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Factors of Differences in the Highest Wages of Employees in the Slovak Republic (2020 vs. 2010) 斯洛伐克共和国雇员最高工资的差异因素(2020年与2010年)
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.6
V. Pacáková, Ľ. Sipková, Petr Šild
The article offers the results of statistical analysis of data on the highest wages of employees in the Slovak Republic in 2020. Descriptive analysis of sample data is supplemented by generalizing the results to the population of all employees whose salary exceeds the 99th percentile of the sample, by selected methods of statistical inference, which are probability models of the highest wages and analysis of variance. The analysis focuses on assessing the significance of the impact of selected demographic and social factors on the highest salaries of employees in SR in 2020 and their differences. The investigated factors there are gender, level of education, region of residence, the label of occupation, and age category. The article also focuses on inequalities in the number of employees at different levels of the monitored factors. The obtained results of the analysis are compared with the results of similar analysis from 2010.
文章提供了对2020年斯洛伐克共和国员工最高工资数据的统计分析结果。对样本数据的描述性分析是通过将结果推广到工资超过样本第99百分位的所有员工的人群来补充的,方法是选择统计推断的方法,即最高工资的概率模型和方差分析。该分析侧重于评估选定的人口和社会因素对2020年SR员工最高工资的影响的重要性及其差异。被调查的因素包括性别、教育水平、居住地区、职业标签和年龄类别。文章还重点讨论了不同级别的受监测因素在员工数量上的不平等。将获得的分析结果与2010年的类似分析结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Visualization Methods for Categorical Data in Cluster Analysis 聚类分析中分类数据可视化方法综述
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.4
J. Cibulková, Barbora Kupková
The paper focuses on visualization methods suitable for outcomes of cluster analysis of categorical data (nominal data, specifically). Since nominal data have no inherent order, their graphical representation is often challenging or very limited. This paper aims to provide a list of common visualization methods in the domain of cluster analysis of objects characterized by nominal variables. Firstly, the various plot types (such as clustering scatter plot, dendrogram, icicle plot) for cluster analysis are presented, and their suitability for presenting clusters of nominal data is discussed. Then, we study approaches of sorting nominal values on chart axes in such a way that would improve visualization of the data. Lastly, we introduce a simple alternative to cluster scatter plot for nominal data, that makes the final visualization of clustering solution more efficient since the pattern and groups in data are now more apparent. The suggested method is demonstrated in illustrative examples.
本文主要研究适合于分类数据(特别是标称数据)聚类分析结果的可视化方法。由于标称数据没有固有的顺序,它们的图形表示通常具有挑战性或非常有限。本文的目的是提供一个列表的常见可视化方法在聚类分析领域的对象表征的名义变量。首先,介绍了用于聚类分析的各种图类型(如聚类散点图、树状图、冰柱图),并讨论了它们对标称数据聚类的适用性。然后,我们研究了在图表轴上排序标称值的方法,这种方法可以提高数据的可视化。最后,我们为标称数据引入了一个简单的聚类散点图替代方案,这使得聚类解决方案的最终可视化更加有效,因为数据中的模式和组现在更加明显。通过实例对所提出的方法进行了论证。
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引用次数: 1
Missing Data Imputation for Categorical Variables 范畴变量的缺失数据推断
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.3
Jaroslav Horníček, H. Řezanková
Dealing with missing data is a crucial part of everyday data analysis. The IMIC algorithm is a missing data imputation method that can handle mixed numerical and categorical datasets. However, the categorical data are crucial for this work. This paper proposes the new improvement of the IMIC algorithm. The two proposed modifications consider the number of categories in each categorical variable. Based on this information, the factor, which modifies the original measure, is computed. The factor equation is inspired by the Eskin similarity measure that is known in the hierarchical clustering of categorical data. The results show that as the missing value ratio in the dataset grows, better results are achieved using the second modification. The paper also shortly analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using the IMIC algorithm.
处理缺失数据是日常数据分析的关键部分。IMIC算法是一种能够处理数值和分类混合数据集的缺失数据补全方法。然而,分类数据对这项工作至关重要。本文提出了对IMIC算法的新改进。这两种建议的修改考虑了每个分类变量中类别的数量。根据这些信息,计算修改原始度量的因子。因子方程的灵感来自于在分类数据的层次聚类中已知的Eskin相似性度量。结果表明,随着数据集缺失值比的增大,使用第二次修正可以获得更好的结果。本文还简要分析了采用IMIC算法的优缺点。
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引用次数: 0
Probability Distribution Modeling of Scanner Prices and Relative Prices 扫描仪价格和相对价格的概率分布模型
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.14
P. Sulewski, Jacek Białek
The article deals with the problem of the proper selection of the theoretical distribution to describe the empirical distribution of scanner prices. In the empirical study we use scanner data from one retail chain in Poland, i.e. monthly data on natural yoghurt, drinking yoghurt, long grain rice and coffee powder sold in 212 outlets in January and February 2022. Prices and price relatives were modeled using selected ten probability distributions with non-negative support, including two, three and four-parameter family of distributions In addition to the visual assessment in the form of empirical PDF and CDF figures, numerical criteria were used. These include information criteria values such as AIC, BIC, HQIC and p values calculated for the K-S, AD and CVM goodness-of-fit tests. Our research showed that at least two models could be distinguished as very accurate, which provides a good background for simulation research on price indices or for the construction of so-called population price indices.
本文讨论了在描述扫描仪价格的经验分布时,如何正确选择理论分布的问题。在实证研究中,我们使用了波兰一家零售连锁店的扫描仪数据,即2022年1月和2月在212家门店销售的天然酸奶、饮用酸奶、长粒米和咖啡粉的月度数据。价格和价格相关性使用选择的10个非负支持概率分布(包括2、3和4参数分布族)建模,除了以经验PDF和CDF图的形式进行视觉评估外,还使用数值标准。这些包括信息标准值,如AIC、BIC、HQIC和为K-S、AD和CVM拟合优度检验计算的p值。我们的研究表明,至少有两个模型可以区分为非常准确,这为价格指数的模拟研究或所谓的人口价格指数的构建提供了很好的背景。
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引用次数: 0
Population Census Microdata Availability 人口普查微数据可用性
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2021.44
J. Novak
In this paper, the author aims to describe the dissemination of microdata from the population census by National Statistical Offices. This type of data is highly confidential, and approaches to protection vary across the world. National Statistical Offices mostly strive to publish their data as much as possible, but they are bounded by national and international laws to protect the personal data of respondents. The primary goal is mapping the differences between countries and their categorization. Different approaches to microdata availability are described, and various data access approaches are depicted. The information was obtained from publicly available documentation and a survey in which selected statistical offices were contacted. Discovered were that of the 223 countries (including dependent territories), 100 countries have made microdata available for the scientific community, with 30 countries also providing microdata access to the public. This paper presents a mapped overview and aggregated information on the publication of microdata of the population census from around the world.
在本文中,作者旨在描述国家统计局对人口普查微观数据的传播情况。这种类型的数据是高度机密的,世界各地的保护方法各不相同。国家统计局大多努力尽可能多地公布其数据,但它们受国家和国际法律的约束,以保护受访者的个人数据。主要目标是绘制国家之间的差异及其分类。描述了微观数据可用性的不同方法,并描述了各种数据访问方法。这些信息是从公开的文件和一项调查中获得的,在调查中联系了选定的统计局。发现的是223个国家(包括附属领土)中,有100个国家向科学界提供了微观数据,30个国家也向公众提供微观数据。本文介绍了世界各地公布人口普查微观数据的概况和汇总信息。
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引用次数: 0
Selected Coefficients of Demographic Old Age in Traditional and Potential Terms on the Example of Poland and Czechia 传统和潜在术语中的人口老龄系数选择——以波兰和捷克为例
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.22
Joanna Adrianowska
The aging process of the population is a natural demographic process, which is gaining more and more intensity both in Poland, Czechia and other countries. This is a demographically important issue, as it is related to many aspects of life, such as the social care system, the healthcare system or the pension system. The article presents selected demographic coefficients in the traditional approach, in which the construction of measures is based on determining the participation of elderly people in the total population or reflecting the relationship between different age groups. The article also presents coefficients in potential (static) terms, in which not only the number of age groups is important, but also how many years a person or age group can still survive. The values of population ageing coefficients in terms of potential and traditional demography were calculated on the example of Poland and Czechia.
人口老龄化过程是一种自然的人口过程,在波兰、捷克等国家都呈现出越来越强烈的趋势。这是一个人口统计学上的重要问题,因为它与生活的许多方面有关,例如社会护理系统、医疗保健系统或养老金系统。本文介绍了传统方法中所选择的人口系数,即在确定老年人在总人口中的参与或反映不同年龄组之间的关系的基础上构建措施。文章还介绍了潜在(静态)系数,其中不仅年龄组的数量很重要,而且一个人或年龄组还能活多少年。以波兰和捷克为例,计算了潜在人口老龄化系数和传统人口老龄化系数的数值。
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引用次数: 0
Methodological Aspects of Measuring Preferences Using the Rank and Thurstone Scale 使用Rank和Thurstone量表测量偏好的方法学方面
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.5
Joanna Dȩbicka, E. Mazurek, K. Ostasiewicz
The fundamental problem with the measurement of preferences is that it not only attempts to measure something that is, by its nature, “unmeasurable”, but also hidden from a direct observation. In addition, a person’s current emotional, material and social situation influences the measurement of preferences resulting from the person’s system of values. The paper is a study on the methodology of preference measurement, a comparison and evaluation of two methods of scale construction. Among various techniques we investigate the two methods: Thurstone procedure for finding scale separations developed by Thurstone and the simplest rank method of scaling. This study examines the relative merits of Thurstone and rank techniques of scale construction.
衡量偏好的根本问题是,它不仅试图衡量本质上“不可测量”的东西,而且还隐藏在直接观察之外。此外,一个人当前的情感、物质和社会状况会影响对个人价值体系产生的偏好的衡量。本文对偏好测量方法进行了研究,对两种规模构建方法进行了比较和评价。在各种技术中,我们研究了两种方法:由瑟斯通开发的寻找标度分离的瑟斯通程序和最简单的标度秩法。本研究考察了瑟斯通和等级技术的相对优点。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling Marital Reverse Annuity Contract in a Stochastic Economic Environment 随机经济环境下婚姻年金逆向契约的建模
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2022.2
Joanna Dȩbicka, S. Heilpern, A. Marciniuk
In the paper, we present the methodology of calculating the benefit of a marriage reverse annuity using the multiple state model for marriage life insurance. We model the probabilistic structure and cash flows arising from marriage reverse annuity contracts in the case of the joint-life status and the last surviving status assuming that the spouses' future lifetimes are independent. Usually, it is assumed that the interest rate is constant and the same through the years. It is not a realistic assumption. Therefore, this article's purpose is to calculate benefits under the assumption that the interest rate is a stochastic process or a fuzzy number model of the constant interest rate. We conduct a comparative analysis of the amount of benefit (taking into account the different frequency of their payment) for the different models of interest rates.
在本文中,我们提出了使用婚姻人寿保险的多状态模型计算婚姻反向年金收益的方法。假设配偶的未来寿命是独立的,我们对共同生活状态和最后一次生存状态下的婚姻反向年金合同产生的概率结构和现金流进行了建模。通常情况下,假设利率是恒定的,并且多年不变。这不是一个现实的假设。因此,本文的目的是在利率是一个随机过程或恒定利率的模糊数模型的假设下计算收益。我们对不同利率模型的福利金额(考虑到不同的支付频率)进行了比较分析。
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引用次数: 1
Fisim Methodology and Options of Its Estimation: the Case of the Czech Republic Fisim方法论及其估计选项——以捷克共和国为例
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2021.26
J. Vincenc
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured, or simply FISIM, is an adjustment made in national accounts which constitutes significant element in output of the financial institutions. Therefore, the methodological aspects of this adjustment are still broadly discussed issue. In case of the Czech Republic, the institution responsible for the estimation is the Czech Statistical Office. The paper deeply analyses the approach of this institution and compare it with opinions of many authors. Based on this literature research, the aim of this paper is to propose improvements in the current estimation and find out other options how to estimate the most accurate value of FISIM.
间接衡量的金融中介服务,或简称FISIM,是在国民核算中作出的调整,构成金融机构产出的重要组成部分。因此,这一调整的方法方面仍然是广泛讨论的问题。就捷克共和国而言,负责估算的机构是捷克统计局。本文深入分析了该机构的做法,并与许多作者的观点进行了比较。在文献研究的基础上,本文的目的是对目前的估计提出改进意见,并寻找其他方法来估计最准确的FISIM值。
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引用次数: 0
The Global Pension Index of Slovakia 斯洛伐克的全球养老金指数
IF 0.2 Q4 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.54694/stat.2021.38
J. Gubalová, Petra Medveďová, Jana Špirková
In every corner of quality of the world, the issue of pension system is being addressed. One of the most important documents that has offered its evaluation is the Mercer consulting firm and the CFA Institute, in cooperation with the Monash Center for Financial Studies. Since Slovakia is not included among the countries that evaluate these companies in their study, this paper offers the calculation of the Global Pension Index for Slovakia in the year 2020. Based on the data obtained and the grade from A to E, Slovakia is one of the countries that are rated by C+ with a total score of 65 points out of 100 as a country with a pension system “that has some good features, but also includes major risks and/or shortcomings that should be addressed. Without these improvements, its efficacy and/or long-term sustainability can be questioned.” The problems that affect the pension index of Slovakia are very low pensions for low-income groups, the level of pension assets as a percentage of GDP at the level of 14.35%, the participation in the labour rate at the level of 4.5% for the age 65 and over, and low real economic growth.
在世界质量的每一个角落,养老金制度的问题正在被解决。提供评估的最重要的文件之一是美世咨询公司和CFA协会,与莫纳什金融研究中心合作。由于斯洛伐克不在其研究中评估这些公司的国家之列,因此本文提供了斯洛伐克2020年全球养老金指数的计算。根据获得的数据和从A到E的评分,斯洛伐克是一个被评为C+的国家之一,总分为65分(满分为100分),其养老金制度“有一些好的特点,但也有重大风险和/或应该解决的缺点”。如果没有这些改进,其有效性和/或长期可持续性就会受到质疑。”影响斯洛伐克养老金指数的问题是低收入群体的养老金非常低,养老金资产水平占GDP的比例为14.35%,65岁及以上的劳动力参与率为4.5%,实际经济增长率较低。
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引用次数: 0
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Statistika-Statistics and Economy Journal
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