Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1353/art.2024.a924599
Guye Pennington
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> An Invitation to Consider a Potential Arthur-figure Memorial Stone <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Guye Pennington </li> </ul> <p><strong>D</strong>id King Arthur exist? While many researchers who work in the field of Arthurian Studies today (particularly those who specialize in the many national literary traditions of the Middle Ages, or those who engage with retellings or reimaginings of the legend in modern media) might consider this query to be either unanswerable or indeed, irrelevant, it must be acknowledged that the ‘Arthur question’ continues to fascinate and preoccupy a significant number of scholars of both the academic/professional and the arm-chair/enthusiast type. Indeed, the debate and discussion about the historical Arthur arguably continues with as much (if not more) enthusiasm in 2024 as it did in 1824 or 1524.<sup>1</sup> A persistent difficulty in identifying Arthur is finding something that has survived from approximately the sixth century that names an Arthur-figure as king. The Glastonbury cross, now lost to history, is generally believed to be the sole inscription to identify a King Arthur, but controversy surrounds its authenticity.<sup>2</sup> Other objects that have been suggested to have an early Arthurian connection include the so-called ‘Slaughterbridge Stone’ in Camelford, Cornwall (attested at least as early as Richard Carew in the 17<sup>th</sup> century)<sup>3</sup> and the Artogonou Stone found in Tintagel.<sup>4</sup></p> <p>Today I would like to suggest that there is another ‘Arthur stone’ that <em>might</em> have some relevance to the debate over the ‘historicity’ of an ‘Arthur-type figure.’ At best, it may add some support to the theory of the existence of an historical King Arthur; at the very least, it may lend support to those who contend that many people in the medieval period (be they the monks at Glastonbury or elsewhere) were invested in ‘proving’ that King Arthur had once existed and that certain key locations were associated with him. Given the geologist’s analysis and report on this particular stone (see Appendix A) it seems almost certain that whatever may be the case, this stone is most likely <em>not</em> a modern forgery.</p> <p>The stone under discussion—which I have tentatively chosen to designate as the FILI MAVRICIVS Stone—was originally found in the 1980s and its presence was made known with some significant media fanfare.<sup>5</sup> However, <strong>[End Page 61]</strong> the legitimacy of the discovery was subsequently discounted as the modern finders—Alan Wilson and Baram Blackett—self-published a number of Arthur-oriented books that propose theories related to Arthur and early Britain that are significantly outside of the realm of conventional scholarship;<sup>6</sup> additionally, the authors’ proclivity towards self-isolation heightened speculation that their find
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Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1353/art.2024.a924602
Tara Foster
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Courtly Pastimes</em> ed. by Gloria Allaire and Julie Human <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Tara Foster </li> </ul> <small>gloria allaire</small> and <small>julie human</small>, eds., <em>Courtly Pastimes</em>. Routledge Medieval Casebooks. New York: Routledge, 2023. Pp. xii, 243. <small>isbn</small>: 978–1–032–30790–9. $160. <p><em>Courtly Pastimes</em>, the most recent entry in the Routledge Medieval Casebooks series, includes sixteen essays that were originally presented at the 2016 Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society hosted by the University of Kentucky in Lexington. The contributors consider a broad scope of ‘activities that furnished occasions for private amusements for the elite as well as their public displays’ (p. 2) between the twelfth and early sixteenth centuries across western Europe.</p> <p>The essays are arranged chronologically, and the first four focus primarily on twelfth-century French texts. Laurence Mathey-Maille’s study of Wace’s <em>Roman de Brut</em> and <em>Roman de Rou</em> enumerates the various pastimes enjoyed by the ruling classes in Britain (dubbed Brittany in the essay; the people are termed Bretons rather than Britons) and Normandy, noting that they mirror those of Wace’s contemporary audience. In narrating interludes of courtly recreation, Wace ‘initiates many motifs that would be developed in later literary texts, especially courtly romances’ (p. 22). Jeanne A. Nightingale reads one of those romances, Chrétien de Troyes’ <em>Erec et Enide</em>, against Bernard de Clairvaux’s sermons on the Song of Songs in the next essay. Nightingale proposes a new reading of Chrétien’s work by drawing convincing parallels between the journey of the spiritual bride and bridegroom as presented by Bernard and the transformational <em>aventure</em> of the romance couple. Janina P. Traxler examines the portrayal of the adulterous lovers in Beroul’s <em>Tristan</em> and Chrétien’s <em>Cligés</em> and <em>Charrete</em>, in which ‘the narrative voice encourages audience sympathy for the lovers via wordplay and dramatic irony’ (p. 45), elements that are largely omitted in the thirteenth-century prose romances of Tristan and Lancelot. In ‘<em>Equitan</em> as Courtly Diversion or Carnivalesque Subversion?’, Monica L. Wright draws our attention to <em>Equitan</em>’s shift in register from <em>lai</em> to <em>fabliau</em> and posits that this shift has its roots in the carnival tradition of transgression and inversion of social order; Wright identifies traces of carnivalesque subversion in the Mardi Gras celebrations of modern rural Louisiana.</p> <p>Moving to German traditions, Christopher R. Clason studies the interplay between nature and culture in Gottfried von Strassburg’s <em>Tristan</em>, arguing that ‘one can define the “ecology” of the work as both courtly space
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者 Courtly Pastimes ed. by Gloria Allaire and Julie Human Tara Foster Gloria Allaire and Julie Human, eds., Courtly Pastimes.Routledge Medieval Casebooks.纽约：Routledge, 2023。第 xii 页，243 页。ISBN：978-1-032-30790-9。$160.宫廷消遣》（Courtly Pastimes）是 Routledge 中世纪案例集系列的最新作品，收录了最初在肯塔基大学莱克星顿分校主办的国际宫廷文学学会 2016 年大会上发表的 16 篇论文。撰稿人探讨了 12 世纪至 16 世纪早期西欧各地 "为精英阶层提供私人娱乐和公开展示场合的活动"（第 2 页）的广泛范围。文章按时间顺序排列，前四篇主要关注十二世纪的法国文本。Laurence Mathey-Maille 对韦斯的《Roman de Brut》和《Roman de Rou》的研究列举了不列颠（文中称其为布列塔尼，人们称其为布列塔尼人而非不列颠人）和诺曼底统治阶级的各种消遣活动，指出这些活动与韦斯的当代读者的消遣活动如出一辙。在叙述宫廷娱乐的插曲时，韦斯 "开创了后来文学文本中的许多主题，尤其是宫廷爱情"（第 22 页）。在下一篇文章中，让娜-A-南丁格尔（Jeanne A. Nightingale）将对照伯纳德-德-克莱尔沃（Bernard de Clairvaux）关于《雅歌》的布道来解读其中的一部浪漫主义作品，即克雷蒂安-德-特鲁瓦（Chrétien de Troyes）的《埃雷克与埃尼德》（Erec et Enide）。南丁格尔对克雷蒂安的作品提出了新的解读，将贝尔纳笔下的精神新娘和新郎的旅程与浪漫情侣的转变冒险之旅进行了令人信服的比较。亚尼娜-P.-特拉克斯勒（Janina P. Traxler）研究了贝鲁尔的《特里斯坦》和克雷蒂安的《克利盖斯与夏雷特》中对这对通奸恋人的描写，其中 "叙述者通过文字游戏和戏剧反讽鼓励观众同情这对恋人"（第 45 页），而这些元素在 13 世纪特里斯坦和兰斯洛特的散文浪漫主义作品中大多被忽略。Monica L. Wright 在 "Equitan as Courtly Diversion or Carnivalesque Subversion? "一文中，提请我们注意 Equitan 在音域上从 lai 到 fabliau 的转变，并认为这种转变源于狂欢传统中对社会秩序的超越和颠覆；Wright 在现代路易斯安那州农村的狂欢节庆祝活动中发现了狂欢式颠覆的痕迹。克里斯托弗-R-克莱森从德国传统出发，研究了戈特弗里德-冯-斯特拉斯堡的《特里斯坦》中自然与文化之间的相互作用，认为 "可以将这部作品的'生态'定义为宫廷空间和自然空间，人类可以在其中体验两种环境，并与其他物种进行有意义的互动"（第 71 页）。亚历山德拉-斯特林-海伦布兰德（Alexandra Sterling-Hellenbrand）讨论了 13 世纪两组壁画中对哈特曼-冯-奥埃的《伊维因》的描绘，认为这两组壁画证明了其赞助人希望沉浸于并参与 [尾页 99]宫廷叙事及其向观众提供的模式。D. 莱尔-德尚特（D. Lyle Dechant）在关于《马内塞法典》正面插图的文章中认为，这些图像不应被视为仅仅是装饰性的，也不应被视为缺席表演者的替身或文本的注释。相反，微型图与歌曲相辅相成，促使读者进行思考和解读。与必须保密的世俗 fin'amors 不同，"阿方索提供了圣母吟游诗人的虚构形象，作为他人的榜样"（第 112 页）。在纪尧姆-德-马肖的《Dits》中，宫廷爱情又回到了尘世；萨拉-斯特姆-马多克斯强调，马肖将艺术才能作为在宫廷社会中获得声誉的骑士才能之外的另一种选择--顺便说一句，女性也可以追求这种选择。在《Blind Man's Buff：Kristen M. Figg 分析了让-弗罗瓦特宫廷叙事中各种游戏形式的功能和意义，包括学习社交技巧、提高语言表达能力以及享受不受严格约束的相对自由的时刻。菲格指出，一些...
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Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1353/art.2024.a924608
James C. Staples
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em> ed. by christopher vaccaro <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> James C. Staples </li> </ul> <small>christopher vaccaro</small>, ed., <em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022. Pp. xii, 388. <small>isbn</small>: 978–1–5261–5333–3. £90.00. <p><em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em> reveals how an erotics of pain in the present can open up a nuanced nexus of affects, and thus a much richer account of subjectivity and agency, in the medieval past. <em>Painful Pleasures</em> is ‘the only volume <strong>[End Page 108]</strong> dedicated to making the subject [of S/M in medieval cultures] its primary focus’ (p. 19); however, the authors frequently engage with scholarship on masochistic martyrdom, the sadomasochism of courtly love, and the violence inherent in medieval marriage, referencing Robert Mills, Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, Sarah Salih, and many others who have considered such topics. Christopher Vaccaro’s introduction provides a thorough genealogical theorization of BDSM, from Krafft-Ebing’s and Freud’s pathologizing accounts to feminist and queer theoretical engagements, but he and the other contributors also frequently incorporate personal experiences or reflections, including Vaccaro’s acknowledgments of the ‘Doms, Sirs, Masters, boys, slaves, and pups’ who provided inspiration (p. xi). Through its focus on connections (and differences) between the past and the present, <em>Painful Pleasures</em> reveals the ‘need’ for studying BDSM ‘to expose the libidinous nature of medieval iterations of power’ (p. 3). The vast approaches and subjects across the volume, united by this singular task, result in a generative approach to medieval pain and its pleasures.</p> <p>The volume is divided into two sections, focusing on ‘spiritual and penitential (con)texts’ and ‘courtly and secular (con)texts,’ respectively. The collection begins with an essay by Nicole Slipp that details how Margery Kempe’s excessive life ‘resonates’ with kink, revealing how Kempe discovers pleasure in a negotiated, consent-based power-relationship with God (p. 37). Tracing evidence across early Irish narratives, Phillip A. Bernhardt-House considers the ‘erotic possibilities’ of accounts of humiliating flagellation (p. 69), noting similarities between two heroic figures—Cú Chulainn and Saint Columba—who faced similar abuses by phallic divinities. Tina-Marie Ranalli masterfully reveals how Christine de Pizan thwarts the conventional sadistic titillation of hagiography—whereby a tyrant ruptures the sexualized bodies of virginal women—through a desexualized masochism that allows the women to remove themselves from the economy of male desire. Karmen MacKendrick revisits Jean Leclerq’s <em>The Love of
以下是内容的简要摘录，以代替摘要：评论者： 痛苦的快感：克里斯托弗-瓦卡罗编著 James C. Staples 克里斯托弗-瓦卡罗编著，《痛苦的快感：中世纪文化中的虐恋》：中世纪文化中的施虐受虐。曼彻斯特：曼彻斯特大学出版社，2022 年。第 xii 页，第 388 页。订书号：978-1-5261-5333-3。痛苦的快感：痛苦的快感：中世纪文化中的施虐受虐狂》揭示了当下的痛苦情色如何能够打开情感的微妙联系，从而对中世纪过去的主体性和能动性进行更为丰富的描述。痛苦的快感》是 "唯一一本专门以[中世纪文化中的性/男性行为]为主题的专著"（第19页）；不过，作者经常参考罗伯特-米尔斯（Robert Mills）、杰弗里-杰罗姆-科恩（Jeffrey Jerome Cohen）、萨拉-萨利赫（Sarah Salih）以及其他许多研究过此类主题的学者的研究成果，探讨受虐殉道、宫廷爱情中的虐恋以及中世纪婚姻中固有的暴力。克里斯托弗-瓦卡罗在导言中对 BDSM 进行了详尽的谱系理论分析，从克拉夫特-艾宾（Krafft-Ebing）和弗洛伊德的病理学论述到女权主义和同性恋者的理论参与，但他和其他撰稿人也经常将个人经历或反思融入其中，包括瓦卡罗对 "Doms、Sirs、Masters、boys、slaves 和 pups "的致谢，他们为该书提供了灵感（第 xi 页）。通过关注过去与现在之间的联系（和差异），《痛苦的快感》揭示了研究 BDSM 的 "必要性"，"以揭示中世纪权力迭代的性欲本质"（第 3 页）。在这一独特任务的指引下，全书采用了大量的研究方法和主题，最终形成了一种研究中世纪疼痛及其快感的生成性方法。全集分为两个部分，分别侧重于 "精神与忏悔（骗）文本 "和 "宫廷与世俗（骗）文本"。这本文集以妮可-斯利普（Nicole Slipp）的一篇文章开篇，文章详细描述了玛格丽-肯普（Margery Kempe）过度的生活如何与淫癖 "共鸣"，揭示了肯普如何在与上帝协商、同意的权力关系中发现快乐（第 37 页）。菲利普-伯恩哈德特-豪斯（Phillip A. Bernhardt-House）通过追溯早期爱尔兰叙事中的证据，探讨了关于羞辱性鞭打的 "情色可能性"（第 69 页），并注意到两个英雄人物--库-丘林（Cú Chulainn）和圣-哥伦布--之间的相似之处，他们都面临着类似的阳具神的虐待。蒂娜-玛丽-拉纳利（Tina-Marie Ranalli）巧妙地揭示了克里斯蒂娜-德-皮赞（Christine de Pizan）如何通过一种去性化的受虐狂，让女性从男性的欲望经济中解脱出来，从而挫败了传统悲惨传记中的虐待性刺激--暴君通过这种方式破坏了处女的性化身体。卡门-麦肯德里克（Karmen MacKendrick）重温了让-莱克勒克（Jean Leclerq）的《学习之爱与对上帝的渴望》（The Love of Learning and the Desire for God）一书，提出了修道士 "对欲望的渴望"（第 134 页）的受虐狂特质，这是一种抗拒最终认识上帝和自我奥秘的研究形式。克里斯托弗-迈克尔-罗曼（Christopher Michael Roman）在理查德-圣维克多的《论四度暴力之爱》中揭示了一种不了解自我（和欲望）的技巧如何打开了一个成为的空间，让实践者体验到一种超越常规的爱。艾琳-亚伯拉罕（Erin Abraham）详细介绍了七世纪忏悔者所要求的 "社会受虐狂"（第 179 页）的公共忏悔形式如何与社会受虐狂以及社会为恢复秩序而进行的替代性复仇相吻合，尤其是在应对公共丑闻时。第二部分以朱莉安娜-德雷斯维纳（Juliana Dresvina）关于女性性经历中的痛苦的文章开始。德雷斯维纳的文章最直接地引用了亚瑟王的内容，考虑了吉娜薇尔、伊索尔特和浴池之妻，论证了女性即使在恋爱中也可能在性方面得不到满足，这使她重新考虑了历史上关于阴蒂快感的论述（缺乏）证据。接下来，玛莎-拉斯柯尔尼科夫讨论了乔叟的《店员的故事》提供的 "虐待狂认识论 "及其 "超异性恋 "暴力（第 238-39 页）。通过以 "同意 "为中心，拉斯柯尔尼科夫揭示了异性恋的 "游戏 "是如何以一种同性恋的模式运作的，她最终在这种暴力的协商限制中找到了安慰[尾页109]（第256页）。Vicky Panossian 比较了 13 世纪蒙古人的 "意识形态虐待"（第 267 页）对基辅罗斯和巴格达的影响，将暴力与集体记忆和文化提升联系起来。通过比较分析乔叟在《特洛伊罗斯与克里塞德》中对过去的使用以及加州大学洛杉矶分校虐待狂收藏的档案材料，凯尔斯蒂-弗朗西斯（Kersti Francis）提出了 "恋史癖 "的概念（第 292 页），在这一概念中，过去成为双方谈判的场所。
{"title":"Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures ed. by christopher vaccaro (review)","authors":"James C. Staples","doi":"10.1353/art.2024.a924608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/art.2024.a924608","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em> ed. by christopher vaccaro <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> James C. Staples </li> </ul> <small>christopher vaccaro</small>, ed., <em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022. Pp. xii, 388. <small>isbn</small>: 978–1–5261–5333–3. £90.00. <p><em>Painful Pleasures: Sadomasochism in Medieval Cultures</em> reveals how an erotics of pain in the present can open up a nuanced nexus of affects, and thus a much richer account of subjectivity and agency, in the medieval past. <em>Painful Pleasures</em> is ‘the only volume <strong>[End Page 108]</strong> dedicated to making the subject [of S/M in medieval cultures] its primary focus’ (p. 19); however, the authors frequently engage with scholarship on masochistic martyrdom, the sadomasochism of courtly love, and the violence inherent in medieval marriage, referencing Robert Mills, Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, Sarah Salih, and many others who have considered such topics. Christopher Vaccaro’s introduction provides a thorough genealogical theorization of BDSM, from Krafft-Ebing’s and Freud’s pathologizing accounts to feminist and queer theoretical engagements, but he and the other contributors also frequently incorporate personal experiences or reflections, including Vaccaro’s acknowledgments of the ‘Doms, Sirs, Masters, boys, slaves, and pups’ who provided inspiration (p. xi). Through its focus on connections (and differences) between the past and the present, <em>Painful Pleasures</em> reveals the ‘need’ for studying BDSM ‘to expose the libidinous nature of medieval iterations of power’ (p. 3). The vast approaches and subjects across the volume, united by this singular task, result in a generative approach to medieval pain and its pleasures.</p> <p>The volume is divided into two sections, focusing on ‘spiritual and penitential (con)texts’ and ‘courtly and secular (con)texts,’ respectively. The collection begins with an essay by Nicole Slipp that details how Margery Kempe’s excessive life ‘resonates’ with kink, revealing how Kempe discovers pleasure in a negotiated, consent-based power-relationship with God (p. 37). Tracing evidence across early Irish narratives, Phillip A. Bernhardt-House considers the ‘erotic possibilities’ of accounts of humiliating flagellation (p. 69), noting similarities between two heroic figures—Cú Chulainn and Saint Columba—who faced similar abuses by phallic divinities. Tina-Marie Ranalli masterfully reveals how Christine de Pizan thwarts the conventional sadistic titillation of hagiography—whereby a tyrant ruptures the sexualized bodies of virginal women—through a desexualized masochism that allows the women to remove themselves from the economy of male desire. Karmen MacKendrick revisits Jean Leclerq’s <em>The Love of","PeriodicalId":43123,"journal":{"name":"Arthuriana","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a914636
D. Thomas Hanks Jr.
Abstract:
Generally speaking, scholars of Malory's Morte Darthur have given Guenevere bad press. Terms like 'shrew' and 'virago' have been often applied, while her agency has been largely ignored or minimized. Recently, however, scholars have begun to reconsider her characterization and even her agency. Analysis of her response to Meleagant's attempted raptus, however, has been minimal; likewise minimal has been discussion of her response to Lancelot both with respect to Meleagant and to Lancelot's late and apparently marital desire. Both men become wholly subject to Guenevere's subtle but masterful agency.
{"title":"Guenevere's Raptus-Sanctus Triumphs in Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur","authors":"D. Thomas Hanks Jr.","doi":"10.1353/art.2023.a914636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/art.2023.a914636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abstract:</p><p>Generally speaking, scholars of Malory's <i>Morte Darthur</i> have given Guenevere bad press. Terms like 'shrew' and 'virago' have been often applied, while her agency has been largely ignored or minimized. Recently, however, scholars have begun to reconsider her characterization and even her agency. Analysis of her response to Meleagant's attempted <i>raptus</i>, however, has been minimal; likewise minimal has been discussion of her response to Lancelot both with respect to Meleagant and to Lancelot's late and apparently marital desire. Both men become wholly subject to Guenevere's subtle but masterful agency.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":43123,"journal":{"name":"Arthuriana","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915341
Kevin J. Harty
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>English Begins at Jamestown</em> by Tim William Machan <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Kevin J. Harty </li> </ul> <small>tim william machan</small>, <em>English Begins at Jamestown</em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. xi, 259. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0–19–884636–9. $35. <p>The course in the History of the English Language—often assigned to medievalists like myself to teach—has long been a requirement for majors in English and English Education, and one of the foundational textbooks for the course, Albert C. Baugh's 1935 <em>A History of the English Language</em>, is still in print in a sixth edition, revised by Thomas Cable in 2012. Baugh and other standard textbooks seek to answer a basic question: what is English? Tim Machan thinks that this question is indeed an important question, but that it needs to be linked to a second equally important question: who speaks English?</p> <p><em>English Begins at Jamestown</em> is a fascinating, but challenging, reflection on the various ways that we have traditionally thought about and taught the history of the English Language. Machan acknowledges that there is no one way to teach the course, and that saying that one approach is wrong and that another is right leads us nowhere. As he notes, the standard pedagogical approach to the course, regardless of textbook used, invariably follows a common chronology of cause and effect—external history influences the internal history of English. Thus, the Saxons conquer the Celtic peoples of England, and Celtic languages are suppressed in favor of what we call Old English. Invading Vikings have an impact on Old English, which eventually loses pride of place in 1066. By Chaucer's time, what we call Middle English is more or less firmly in place, though language as always changes. So, there is the Great Vowel Shift, and <strong>[End Page 72]</strong> the development of early Modern English, coincidental with the introduction of the printing press, and so on.</p> <p>Instead of this multi-stage generative approach to the history of the English language, Machan offers a user-based narrative, the key event in which occurs in May of 1607 when 104 boys and men in three ships arrived in what is now Virginia and established a settlement called Jamestown on what they would name the James River. Prior to 1607, no permanent settlement of Anglophone speakers existed outside of the British Isles. Significantly for the subsequent development of English, the Jamestown speech community was regionally and socially diverse. The community also had linguistic contact with speakers of European, African, and Indigenous languages, all of whom in turn had contact with both L1 and L2 English speakers. The descendants of these speakers of contact languages would over time themselves switch to using English. 'In the process, these
{"title":"English Begins at Jamestown by Tim William Machan (review)","authors":"Kevin J. Harty","doi":"10.1353/art.2023.a915341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/art.2023.a915341","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>English Begins at Jamestown</em> by Tim William Machan <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Kevin J. Harty </li> </ul> <small>tim william machan</small>, <em>English Begins at Jamestown</em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. xi, 259. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0–19–884636–9. $35. <p>The course in the History of the English Language—often assigned to medievalists like myself to teach—has long been a requirement for majors in English and English Education, and one of the foundational textbooks for the course, Albert C. Baugh's 1935 <em>A History of the English Language</em>, is still in print in a sixth edition, revised by Thomas Cable in 2012. Baugh and other standard textbooks seek to answer a basic question: what is English? Tim Machan thinks that this question is indeed an important question, but that it needs to be linked to a second equally important question: who speaks English?</p> <p><em>English Begins at Jamestown</em> is a fascinating, but challenging, reflection on the various ways that we have traditionally thought about and taught the history of the English Language. Machan acknowledges that there is no one way to teach the course, and that saying that one approach is wrong and that another is right leads us nowhere. As he notes, the standard pedagogical approach to the course, regardless of textbook used, invariably follows a common chronology of cause and effect—external history influences the internal history of English. Thus, the Saxons conquer the Celtic peoples of England, and Celtic languages are suppressed in favor of what we call Old English. Invading Vikings have an impact on Old English, which eventually loses pride of place in 1066. By Chaucer's time, what we call Middle English is more or less firmly in place, though language as always changes. So, there is the Great Vowel Shift, and <strong>[End Page 72]</strong> the development of early Modern English, coincidental with the introduction of the printing press, and so on.</p> <p>Instead of this multi-stage generative approach to the history of the English language, Machan offers a user-based narrative, the key event in which occurs in May of 1607 when 104 boys and men in three ships arrived in what is now Virginia and established a settlement called Jamestown on what they would name the James River. Prior to 1607, no permanent settlement of Anglophone speakers existed outside of the British Isles. Significantly for the subsequent development of English, the Jamestown speech community was regionally and socially diverse. The community also had linguistic contact with speakers of European, African, and Indigenous languages, all of whom in turn had contact with both L1 and L2 English speakers. The descendants of these speakers of contact languages would over time themselves switch to using English. 'In the process, these","PeriodicalId":43123,"journal":{"name":"Arthuriana","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915338
Richard Firth Green
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Historical Arthur and The Gawain Poet: Studies on Arthurian and Other Traditions</em> by Andrew Breeze <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Richard Firth Green </li> </ul> <small>andrew breeze</small>, <em>The Historical Arthur and The Gawain Poet: Studies on Arthurian and Other Traditions</em>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2023. Pp. x, 153. <small>isbn</small>: 978–1–66692–954–6. $95. <p>Andrew Breeze's <em>The Historical Arthur and the Gawain Poet</em> is really two discrete studies in one volume, each of them amplifications of Breeze's earlier published work. In the first (pp. 3–37), he makes the case for Geoffrey of Monmouth's epithet, <em>dux bellorum</em>, being the equivalent of the Welsh term <em>pentuleu</em>, 'captain of the bodyguard, chief of the royal host,' and referring to a historical Arthur who operated in the Strathclyde area in the 530s. Since I'm not qualified to judge these claims, this review will concern itself only with the second, and longer, section (pp. 41–136), which deals mainly with the authorship and date of the Middle English poem, <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em>, and with three poems in the same tradition.</p> <p>Many years ago, Morton W. Bloomfield wrote of the implications of the single-author theory of the poems in the MS Cotton Nero A.x that 'the mathematical probability of an hypothesis based on an hypothesis is very slight' ['<em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em>: An Appraisal,' <em>PMLA</em>, 76 (1961): 9–10], and while Breeze is certainly not the first scholar of the poem lured into such hypothesizing, his central argument makes it particularly prominent. Since Breeze's dating of <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em> depends in part on his identification of its author, his first hypothetical claim must make his second doubly so. What, then, is the evidence for Breeze's first hypothesis: that the author of <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em> was Sir John Stanley of Storeton in Cheshire?</p> <p>Breeze offers us a convenient fourteen-point summary of his case (p. 62). Some of these points are evidently founded upon a rather naïve view of medieval society—'A chaplain would not know much about flirting or the chase' (p. 51); Stanley would not 'have been granted authority over forests if he had never felled a tree' (p. 58)—but far more serious are the logical flaws they display. Reduced to a syllogism, the main argument runs:</p> <blockquote> <p>The <em>Gawain</em>-poet was a Cheshireman/layman/courtier/conservative/French-speaker.</p> <p>Sir John Stanley was a Cheshireman/layman /courtier /conservative/French-speaker.</p> <p>Therefore, Sir John Stanley was the <em>Gawain</em>-poet. QED.</p> </blockquote> <p>Even those prepared to admit the validity of some, or all, of Breeze's series of major premises must concede that there are several possib
这里有一个简短的内容摘录代替摘要:由:历史上的亚瑟王和高文诗人:亚瑟王和其他传统的研究作者:理查德·菲尔斯·格林安德鲁·布雷兹，历史上的亚瑟王和高文诗人:亚瑟王和其他传统的研究。兰哈姆，MD: Lexington Books, 2023。Pp. x, 153。isbn: 978-1-66692-954-6。95美元。安德鲁·布雷兹的《历史上的亚瑟王和高文诗人》实际上是一卷中两个独立的研究，每一个都是对布雷兹早期出版的作品的扩展。在第一部(第3-37页)中，他为蒙茅斯的杰弗里(Geoffrey of Monmouth)的绰号“dux bellorum”(dux bellorum)做了辩护，这个词相当于威尔士语“pentuleu”，意思是“侍卫队长，王室首领”，指的是530年代在斯特拉斯克莱德地区活动的历史上的亚瑟。由于我没有资格评判这些说法，这篇评论将只关注第二部分，也是更长的部分(第41-136页)，主要涉及中世纪英语诗歌《高文爵士和绿骑士》的作者和日期，以及同样传统的三首诗。许多年前，莫顿·w·布卢姆菲尔德(Morton W. Bloomfield)在《MS Cotton Nero A.x》中写道，“基于假设的假设的数学概率非常小”[《高文爵士和绿骑士:评估》，PMLA, 76(1961): 9-10]，虽然布雷兹肯定不是第一个被这种假设吸引的诗歌学者，但他的中心论点使其特别突出。既然布雷兹对高文爵士和绿衣骑士的年代确定部分取决于他对作者的认定，那么他的第一个假设肯定会使他的第二个假设加倍准确。那么，布雷兹的第一个假设——《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》的作者是柴郡斯托顿的约翰·斯坦利爵士——的证据是什么呢?布雷兹为我们提供了他的案例的14点总结(第62页)。其中一些观点显然是建立在一种相当naïve的中世纪社会观点之上的——“牧师不太懂调情或追逐”(第51页);如果斯坦利从未砍过一棵树，他就不会“被授予管理森林的权力”(第58页)——但更严重的是他们所表现出的逻辑缺陷。归结为三段论，主要论点是:高文诗人是柴郡人/外行/朝臣/保守派/说法语的人。约翰·斯坦利爵士是个柴郡人/门外汉/朝臣/保守派/说法语的人。因此，约翰·斯坦利爵士是高文诗人。QED。即使是那些准备承认布雷兹的一系列主要前提的部分或全部有效性的人，也必须承认，在次要前提中，有几个可能的替代约翰·斯坦利爵士。换句话说，这就是非分布中间的谬论。其他观点采用了无知的论点:例如，“没有证据表明这些诗是专业职员或抄写员的作品”。作为一系列自我强化但无法证明的假设的一个例子，《第11点》脱颖而出:“《珍珠》最简单地解读为父亲为女儿写的挽歌，女儿在两岁前去世。”其中提到的斑点“皮疹，瑕疵”可能表明病因是黑死病，这种病在1390年至1393年期间流行过。斯坦利夫妇于1385年结婚，他们可能会生一个女儿(原文如此)。从表面上看，布雷兹的两个观点似乎更有道理，高文爵士提到了威勒尔，约翰·斯坦利爵士的家乡，以及“科顿·尼罗女士诗歌的特征词”出现在斯坦利1405年的一封信中。然而，诗人的实际陈述，即威勒尔是少数“作者上帝其他善良的人所爱的人”的家园(l.702)，似乎更像是对斯坦利的作者身份的反对，而不是对它的支持，快速检查MED发现诗人所谓的独特词汇实际上只是一个常见的中古英语单词列表:它给出了271个乔伊的例子，204个荣誉，130个安慰，99个亲切，等等。有了这么有问题的第一个假设，布卢姆菲尔德无疑会……
{"title":"The Historical Arthur and The Gawain Poet: Studies on Arthurian and Other Traditions by Andrew Breeze (review)","authors":"Richard Firth Green","doi":"10.1353/art.2023.a915338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/art.2023.a915338","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Historical Arthur and The Gawain Poet: Studies on Arthurian and Other Traditions</em> by Andrew Breeze <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Richard Firth Green </li> </ul> <small>andrew breeze</small>, <em>The Historical Arthur and The Gawain Poet: Studies on Arthurian and Other Traditions</em>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2023. Pp. x, 153. <small>isbn</small>: 978–1–66692–954–6. $95. <p>Andrew Breeze's <em>The Historical Arthur and the Gawain Poet</em> is really two discrete studies in one volume, each of them amplifications of Breeze's earlier published work. In the first (pp. 3–37), he makes the case for Geoffrey of Monmouth's epithet, <em>dux bellorum</em>, being the equivalent of the Welsh term <em>pentuleu</em>, 'captain of the bodyguard, chief of the royal host,' and referring to a historical Arthur who operated in the Strathclyde area in the 530s. Since I'm not qualified to judge these claims, this review will concern itself only with the second, and longer, section (pp. 41–136), which deals mainly with the authorship and date of the Middle English poem, <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em>, and with three poems in the same tradition.</p> <p>Many years ago, Morton W. Bloomfield wrote of the implications of the single-author theory of the poems in the MS Cotton Nero A.x that 'the mathematical probability of an hypothesis based on an hypothesis is very slight' ['<em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em>: An Appraisal,' <em>PMLA</em>, 76 (1961): 9–10], and while Breeze is certainly not the first scholar of the poem lured into such hypothesizing, his central argument makes it particularly prominent. Since Breeze's dating of <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em> depends in part on his identification of its author, his first hypothetical claim must make his second doubly so. What, then, is the evidence for Breeze's first hypothesis: that the author of <em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</em> was Sir John Stanley of Storeton in Cheshire?</p> <p>Breeze offers us a convenient fourteen-point summary of his case (p. 62). Some of these points are evidently founded upon a rather naïve view of medieval society—'A chaplain would not know much about flirting or the chase' (p. 51); Stanley would not 'have been granted authority over forests if he had never felled a tree' (p. 58)—but far more serious are the logical flaws they display. Reduced to a syllogism, the main argument runs:</p> <blockquote> <p>The <em>Gawain</em>-poet was a Cheshireman/layman/courtier/conservative/French-speaker.</p> <p>Sir John Stanley was a Cheshireman/layman /courtier /conservative/French-speaker.</p> <p>Therefore, Sir John Stanley was the <em>Gawain</em>-poet. QED.</p> </blockquote> <p>Even those prepared to admit the validity of some, or all, of Breeze's series of major premises must concede that there are several possib","PeriodicalId":43123,"journal":{"name":"Arthuriana","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138629660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915344
Michael Van Dussen
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Enlistment: Lists in Medieval and Early Modern Literature</em> ed. by Eva Von Contzen and James Simpson <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Michael Van Dussen </li> </ul> <small>eva von contzen</small> and <small>james simpson</small>, eds., <em>Enlistment: Lists in Medieval and Early Modern Literature</em>. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2022. Pp. 232. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0–8142–1522–7. $99.95. <p>Lists embedded in ancient, medieval, or early modern narratives are often regarded as the fly-over bits, artless filler, or unwelcome interruptions of narrative sequence. In other contexts—like indices or standalone groupings of disparate items—lists may be perused more for their practical function than for the logic of their arrangement or their hermeneutic possibilities. <em>Enlistment</em> takes up the practice of listing to regard lists as 'form[s] or way[s] of thinking' (p. 8). Lists can include or exclude; they can give the sense that a knowledge set is complete and circumscribed, or (on the contrary) limitless and expansive; they may suggest dispassionate transparency while at the same time obscuring the politics of the compiler's project. As the chapters in this volume show, scrutiny of enumerative or sequential patterns (which is how the term 'list' is regarded in its broadest sense in this collection) reveals how lists <em>en</em>list readers in the process of making sense of them.</p> <p>In the Introduction, the editors briefly survey prior scholarship on lists, with emphasis on medieval English literary contexts, and deploy theoretical models from other contexts to suggest how lists can be studied in terms of their 'affordances' and as <em>Denkformen</em> (forms or ways of thinking). The following chapters are then introduced according to how they participate in four conceptual (and not strictly binary) pairings: in/completeness, dis/ordering knowledge, un/familiarity, and boredom/play. <strong>[End Page 77]</strong></p> <p>Alexis Kellner Becker studies the extensive list of things a reeve should know in the Old English <em>Gerefa</em>, a guide for a reeve of an estate. <em>Gerefa</em>, 'a pre-Conquest text, imagining and preserving a pre-feudal reeve, redacted into and preserved in a post-Conquest legal manuscript' (p. 17), is self-consciously framed by an author who admits ignorance of the reeve's body of knowledge but who nevertheless presents it to his post-Conquest reader. Andrew James Johnston (Chapter Two) then discusses the presentation of the Old English <em>Widsith</em> as three consecutive lists of rulers and peoples. Johnston finds the concept of 'global modernism' to be a fruitful way to understand how the poet-narrator brings disparate temporalities, cultures, and 'antiquities' into conversation or even competition.</p> <p>In Chapter Three, Kathryn Mogk Wagner exam
代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录:审查:入伍:列表在中世纪和早期现代文学由伊娃·冯·孔岑和詹姆斯·辛普森迈克尔·范·杜森伊娃·冯·孔岑和詹姆斯·辛普森编辑。《入伍:中世纪和早期现代文学中的名单》。哥伦布:俄亥俄州立大学出版社，2022年。232页。isbn: 978-0-8142-1522-7。99.95美元。在古代、中世纪或早期现代的叙述中，列表通常被认为是过眼的片段、不做作的填充物或不受欢迎的叙述序列中断。在其他情况下——比如索引或不同项目的独立分组——阅读列表可能更多的是为了它们的实际功能，而不是它们排列的逻辑或解释的可能性。Enlistment采用了将列表视为“思维形式或方式”的做法(第8页)。列表可以包括或排除;它们可以给人一种知识集是完整和有限的感觉，或者(相反地)是无限和广阔的;它们可能建议不带感情的透明，同时模糊编译器项目的政治。正如本卷中的章节所示，对枚举或顺序模式(这就是本系列中“列表”一词在最广泛意义上的含义)的仔细研究揭示了列表如何在理解它们的过程中吸引读者。在引言中，编辑们简要地调查了之前关于列表的学术研究，重点是中世纪英语文学背景，并从其他背景中部署理论模型，以建议如何根据列表的“启示”和Denkformen(形式或思维方式)来研究列表。接下来的章节是根据它们如何参与四种概念(而不是严格的二元)配对来介绍的:in/completeness, disordered / ordered knowledge, un/熟悉，and bored /play。亚历克西斯·凯尔纳·贝克尔研究了古英语《Gerefa》(一份财产管理指南)中一个管家应该知道的大量事情。Gerefa，“一个被征服前的文本，想象并保存了一个前封建的法典，被编辑并保存在被征服后的法律手稿中”(第17页)，是由一个承认对法典的知识体系一无所知的作者自觉地构建起来的，但他还是把它呈现给了被征服后的读者。安德鲁·詹姆斯·约翰斯顿(第二章)接着讨论了古英语Widsith作为三个连续的统治者和民族名单的呈现。约翰斯顿发现，“全球现代主义”的概念是理解诗人叙述者如何将不同的时间、文化和“古物”带入对话甚至竞争的一种富有成效的方式。在第三章中，凯瑟琳·莫克·瓦格纳(Kathryn mog Wagner)考察了基督徒列出的上帝的名字，作为对无法命名不可命名事物的回应。这样的清单可能是有节奏的和咒语的，而单词本身，来自几种语言和传统，可能被扭曲到无法理解。它们古老而复杂的传承也引起了变化和增加，列表形式传达了一种恰到好处的无穷无尽的感觉。Suzanne Conklin Akbari(第四章)研究了中世纪英语Benjamin Minor，这是一篇沉思的文章，用图解的结构来寓言创世纪35:23-26中雅各的孩子名单。结果是一份详尽的家谱表，以及一篇沉思的论文，“组织[s]知识，[…]促进[s]读者智力和精神成长的过程”(第77页)。玛莎·拉斯特转向列出天堂的四条河流的历史(第五章)。在这个高度关联的研究中，河流可以代表美德，也可以作为思考基督创伤的启发式。接下来，伊娃·冯·孔岑(Eva von Contzen)对中世纪英语文学中的史诗目录进行了探讨(第六章)。她对中世纪英语诗歌中有关特洛伊战争的权威名单的调查显示，人们对这些权威的怀疑似乎随着时间的推移而增加。在第七章中，Wolfram R. Keller认为加文·道格拉斯的《荣誉宫》是对乔叟的梦幻诗，尤其是《名望之屋》中不和谐的回应。凯勒对《名堂》和《荣誉警察》都提供了高度概括的解读，从中世纪认知理论和宫廷家庭管理的角度进行了讨论。在构建他的警察局时，道格拉斯列举了一系列的清单，其特点是……
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Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915343
Megan Moore
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Courtly and Queer: Deconstruction, Desire, and Medieval French Literature</em> by Charlie Samuelson <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Megan Moore </li> </ul> <small>charlie samuelson</small>, <em>Courtly and Queer: Deconstruction, Desire, and Medieval French Literature</em>. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2022. Pp. 240. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0–8142–1498–5. $99.95. <p>Charlie Samuelson's monograph <em>Courtly and Queer</em> is a tremendous contribution to medieval French studies, to queer studies, and to narratological theory. In just over 200 pages, Samuelson challenges, productively collapses, and reanimates the spaces between courtly romance and the <em>dits</em>, queering assumptions about generic separateness by penetrating interstitial spaces. The explicit project of the book is 1) to 'explor[e] how returning to a particular emphasis on language and poetics can mark not a turn away from careful analysis of medieval sexual politics but another radical way of engaging with—or returning to—them'; and 2) to 'emphasiz[e] an insufficiently articulated but unflagging queerness that is inseparable from poetic indeterminacy and inhabits—and infests—the core of a literary tradition that has generally … been understood as predominantly at the service of patriarchy' (p. 23). The implicit project of the book relates, I think, to Samuelson's initial observations about queerness, which he defines as 'all that resists the notion that courtly literature seeks to present gender and sexuality as coherent and/or normative' (p. 1). <strong>[End Page 75]</strong></p> <p>Samuelson's work puts medieval texts in dialogue with modern theory, sometimes in explicit conversation and sometimes leaving them merely adjacent. Sustained engagement with Judith Butler, Paul de Man, and Lee Edelman not only broadens the ken of theories to which medieval texts can make productive contributions, but also serves as an important reminder that modern theory must reconsider its askew orientation to the premodern. Throughout his study, Samuelson weaves conversation with other medievalists and almost every page offers citations not only of other scholars, but of textual passages, a richness that sometimes becomes a distraction.</p> <p>After an introduction, there are four chapters which focus sequentially on subjectivity (Chapter One), metalepsis (Chapter Two), insertion (Chapter Three), and irony (Chapter Four). In Chapter One, Samuelson argues that texts by Chrétien de Troyes, Machaut, and Christine de Pizan 'probe the indeterminacy of—and incoherencies in—the notion of the subject' (p. 29). With sophisticated readings and an engaging scholarly voice, Samuelson hits his stride as he pairs Alain de Libera's <em>Archéologie du sujet</em>, Judith Butler's <em>The Psychic Life of Power</em>, and medieval texts to explore how
代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录:审查:宫廷和酷儿:解构，欲望，和中世纪法国文学查理·萨缪尔森，梅根·摩尔查理·萨缪尔森，宫廷和酷儿:解构，欲望，和中世纪法国文学。哥伦布:俄亥俄州立大学出版社，2022年。240页。isbn: 978-0-8142-1498-5。99.95美元。查理·萨缪尔森的专著《宫廷与酷儿》对中世纪法国研究，酷儿研究，以及叙事学理论都做出了巨大贡献。在短短200多页的篇幅里，萨缪尔森挑战、富有成效地瓦解了宫廷浪漫与低俗之间的空间，并通过穿透间隙空间，让关于普遍分离的古怪假设重新焕发了活力。这本书的明确目的是:1)“探索回归对语言和诗学的特别强调如何不标志着对中世纪性政治的仔细分析的背离，而是另一种参与或回归它们的激进方式”;2)“强调[e]一种不充分表达但不间断的酷儿性，这种酷儿性与诗歌的不确定性分不开，它居住并侵扰着文学传统的核心，而文学传统通常……被理解为主要为父权制服务”(第23页)。我认为，这本书的隐含项目与萨缪尔森对酷儿的最初观察有关，他将其定义为“所有抵制宫廷文学试图将性别和性行为表现为连贯和/或规范的观念的东西”(第1页)。[结束页75]萨缪尔森的作品将中世纪文本与现代理论进行对话，有时是明确的对话，有时只是相邻。与朱迪思·巴特勒、保罗·德曼和李·埃德尔曼的持续接触不仅拓宽了中世纪文本可以做出富有成效贡献的理论范围，而且还作为一个重要的提醒，现代理论必须重新考虑其对前现代的倾斜取向。在他的整个研究过程中，萨缪尔森与其他中世纪学者进行了对话，几乎每一页都引用了其他学者的文章，还有文本段落，这种丰富有时会让人分心。在绪论之后，共分四章，依次论述主体性(第一章)、元性(第二章)、插入性(第三章)和反讽性(第四章)。在第一章中，萨缪尔森认为，克拉西姆·德·特鲁瓦、马肖和克里斯汀·德·皮桑的文本“探讨了主体概念的不确定性和不连贯性”(第29页)。通过复杂的阅读和迷人的学术声音，萨缪尔森将阿兰·德·利伯拉的《sujet archsamuologie du sujet》、朱迪思·巴特勒的《权力的精神生活》和中世纪的文本结合在一起，探索声音和主体性是如何以扭曲一般假设的方式纠缠在一起的，并将学术注意力吸引到“第一人称代词和第三人称代词的区别预示着什么”(第27页)。他选择首先关注克里斯汀复杂的声音，这是对他将在整个研究过程中所做工作的有力介绍。在这里，他运用了近距离的阅读、批判性的接受和语境，以及理论上的创新举措，使克里斯汀更加复杂，成为一个更微妙、更困难的叙述者、诗人，以及她自己作品的主题，通过一个多面、模糊的性别和定位的“je”。萨缪尔森将马肖的主体性解读为同样的多面性，使主体始终处于生产中，但始终已经具有反身性(第48页)。在第二章“中世纪的元epsis”中，萨缪尔森关注了另一种入侵——这次是元epsis——他认为这种入侵会引发解构主义的阅读(第72页)。在《布卢斯的伴侣》、《沉默》和《爱情监狱》等多种多样的文本中，萨缪尔森从第一章回到不稳定的“我”，专注于元性是如何颠覆叙述者的独特性的，叙述者不断地打断自己的故事，哀叹自己不成功的爱情，从而产生了一篇“深刻地动员叙事诗学来破坏父权运作的基础二元”的文本(第87页)。他在《沉默》中反复看到拒绝描绘内部和外部的动作。在本章的最后一节，他提到了让·弗鲁萨尔的诗《爱的监狱》，他得出结论:“几乎矛盾的是，这些诗歌、爱情和爱情中的叙事诗学实际上是反叙事的”(第109页)。第三章，“论同一性、差异性和文本化欲望”，主要涉及李·埃德尔曼(Lee Edelman)的同形异义的理论工作，声称“抒情插入的技术……
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Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915340
Tim William Machan
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Norse Myths That Shape the Way We Think</em> by Carolyne Larrington <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Tim William Machan </li> </ul> <small>carolyne larrington</small>, <em>The Norse Myths That Shape the Way We Think</em>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2023. Pp. 304. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0500252345. $34.95. <p>Near the beginning of this well-written, expansive, and inviting book, Carolyne Larrington observes, 'It might seem that, as journalists like to say, Old Norse myths are currently "having a moment"' (p. 8). But as the book shows, this moment has been happening almost since the Viking age itself, informing multiple media across the centuries with myths that assume context specific shapes and always suggest an intensity of response shared by no other mythic tradition. It may be, Larrington notes, that 'Old Norse myths and legends … offer ways of thinking about the world, about time, history and fate, that we do not find in the more culturally central Greek and Roman myths' (p. 8). And their continued moment also may be rooted in, as she stresses throughout the book, the intensity and familiarity of the human qualities they display: folly, wisdom, hatred, love, envy, vengeance, fallibility. Reasonably enough, Larrington focuses on the Anglophone tradition, but, perhaps because of these familiar qualities, the Norse moment has spanned continents, peoples, and language traditions, making the recent film <em>Thor: Love and Thunder</em> a worldwide box office hit.</p> <p>Two qualities distinguish <em>The Norse Myths That Shape the Way We Think</em> and will make the book of interest to a wide audience, particularly one of non-specialists. The first is the clarity of its organization, which is no small accomplishment given the scope and discordant nature of primary Norse documents like poems, sagas, and rune stones. Put another way, there is not (and almost certainly never was) a coherent, synoptic mythos but rather scattered riffs on recurrent themes, stories, and characters. Accordingly, the book is arranged around what might be called umbrella topics that will be familiar to (say) viewers of recent medieval Norse film: <em>Valhöll, Óðinn, Þórr, Loki, Vikings and Bererkers, Sigurðr the Dragon-Slayer, Ragnarr Shaggy-Breeches, Vinland</em>, and the <em>Ragna rök</em>. Particular novels, poems, or films might appear in each chapter, but in this arrangement, they are treated not as free-standing works but as participants in larger traditions. The reader thus gets a sense of how Þórr and the rest have been reimagined across time—of the continuities as well as inconsistencies.</p> <p>The book's second distinguishing quality is its breadth. Focusing on the past two centuries, <em>The Norse Myths</em> explores a range of poems, musical adaptations, novels, and (of late) films that take their inspirat
代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录:回顾:塑造我们思维方式的北欧神话，作者:Carolyne Larrington，作者:Tim William Machan Carolyne Larrington，塑造我们思维方式的北欧神话。纽约:泰晤士和哈德逊，2023年。304页。isbn: 978 - 0500252345。34.95美元。在这本写得很好、内容丰富、引人入胜的书的开头，卡洛琳·拉灵顿(Carolyne Larrington)写道:“就像记者们喜欢说的那样，古挪威神话目前似乎正在‘经历一个时刻’”(第8页)。但正如书中所示，这个时刻几乎从维京时代就开始了，几个世纪以来，各种媒体都在用神话来传达信息，这些神话具有特定的背景，总是暗示着一种其他神话传统所没有的强烈反应。拉灵顿指出，也许“古挪威神话和传说……提供了思考世界、时间、历史和命运的方式，这是我们在文化更核心的希腊和罗马神话中找不到的”(第8页)。正如她在整本书中强调的那样，它们持续存在的时刻也可能植根于它们所展示的人类品质的强烈和熟悉:愚蠢、智慧、仇恨、爱、嫉妒、复仇、错误。拉灵顿关注的是英语国家的传统，这是合理的，但是，也许是因为这些熟悉的特质，北欧时刻跨越了大陆、民族和语言传统，使得最近的电影《雷神2:爱与雷》成为全球票房的热门。《塑造我们思维方式的北欧神话》有两个特点，这将使这本书吸引广大读者，尤其是非专业人士。首先是其组织的清晰性，这是一个不小的成就，考虑到原始挪威文献的范围和不和谐的性质，如诗歌、传奇和符文石。换句话说，没有(也几乎从来没有)一个连贯的、概括的神话，而是对反复出现的主题、故事和人物的零散重复。因此，这本书围绕着最近中世纪挪威电影的观众所熟悉的主题展开:Valhöll， Óðinn， Þórr，洛基，维京人和Bererkers，屠龙者Sigurðr, Ragnarr Shaggy-Breeches, Vinland和Ragna rök。特定的小说、诗歌或电影可能会出现在每一章中，但在这种安排下，它们不是被视为独立的作品，而是被视为更大传统的参与者。读者由此可以感受到Þórr和其他网站是如何随着时间的推移而被重新想象的——既有连续性，也有不一致性。这本书的第二个显著特点是它的广度。《北欧神话》聚焦于过去的两个世纪，探索了一系列从维京时代故事中获得灵感的诗歌、音乐改编、小说和(最近的)电影。其中一些改编作品我们很熟悉，比如朗费罗的《盔甲中的骷髅》(The Skeleton in Armor)或乔治·马丁(George Martin)的小说;我至少不知道十七世纪的丹麦人托马斯·巴托尔，他用拉丁语写了三本关于他的历史祖先的书。有些头衔和人物贯穿始终，比如理查德·瓦格纳、尼尔·盖曼和《权力的游戏》。其他现代学者和科普家也写过关于将挪威材料转化为当代故事的文章，但据我所知，没有任何一本书的涉及面能与这本书相比。因此，拉灵顿提供了一种挪威即兴片段的概要，从而为任何有兴趣进一步研究该主题的人提供了进入原始材料的捷径。也许对于一本针对普通读者的普通书籍来说，《北欧神话》不适合充分参与对北欧材料的挪用所带来的持续的政治和社会后果。不仅在过去的两个世纪里，而且从近代早期开始，当英国历史学家在某种意义上发现了挪威人的过去，Óðinn和维京人的气质在形成民族和文化认同方面发挥了至关重要的作用。像威廉·莫里斯这样的人可能看起来与理查德·瓦格纳相去甚远，但他们都认为维京人的过去可以被重塑，以证明一个经常被排斥的现在是合理的。这些都是同样的方法，导致了在19世纪就已经隐含的白人至上主义者的想法，在过去也是如此。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1353/art.2023.a915342
Alan Lupack
<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span> <p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Great Book of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table: A New Morte D'Arthur</em> by John Matthews <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Alan Lupack </li> </ul> <small>john matthews</small>, <em>The Great Book of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table: A New Morte D'Arthur</em>. Foreword by Neil Gaiman. Illustrated by John Howe. New York: Harper Design, 2022. Pp. xxi, 406. <small>isbn</small>: 978–0–06–324312–5. $32.50. <p>The tales in John Matthews' <em>The Great Book of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table</em> are retellings (based on pre-existing translations) of thirty-two Arthurian tales not found in Malory's <em>Morte</em>. The collection, which Matthews calls 'A New <em>Morte D'Arthur</em>,' tells the story of Camelot from a perspective different from Malory's. Some of these tales Matthews has made available before, several of them more than once, in his earlier collections of Arthurian stories. It is helpful that he offers a section of 'Notes and Sources' that indicates what translations and editions he has consulted in preparing his retellings (though, it should be noted, this section does not always include all the translations and editions, and sometimes not the most recent ones).</p> <p>In his comments on 'The Adventures of Eagle-Boy,' Matthews writes that this is the first time the story has been 'retold for a popular audience.' This statement is the key to his intentions: he is retelling tales for general readers, not a scholarly audience, much as the numerous retellings of Malory's <em>Morte</em> do. As a result, he changes his source texts to make his material more readable. Sometimes he merges two or more narratives into one. He tells us, for example, that 'The Tale of Palomides and the Questing Beast' combines elements from five different sources. He tells some tales in full; others he abbreviates, as when he retells only the first half of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's <em>Lanzelet</em>. He 'slightly' amends (p. 377) the ending of 'The Adventure of Meriadoc' and adds a coda to 'The Adventures of Melora and Orlando,' a story about Arthur's daughter Melora, to suggest that 'Merlin's part in the story was less negative than it appeared' (p. 382). He also occasionally assigns names to characters unnamed in his sources and adds authorial comments to his texts. All of this is fair game and often makes the stories even more appealing to his audience. The striking images by John Howe enhance the volume and the reader's experience.</p> <p>Matthews tells the tales well, and the tales he has altered most can be the most enjoyable or interesting, as, for example, when he achieves the difficult task of blending the <em>Elucidation</em> with the better known story of Perceval and the Grail. And readers will find stories that are not easily accessed elsewhere, including severa
代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录:由:亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的伟大的书:一个新的亚瑟王的约翰马修斯艾伦·卢帕克约翰马修斯，亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的伟大的书:一个新的亚瑟王。尼尔·盖曼作序。约翰·豪(John Howe)绘制。纽约:Harper Design, 2022。第21页，406页。isbn: 978-0-06-324312-5。32.50美元。约翰·马修斯的《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》中的故事是对马洛里的《魔言》中没有的32个亚瑟王故事的重述(基于已有的翻译)。马修斯称之为《新亚瑟之口》(A New Morte D' arthur)的这本书从不同于马洛里的角度讲述了卡梅洛特的故事。其中的一些故事，马修斯以前也曾在他早期的亚瑟王故事集里提到过，其中有几个还不止一次。他在“笔记和资料来源”中提供了一个部分，说明他在准备复述时参考了哪些译本和版本，这很有帮助(不过，应该指出的是，这个部分并不总是包括所有的译本和版本，有时甚至不是最新的译本和版本)。马修斯在评论《鹰仔历险记》时说，这是这个故事第一次“为大众重新讲述”。这句话是他意图的关键:他是在为普通读者复述故事，而不是为学术观众复述故事，就像马洛里的《魔桩》(Morte do)中无数的复述一样。因此，他改变了他的原始文本，使他的材料更具可读性。有时他会把两个或更多的故事合二为一。例如，他告诉我们，《帕洛米德斯与寻水兽的故事》结合了五个不同来源的元素。他把一些故事讲得很完整;还有一些则是缩略，比如他只复述乌尔里希·冯·扎齐霍文的《兰泽莱特》的前半部分。他“略微”修正了《梅里亚多克历险记》(the Adventure of Meriadoc)的结尾(第377页)，并在《梅洛拉与奥兰多历险记》(the Adventures of Melora and Orlando)(一个关于亚瑟王的女儿梅洛拉的故事)中添加了一个结尾，暗示“梅林在故事中的角色并没有看上去那么消极”(第382页)。他偶尔也会给资料中未具名的人物起名，并在文本中加入作者的评论。所有这些都是公平的游戏，往往使故事更吸引他的观众。约翰·豪引人注目的图像增强了书的体积和读者的体验。马修斯把故事讲得很好，他修改最多的故事可能是最令人愉快或最有趣的，比如，当他完成了艰巨的任务，把《阐释》和更广为人知的珀西瓦尔和圣杯的故事结合在一起时。读者还会发现一些在别处很难找到的故事，包括几个爱尔兰亚瑟王故事(马修斯偏爱凯尔特的素材和主题，尤其是童话人物);《鹦鹉骑士》(The Knight of The Parrot)的演绎，这是一部罕见的浪漫小说，将亚瑟描绘成一名漂泊在外的骑士;以及荷兰浪漫小说《Morien》、欧西坦浪漫小说《Jaufre》等的重述。马修斯声称，他把各种各样的材料编织成一部“史诗”和“连贯的叙事”，形成了一部新的《亚瑟王之死》，“与马洛里的质量相差不远”(第xx页，404页)。在这里，他做过头了。这本书既没有整体的统一性，也没有连贯性。这些故事并不总是顺利地衔接在一起。当我们通读整本书的时候，它们也不会像《魔咒》的其他部分那样引起共鸣。例如，在第一本“书”中，有三个关于梅林的故事。虽然每一个都涉及到他的预言能力，每一个都很有趣，讲得很好，但他对凯尔特传说、编年史和浪漫故事中的梅林人物的使用，并没有表明他试图塑造一个连贯的人物。后来的故事中偶尔提到的梅林和这些早期的故事没有联系。各种骑士的故事没有呼应和加强对书中首席骑士高文的描述，也没有相互呼应和加强;他们也没有探索骑士精神的意义，也没有将其置于冲突之中……
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