used in demography. In this context, it is a generalized Poisson state space model with overdispersion parameters. Concerning the empirical results, a comparison is made between the predictive abilities of the Lee-Carter and the generalized Poisson state space model with overdispersion parameters. The state space Poisson model with overdispersion parameters led to better results with respect to the comparison of modeled and historical observations. However, when comparing the predictions in the cross-validation area, both models were represented with similar overall mean squared error.","PeriodicalId":43106,"journal":{"name":"Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42356550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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