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Senior Digital Up-Skilling – Erasmus Plus Programme Project Dial Case Study 高级数字技能提升-伊拉斯谟计划项目表盘案例研究
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0024
Iveta Cirule, Monta Balta, I. Komarova, I. Gudele
Abstract Research purpose. With the current and progressive ageing of the population globally, in Europe over the past three decades, the urgency of creating a specific theoretical and educational model for older adults, in which the professional purpose is not the most important, is rising. Senior digital up-skilling is one of the pathways to widen the horizon of senior citizens (aged 55 plus) to be socially included in both society and labour market. The research article reveals the results of the project ‘Digital Acquisition through Intergenerational Learning’ (DIAL No. 2017-1-LV01-KA204-035455, Erasmus Plus programme) senior survey on training needs of digital skills from Latvia. Design/Methodology/Approach. The research was carried out based on a quantitative survey conducted in four project partner countries in 2018, totally reaching out 1003 respondents. The sample of Latvia represents 236 adult learners, aged 55 plus. The survey was conducted based on two main scales: ‘skill self-assessment and study needs’ and four subscales ‘computer essentials, communication and collaboration, hardware and Internet’. The main aim of the research was to estimate digital literacy level among senior citizens in project countries and develop training and teaching materials for adult learners and teachers based on survey results. Findings. The main finding reveals the senior digital skill self-assessment and study needs. The majority of respondents revealed that they lack skills of communication in social media; at the same time they are willing to learn how to use Facebook and Viber, but they are not interested to use WhatsApp and Twitter for communication purposes with friends and family. The respondents are interested in apprehending video skills via mobile phones and e-governance service tools. These are only some findings out of almost 70 survey statements. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The training materials in five languages (English, Latvian, Portuguese, Turkish and Greek) were developed based on the senior digital skills self-assessment and study needs survey. This is a practical intellectual output and value of the project DIAL – creation of innovative teaching materials for senior digital up-skilling.
研究目的。随着目前全球人口的不断老龄化,在过去的三十年里,在欧洲,为老年人创造一种特定的理论和教育模式的紧迫性正在上升,在这种模式中,职业目的不是最重要的。老年人数字技能提升是拓宽老年人(55岁以上)的视野,使其融入社会和劳动力市场的途径之一。该研究文章揭示了“通过代际学习获取数字”项目(DIAL号:2017-1-LV01-KA204-035455, Erasmus Plus项目)对拉脱维亚数字技能培训需求的高级调查结果。设计/方法/方法。该研究是基于2018年在四个项目伙伴国进行的定量调查,共访问了1003名受访者。拉脱维亚的样本代表了236名55岁以上的成人学习者。该调查基于两个主要量表:“技能自我评估和学习需求”,以及四个次级量表:“计算机基础、沟通与协作、硬件和互联网”。该研究的主要目的是估计项目国家老年人的数字素养水平,并根据调查结果为成人学习者和教师开发培训和教学材料。发现。主要发现揭示了老年人数字技能自我评估和学习需求。大多数受访者表示,他们缺乏社交媒体的沟通技巧;与此同时,他们愿意学习如何使用Facebook和Viber,但他们对使用WhatsApp和Twitter与朋友和家人交流不感兴趣。受访者对通过手机和电子政务服务工具掌握视频技能感兴趣。这些只是近70份调查声明中的部分发现。创意/价值/实际意义。五种语言(英语、拉脱维亚语、葡萄牙语、土耳其语和希腊语)的培训材料是根据高级数字技能自我评估和学习需求调查编写的。这是DIAL项目的实际智力产出和价值——为高级数字技能提升创造创新教材。
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引用次数: 0
Creation of High Technologies: Comparative Analysis of Countries 高新技术的创造:各国的比较分析
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0022
Audronė Kvedarienė
Abstract Research purpose. High technology creation, as a rule, requires national support systems although the flow of the created value in an international level is unexplored. The national innovation systems are becoming globalized; thus the distinct process of creation, dissemination and implementation of high technologies is becoming globally fragmented and therefore the added value distribution within the global value chain (GVC) should be investigated. Design/Methodology/Approach. The brief and extensive academic literature review dedicated to high technology creation is introduced, although the empirical investigation is narrowed to the scientific research and development sector, depicted as M72 by NACE statistical classification. Thus empirical research design is based on the sectoral level data, considering M72 sector as the main economic activity for high technology creation. The data for the comparative analysis of countries is retrieved from the 2014 world input–output data (WIOD) which enables to exclude double counting of added value inherent for the convenient import and export data and holds information of intermediate and final consumption of added value within a country and between different countries. The descriptive statistic based on WIOD data is provided and further prescriptive statistics for the data interpretation is conducted. While developing the predictive models, the number of investigated countries varies while the data for M72 sector is not available for all countries provided in WIOD and including to the model basic science and technology indicators as independent variables, retrieved from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development database, the number of countries reduced additionally, also due to the data shortage. Findings. The key result is the provided methodology for the positioning of the countries evaluating the involvement in the upstream and downstream GVC processes, hereby introducing new indicators that may have an impact on the sector’s performance. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The evaluation of high technologies creation performance would provide insights into the international management and innovation policies, and the matrix concept for the positioning countries by the pattern of involvement to the GVCs could be applied to other sectors.
研究目的。高技术的创造通常需要国家支持系统,尽管所创造的价值在国际一级的流动尚未得到探索。国家创新体系走向全球化;因此,高科技的创造、传播和实施的独特过程在全球范围内变得支离破碎,因此应该调查全球价值链(GVC)内的附加值分布。设计/方法/方法。尽管实证调查仅限于科学研究和开发部门,并被NACE统计分类描述为M72,但本文还是介绍了专门针对高科技创新的简短而广泛的学术文献综述。因此,实证研究设计基于行业层面的数据,考虑M72行业作为高新技术创造的主要经济活动。各国比较分析的数据取自2014年世界投入产出数据(world input-output data, WIOD),为了方便进出口数据,排除了对固有增加值的重复计算,保存了一个国家内部和不同国家之间增加值的中间和最终消费信息。给出了基于WIOD数据的描述性统计,并对数据解释进行了进一步的规定性统计。在开发预测模型时,调查的国家数量有所不同,而M72部门的数据并非适用于WIOD提供的所有国家,并且模型中包括从经济合作与发展组织数据库检索的基础科学和技术指标作为自变量,国家数量也由于数据短缺而进一步减少。发现。关键结果是提供了评估参与全球价值链上游和下游过程的国家定位的方法,从而引入了可能对该部门绩效产生影响的新指标。创意/价值/实际意义。对高技术创造绩效的评价将有助于了解国际管理和创新政策,根据参与全球价值链的模式对国家进行定位的矩阵概念可适用于其他部门。
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引用次数: 0
Uniformity of Application of the EU Customs Law: Problematic Aspects in the Baltic States 欧盟海关法的统一适用:波罗的海国家的问题
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0019
Gediminas Valantiejus, Saulius Katuoka
Abstract Research purpose. The EU Customs Law is a significant branch of the EU substantive law. On the basis of the Union Customs Code (UCC; Regulation [EU] No. 952/2013) and the Combined Nomenclature of the European Union (Regulation [EU] No. 2658/87 and its Annexes), it regulates the international trade of the European Union and its Member States with the third countries, in particular the taxation of the international trade operations by applying the customs duties/tariffs. However, after the adoption of the UCC, which imperatively requires all the customs administrations of the EU Member States to work as one, the problem of the uniform application of the EU customs law remains very important. Therefore, the authors analyse the practice of the Baltic States (i.e. Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) in this area, based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in cases involving references to the CJEU by the national courts of different Baltic States. Design/Methodology/Approach. The authors used the thematic analysis method and the method of generalisation of professional (judicial) practice as the basis of the chosen methodology and its design. Therefore, first of all, the authors have selected the judicial cases of the CJEU (in the period from 2010 to 2018) related to a certain theme – customs duties. Second, the authors compared the practice of the CJEU in such cases, which are attributable to the relevant EU Member State in order to identify the problems of uniformity in the application of the EU customs law (specific to the different Baltic States). Finally, by using comparative insights and comparative method, the authors present proposals for the improvement of legal regulation to ensure the compatibility of national rules and practices with the EU law. Findings. During the investigation, the authors established that the problems of the uniform application of the EU customs law in the Baltic States arose in specific areas. Such areas were tariff classification of goods, determination of the origin and value of goods (in the case of Latvia), regulation of customs procedures (in the case of Estonia), customs duties and other import taxes preferences (in the case of Lithuania). At the same time, it was established that the national courts of the Republic of Lithuania were the least active in ensuring co-operation with the CJEU this area, which could have been caused by the improper national legal regulations. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The authors present (after the assessment of the experience of the Baltic States) the proposals for the improvement of both the legal regulations of the EU customs law as well as national legal regulations (in particular – in the Republic of Lithuania) to improve the areas that cause systemic irregularities of the uniform regulation of the international trade regulatory measures of the European Union. Whilst some of the similar studies were completed in the
研究目的。欧盟海关法是欧盟实体法的重要分支。在欧盟海关法典(UCC;法规[EU]第952/2013号)和欧盟综合命名法(法规[EU]第2658/87号及其附件),规范欧盟及其成员国与第三国的国际贸易,特别是通过征收关税/关税对国际贸易业务征税。然而,在UCC通过后,它迫切要求欧盟成员国的所有海关管理机构作为一个整体工作,统一适用欧盟海关法的问题仍然非常重要。因此,作者分析了波罗的海国家(即爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛共和国)在这方面的做法,根据欧洲联盟法院(欧洲法院)在涉及不同波罗的海国家法院提及欧洲法院的案件中的判例法。设计/方法/方法。作者采用专题分析方法和专业(司法)实践的概括方法作为方法论选择和设计的基础。因此,笔者首先选取了欧洲法院2010年至2018年期间与某一主题——关税相关的司法案例。其次,作者比较了欧洲法院在这类案件中的做法,这些案件可归因于相关的欧盟成员国,以确定欧盟海关法适用的统一性问题(具体到不同的波罗的海国家)。最后,运用比较的见解和比较的方法,作者提出了完善法律规制的建议,以确保国家规则和实践与欧盟法律的兼容性。发现。在调查期间,作者确定,在波罗的海国家统一适用欧盟海关法的问题出现在具体领域。这些领域是货物的关税分类、确定货物的原产地和价值(拉脱维亚)、海关程序的管制(爱沙尼亚)、关税和其他进口税优惠(立陶宛)。同时,立陶宛共和国的国家法院在确保与欧洲法院在这方面的合作方面是最不积极的,这种合作可能是由于不适当的国家法律条例造成的。创意/价值/实际意义。作者(在对波罗的海国家的经验进行评估后)提出了改善欧盟海关法法律法规以及国家法律法规(特别是-在立陶宛共和国)的建议,以改善导致欧盟国际贸易监管措施统一监管的系统性违规行为的领域。虽然近年来完成了一些类似的研究(例如Limbach 2015),但它们并没有对所调查的问题进行详细的比较分析,特别是考虑到波罗的海国家的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Tax Liabilities of The Board Member in Latvia: Legal-Economic Aspects 拉脱维亚董事会成员的纳税义务:法律-经济方面
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0025
Ināra Brante, Ilona Lejniece
Abstract Research purpose. To analyse the content of legal acts regulating the personal responsibility of the Member of the Board for overdue tax payments by a legal person, to carry out an analysis of the legal and economic conditions of business development. Design/ Methodology/ Approach. The study is based on the economic and legal analysis of legal acts using descriptive, analytical, deductive and inductive methods, on the basis of which the authors draw conclusions about the responsibility of the Members of the Board, their rights and obligations towards the state and society, deliberately avoiding compulsory taxes. The research has been created as a systematic review, including searching in databases The Legal acts of the Republic of Latvia and The Commercial Register of the Republic of Latvia, specific literature, publications of expert, methodically analysing, compiling and including and excluding information. Findings. The responsibility of the Member of the Board for losses incurred by a legal person in Latvia has so far been an insufficiently researched topic and there is a lack of publications and case summaries. This creates problems for the uniform application of the law in practice. This study will analyse current issues – the conditions for the responsibility of a Member of the Board as a natural person for the tax liabilities of a legal person, analysis of statistical data. Changes in statistical data and legislation in the study cover the period from the entry into force of changes in legislation that provide for the personal financial responsibility of the Member of the Board for a legal person’s tax debts. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The study contributes to the analysis of the business environment in two aspects: 1) economic aspects related to changes in the legislation on the personal responsibility of the Member of the Board for corporate tax debts; 2) the legal conditions that affect the role and responsibility of the Member of the Board in a commercial company in case of damages.
研究目的。分析规范董事会成员对法人逾期纳税责任的法律行为的内容,对企业发展的法律和经济条件进行分析。设计/方法论/方法。本研究基于对法律行为的经济和法律分析,采用描述性、分析性、演绎法和归纳法,在此基础上得出董事会成员对国家和社会的责任、权利和义务,故意避免强制税收的结论。这项研究是作为一项系统审查而进行的,包括在数据库中检索拉脱维亚共和国的法律行为和拉脱维亚共和国的商业登记册、具体文献、专家出版物,系统地分析、汇编和包括和排除资料。发现。到目前为止,审计委员会成员对拉脱维亚法人所遭受损失的责任一直是一个研究不足的题目,缺乏出版物和案例摘要。这就给法律在实践中的统一适用造成了问题。本研究将分析当前的问题-董事会成员作为自然人的责任条件以及法人的纳税义务,分析统计数据。研究报告中统计数据和立法的变化涵盖了规定委员会成员对法人的税务债务负有个人财务责任的立法的变化生效后的时期。创意/价值/实际意义。该研究有助于从两个方面对商业环境进行分析:1)与董事会成员对公司税收债务的个人责任立法变化有关的经济方面;2)在发生损害的情况下,影响商业公司董事会成员的作用和责任的法律条件。
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引用次数: 1
Personal Qualities in the Context of Sales Manager Competence Development 销售经理能力发展背景下的个人素质
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0021
Ausra Gabreviciene, Birutė Petrošienė, Danguolė Šidlauskienė
Abstract Research purpose: The aim was to identify the personal qualities needed to develop sales manager competences. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methods used were theoretical—systematic analysis of literature sources; empirical—employers’ research questionnaire; descriptive statistical data analysis. Findings. Having analyzed the competencies and personal qualities required for a sales manager, one can observe the tendency to look at the future specialist in a modern way. Both authors and respondents emphasize that the future employee must take the initiative to improve his/her professionalism. When comparing the competencies, required for the manager, indicated by the scientists and employers, the conclusion is that a large part of managerial competencies are partly or entirely of generic competences origin deriving from the personal qualities. For example, creativity in solving problems is a personal feature, but the ability to solve problems creatively must be accompanied by the ability to base the decision on appropriate knowledge. On the other hand, use of special knowledge must be based on creativity in the search for the necessary information, which is again a matter of personal qualities. Originality/Value/Practical implications. Based on the results of the research carried out, the authors of the article propose measures to improve a sales manager’s competence development(a) by training a sales manager, to reduce the scope of strategic knowledge subjects in the study process, and fill in loose credits with the subjects that develop the student’s competences to identify perfectly the functional values of the products and services sold and to sell them but not just to offer as low price as possible; and (b) in the descriptions of management study programs, to emphasize the orientation to changing labor market factors: increase of personal responsibility, promotion of creativity and individual initiative, continuous learning and adaptation to changing conditions.
摘要研究目的:旨在确定发展销售经理能力所需的个人素质。设计/方法/途径:采用文献来源的理论系统分析方法;实证雇主研究问卷;描述性统计数据分析。发现。分析了销售经理所需的能力和个人素质之后,人们可以观察到用现代方式看待未来专家的趋势。作者和受访者都强调,未来的员工必须主动提高自己的专业水平。当比较科学家和雇主指出的经理所需的能力时,结论是大部分管理能力部分或全部是源于个人素质的一般能力。例如,解决问题的创造力是个人的特征,但创造性地解决问题的能力必须伴随着基于适当知识的决策能力。另一方面,专业知识的使用必须建立在创造性的基础上,在寻找必要的信息,这也是一个个人素质的问题。创意/价值/实际意义。根据研究结果,本文作者提出了提高销售经理能力发展的措施:(1)通过培训销售经理,在学习过程中减少战略性知识科目的范围,用能够培养学生能力的科目来填补空缺,以完善识别所销售产品和服务的功能价值,并将其出售,而不仅仅是提供尽可能低的价格;(b)在管理学习课程的描述中,强调对不断变化的劳动力市场因素的导向:增加个人责任,促进创造力和个人主动性,持续学习和适应不断变化的条件。
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引用次数: 1
Regional Limitations of Stock Indices Prediction Models Based on Macroeconomic Variables 基于宏观经济变量的股指预测模型的区域局限性
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0018
Tomas Sovijus Kvainickas, Jelena Stankevičienė
Abstract Research purpose. Stocks as well as other securities are a crucial part of the financial market that helps to redistribute financial resources amongst market participants, which in a modern economy include not only professional stock players but also many common individuals seeking to increase their capital. Previous studies found a strong relationship between the macroeconomic variables and stock returns but often the explanatory power of those models seems to be limited in the applicable region. The aim of this article is to establish whether each region’s stock indices have to be predicted based on a separate set of variables. Design / Methodology / Approach. The article uses correlation–regression analysis method to confirm the initial hypothesis regarding regional limitations of such prediction models. Findings. The same set of independent variables cannot be directly applied to different regions because although the chosen Y2B model did provide an accurate relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock indices in the United Kingdom, it failed to provide accurate (usable) results in other regions (Estonia, European Union, France, Germany, Latvia and Lithuania), Originality / Value / Practical implications. The results are important in order to define the way that the smaller and less-researched economies should be examined because detailed researches of power economies such as the United States, the United Kingdom, China or Germany often cannot be directly applied outside the initial research region. Therefore, the need of separate studies for smaller regions such as Baltic States is confirmed.
研究目的。股票和其他证券是金融市场的重要组成部分,有助于在市场参与者之间重新分配金融资源,在现代经济中,市场参与者不仅包括专业的股票投资者,还包括许多寻求增加资本的普通个人。以往的研究发现宏观经济变量与股票收益之间有很强的关系,但这些模型的解释能力往往在适用区域内似乎有限。本文的目的是确定每个地区的股票指数是否必须基于一组单独的变量进行预测。设计/方法论/方法。本文采用相关回归分析方法,对这些预测模型的区域局限性进行初步假设。发现。同一组自变量不能直接应用于不同地区,因为尽管所选的Y2B模型确实提供了英国宏观经济变量与股票指数之间的准确关系,但它未能提供其他地区(爱沙尼亚、欧盟、法国、德国、拉脱维亚和立陶宛)的准确(可用)结果。这些结果很重要,因为对于美国、英国、中国或德国等大国经济的详细研究往往不能直接应用于最初的研究区域之外,因此可以确定对较小和研究较少的经济体进行审查的方式。因此,必须对波罗的海国家等较小的区域进行单独的研究。
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引用次数: 1
The Role of Small Business in the Economy and Methods of Its Government Support Using the Example of the Republic of Latvia 小企业在经济中的作用及其政府支持方法——以拉脱维亚共和国为例
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0023
Ludmila Verovska, Renate Zujeva
Abstract Research purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of small and medium enterprises in the economy, as well as to study and evaluate the effectiveness of government support methods for small business entities (SMEs) using the example of the Republic of Latvia. The subject of the research was the system of state regulation and promotion of SME development. The object of the research was the sphere of small business in the Latvian economy, including SMEs, infrastructure support and development of small business. Design/Methodology/Approach. The study used basic methods of scientific knowledge of economics: an interdisciplinary approach combining methods of systems and comparative analysis, an integrated approach, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, methods of organization theory and management, logical analysis, strategic management and also economic analysis of small businesses. Findings. The research resulted in a system of state regulation and promotion of SME development in Latvia developed by the author, based on an assessment of the impact of measures provided to support SMEs, taking into account the importance of the role of small business in the economy of the Republic of Latvia. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The practical significance of the work is that the study completes a number of conclusions and practical recommendations in the field of organizational measures for effective support and multilateral development of the SME sector in the economy, recognition of the role of small business as the basis of the economic stability of the Republic of Latvia and the effectiveness of its support as the main state economic policy goal.
研究目的。本研究的目的是确定中小企业在经济中的作用,并以拉脱维亚共和国为例,研究和评估政府对小企业实体(SMEs)的支持方法的有效性。本文的研究主题是国家调控与促进中小企业发展的制度。研究的对象是拉脱维亚经济中的小企业领域,包括中小企业、基础设施支助和小企业发展。设计/方法/方法。本研究运用了经济学科学知识的基本方法:结合系统分析和比较分析方法的跨学科方法,综合方法,归纳,演绎,分析,综合,组织理论和管理方法,逻辑分析,战略管理方法以及小企业的经济分析。发现。考虑到小企业在拉脱维亚共和国经济中的重要作用,作者根据对支持中小企业措施的影响的评估,制定了拉脱维亚国家监管和促进中小企业发展的制度。创意/价值/实际意义。这项工作的实际意义在于,该研究完成了在有效支持和多边发展经济中中小企业部门的组织措施领域的一些结论和实际建议,承认小企业作为拉脱维亚共和国经济稳定的基础的作用,并将其支持作为主要国家经济政策目标的有效性。
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引用次数: 9
Enhancing the Value of Lifestyle Bundles 提升生活方式套餐的价值
Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0001
Michael P. Levens
Abstract Research purpose. The study of marketing a lifestyle offering involves allowing brands from different categories to collaborate in giving, essentially, a new offering as a bundle to consumers. This is particularly important for brands operating in segments that have a significant loyalty or in segments that have become or are becoming commodities. A lifestyle offering can span categories and address latent consumer attitudes such as aspiration and convenience. Lifestyle bundles were introduced as a “way of life that individuals express by choosing to allocate their time and personal resources to a single package of two or more goods or services that they believe represent their current or desired way of life” (Levens, 2010). The initial research on lifestyle bundles was contextualized through a bundled multi-category luxury offering, targeting affluent consumers, which was built on the concepts of luxury marketing, bundling and the needs, attitudes and behaviours of affluent consumers. The bundle items include a home, a vehicle and a vacation club. This paper revisits the original work on this topic and explores ways to enhance interest in the underlying bundle proposition. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology to explore enhancements to the lifestyle bundles involved re-analyzing the data cube used to develop the inaugural lifestyle bundle research (Levens, 2010). The data cube was mined to identify individual preferences to increase consumer interest in the original concept. The underlying argument is that adjusting the lifestyle bundle items may increase consumer interest in the overall concept. The analysis presented in this paper was completed through statistical description using SPSS software. Findings. The initial concept evaluation identified a non-trivial level of interest in the lifestyle bundle consisting of a home, a vehicle and a vacation club. This paper identifies modifications to the bundles that would increase consumer interest among rejecters and supporters of the lifestyle bundle concept. While novelty was acknowledged as a reason for consumer interest, it was clear that utility derived from convenience and lifestyle expression was the basis for many consumers supporting the concept. Concept rejecters also noted these attributes as influencing their opinions. Elimination of the vacation club offer from the lifestyle bundle would have the greatest impact on increasing rejection. Adding home and vehicle insurance to the lifestyle bundle would have the greatest impact on enhancing the value proposition for concept supporters. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Lifestyle bundles are a novel approach for marketers to differentiate their products and create new opportunities among consumers who might have not previously considered their products or services. Enhancing the lifestyle bundle offer can only increase those opportunities.
研究目的。营销一种生活方式产品的研究涉及允许不同类别的品牌合作,从本质上讲,向消费者提供一种新的捆绑产品。这对于那些拥有极高忠诚度的细分市场或已经成为或正在成为商品的细分市场的品牌来说尤为重要。提供生活方式的产品可以跨越类别,并解决潜在的消费者态度,如渴望和便利。生活方式捆绑包被介绍为“个人通过选择将他们的时间和个人资源分配到他们认为代表他们当前或期望的生活方式的两种或更多商品或服务的单一包装来表达的生活方式”(Levens, 2010)。最初对生活方式捆绑销售的研究是基于奢侈品营销、捆绑销售以及富裕消费者的需求、态度和行为的概念,通过针对富裕消费者的多品类奢侈品捆绑销售进行情境化的。套餐包括一套房子、一辆车和一个度假俱乐部。本文回顾了关于该主题的原始工作,并探讨了增强对底层包命题的兴趣的方法。设计/方法论/方法。探索增强生活方式捆绑包的方法包括重新分析用于开发首个生活方式捆绑包研究的数据立方体(Levens, 2010)。挖掘数据立方体以确定个人偏好,以增加消费者对原始概念的兴趣。潜在的论点是,调整生活方式捆绑项目可能会增加消费者对整体概念的兴趣。本文的分析采用SPSS软件进行统计描述。发现。最初的概念评估发现,人们对包括房子、汽车和度假俱乐部在内的生活方式的兴趣程度很高。本文确定了对捆绑的修改,这将增加消费者对生活方式捆绑概念的反对者和支持者的兴趣。虽然新奇被认为是消费者感兴趣的一个原因,但很明显,来自便利和生活方式表达的实用性是许多消费者支持这一概念的基础。概念拒绝者也注意到这些属性会影响他们的观点。将度假俱乐部从生活方式套餐中剔除,将对越来越多的拒绝产生最大的影响。在生活方式套餐中加入家庭和车辆保险,将对提高概念支持者的价值主张产生最大的影响。原创性/价值/实际意义。生活方式捆绑包是营销人员区分产品的一种新方法,并在以前可能没有考虑过他们的产品或服务的消费者中创造新的机会。加强生活方式捆绑销售只会增加这些机会。
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引用次数: 0
Linear Model for Brand Portfolio Optimization 品牌组合优化的线性模型
Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0004
Pavol Král, K. Janoskova, P. Durana
Abstract Research purpose. The aim of the paper is to create a model that allows building an optimal brand portfolio, allowing an organisation to achieve its goals. The created model is based on the bivalent programming theory. A mathematical model of optimum brand portfolio is created based on linear programming with restricting conditions being the maximum acceptable risk level and budget. The basic types of resources and basic types of relations between brands are explained, which are part of the process of brand portfolio optimization. Design / Methodology / Approach. Knowledge and many years of experience of mainly economic disciplines were used for the selection of characteristics for brand portfolio specified in this article. Our assumptions were based mainly on project portfolio management, operational analysis and linear programming as well as tools and methods of graph theory. Findings. Brand portfolio management such as creating, planning, organising and then maintaining a successful brand is a costly and long-term process involving effective marketing strategies and decisions. The prerequisite for brand portfolio creation is deciding on the number and type of brands. A properly constructed brand portfolio is a prerequisite for achieving business goals. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Brand portfolio optimisation requires sufficient attention; however, rather than the selection of the highest number of brands, it should be based on compilation of a set, according to pre-defined priorities, which would provide the best possible means to meet the company’s goals for the current limitations. It should be implemented upon objective rules (in our case maximum allowable risk level and available budget). Frequent changes in the brand portfolio structure are not beneficial since they reduce the ability for the company to achieve its targets and represent excessive use of resources. In addition, qualitative brand characteristics have to be respected in the brand portfolio management, but this was not covered in our research.
研究目的。本文的目的是创建一个模型,允许建立一个最佳的品牌组合,允许一个组织实现其目标。所建立的模型是基于二价规划理论的。基于线性规划,以最大可接受风险水平和预算为约束条件,建立了最优品牌组合的数学模型。解释了资源的基本类型和品牌之间关系的基本类型,这是品牌组合优化过程的一部分。设计/方法论/方法。在本文中指定的品牌组合特征的选择中,主要运用了经济学科的知识和多年的经验。我们的假设主要基于项目组合管理、操作分析和线性规划以及图论的工具和方法。发现。品牌组合管理,如创建,规划,组织,然后维持一个成功的品牌是一个昂贵的和长期的过程,涉及有效的营销策略和决策。品牌组合创建的前提是确定品牌的数量和类型。正确构建品牌组合是实现业务目标的先决条件。原创性/价值/实际意义。品牌组合优化需要足够的重视;然而,它不应该选择最多的品牌,而应该根据预先定义的优先级来编译一组,这将提供最好的手段来满足公司当前限制的目标。它应该根据客观规则来实现(在我们的例子中是最大允许风险水平和可用预算)。品牌组合结构的频繁变化是不利的,因为它们降低了公司实现其目标的能力,并且代表了资源的过度使用。此外,在品牌组合管理中必须尊重品牌的定性特征,但这在我们的研究中没有涉及。
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引用次数: 0
Russian Arctic Sector Boundaries: The International Issues of Legal Regime in the Arctic Region 俄罗斯北极地区边界:北极地区法律制度的国际问题
Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/jec-2019-0012
Sofiya Shvelidze
Abstract Research purpose. The regime of maritime spaces as a general rule ‘is determined by the principles and norms of international law relating to the oceans and enshrined in the Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982(UNCLOS). However, the issue is that UNCLOS practically does not fix any special regime on the Arctic, bearing in mind that the use of the Arctic spaces is rather effectively regulated at the national levels. Arctic issues in this regard lacked in-depth analysis, and no attempts to develop specific norms and approaches with regard to the Arctic region were made, with the exception of Article 234 of UNCLOS, which is related to the right of the coastal States to ‘regulate navigation’ in its Exclusive Economic Zones. The purpose of the current research is to analyse how far a State may go in the process of establishment of the laws and regulations while exercising the right granted by Article 234, with the particular focus made on the position taken by the Russian Federation. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to achieve the aims of the research, a descriptive method was chosen as the method for clarification on the legal regime currently applicable in the Russian Arctic Sector, in particular supported by the dogmatic method, in order to understand and explain the position taken by the legislative bodies. Findings. The result of the research is the attempts to satisfy how having interests and stakes in the region of high overall salience contributes to prioritization by Russian Federation of its rights over the region by restrictions imposed on the navigational freedoms granted to the States by UNCLOS. Additionally, suggestions are made in respect of the possible solutions necessary in order to strike a balance between national interests of the Arctic States and rights of others States to access the area without causing any harm to the environment and security of the region.
研究目的。“作为一般规则的海洋空间制度”由与海洋有关的国际法原则和规范确定,并载入1958年《日内瓦海洋法公约》和1982年《联合国海洋法公约》(UNCLOS)。然而,问题是《联合国海洋法公约》实际上并没有确定任何关于北极的特殊制度,因为北极空间的使用在国家层面上得到了相当有效的监管。除了《联合国海洋法公约》第234条涉及沿岸国在其专属经济区“调节航行”的权利外,各国对北极问题缺乏深入分析,也没有试图就北极地区制定具体的规范和办法。本研究的目的是分析一个国家在行使第234条所赋予的权利的同时,在制定法律和条例的过程中可以走多远,并特别着重于俄罗斯联邦所采取的立场。设计/方法论/方法。为了达到研究的目的,选择了一种描述性的方法作为澄清目前在俄罗斯北极地区适用的法律制度的方法,特别是在教条方法的支持下,以便理解和解释立法机构所采取的立场。发现。研究的结果是,试图通过限制《联合国海洋法公约》赋予各国的航行自由,来满足俄罗斯联邦在该地区具有高度总体重要性的利益和利害关系如何有助于俄罗斯联邦优先考虑其在该地区的权利。此外,还就必要的可能解决办法提出了建议,以便在北极国家的国家利益和其他国家进入该地区而不对该区域的环境和安全造成任何损害的权利之间取得平衡。
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引用次数: 0
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