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The Russian Science during the Period of Sanctions in Relation to the Problem of Modernization of the Russian Economy 制裁时期的俄罗斯科学与俄罗斯经济现代化问题
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.6
G. Khanin
The article consists of two parts. The first part called Retrospective analyzes the reasons for declining Russian science and higher education and considers them as the factors for the modernization of the Russian economy and society. It is shown that the roots lie in the reorganization of science and higher education carried out by the Soviet leadership at the end of the 20s of the 20th century.This degradation was caused by separated science and higher education, the extensive development of science and higher education, the deprivation of their autonomy and freedom of scientific research, especially in the humanities, the persecution of dissidents, and the restriction on international contacts between scientists. In the late Soviet period, these problems of the Soviet science and higher education were exacerbated by declining prestige and low demand for science and higher education. In the post-Soviet period, despite new opportunities for self-expression, independence, and international contacts, the scientific and higher education performance kept on declining, due to a huge reduction in funding, small demand, and low-qualified professional staff. The second part called Prospects considers the ways to revive science and higher education under economic and scientific sanctions. It is offered to redirect the larger part of thegross domestic product into highly increased investments into physical and human capital. The author explains the necessity to reorganize the system of science and higher education by reducing the number of institutions of science and higher education; by downsizing the number of their staff; by providing possibilities for self-administration; and by changing the policy of state, public, and commercial institutions.
本文由两部分组成。第一部分回顾分析了俄罗斯科学和高等教育衰落的原因,认为它们是俄罗斯经济和社会现代化的因素。其根源在于20世纪20年代末苏联领导层对科学和高等教育的改革。造成这种退化的原因是科学与高等教育的分离,科学与高等教育的广泛发展,科学研究的自主权和自由被剥夺,特别是在人文学科,对持不同政见者的迫害,以及限制科学家之间的国际交往。在苏联后期,苏联科学和高等教育的这些问题因声望下降和对科学和高等教育的低需求而加剧。在后苏联时期,尽管有自我表达、独立和国际交往的新机会,但由于资金大幅减少、需求小、专业人员素质低,科学和高等教育的表现不断下降。第二部分展望了在经济和科学制裁下重振科学和高等教育的途径。它的目的是将国内生产总值(gdp)的大部分转向对物质和人力资本的高度增加的投资。通过减少科学和高等教育机构的数量来重组科学和高等教育体系的必要性;通过缩减员工数量;通过提供自我管理的可能性;通过改变国家、公共和商业机构的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Classification of Publications by Document Types in Web of Science and Scopus: Similarities, Differences and their Value in the Analysis of Publication Activity Web of Science与Scopus的文献类型分类:异同及其在出版活动分析中的价值
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.11
Yuliya Mokhnacheva
The article presents comparative data concerning the types of the same publications in two of the world’s leading scientific information systems – Web of Science and Scopus – and publishers. The paper shows significant differences in the typification of documents in a sample of 4338 most actively cited works with Russian authorship of various types for the period 2010-2020. The article shows that the type of publication is not an obvious criterion: the same work can be assigned a different type depending on the source of information. The revealed discrepancies of information from various sources give grounds for a certain skepticism in the correctness of the formulation of tasks in the analysis of publication activity concerningthe accounting of publications of only certain types. The results of the study suggest that if it is necessary to take into account only certain types of publications, information about the types of documents should be verified with the original information from publishers.
这篇文章提供了在两个世界领先的科学信息系统(Web of Science和Scopus)和出版商中关于相同出版物类型的比较数据。该论文显示,在2010-2020年期间,4338篇最常被引用的俄罗斯作者的各种类型的作品样本中,文献的类型化存在显著差异。文章表明,出版类型并不是一个明显的标准,同一作品可以根据不同的信息来源被赋予不同的类型。从各种来源得到的资料显示出的差异,使人有理由怀疑在分析出版活动时所制订的任务是否正确,因为这些活动只涉及某些类型的出版物的核算。这项研究的结果表明,如果有必要只考虑到某些类型的出版物,关于文件类型的资料应与出版商提供的原始资料核实。
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引用次数: 2
The Scientific Community between Confusion and Reactionarity 混淆与反动之间的科学共同体
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.12
Viacheslav A. Shuper
Attempts to avoid discussing the catastrophic situation in science and higher education can have the most severe consequences for the country in wartime. The most important goal of the special operation in Ukraine is the nationalization of the elites. It was obviously not possible to nationalize the scientific community. The off–scale percentage of disapproval of thisoperation among scientists (85%) is quite an adequate assessment of the policy in the field of science and higher education. The legacy of Vladimir Vernadsky is now of particular importance. Being a hereditary opponent of the tsarist autocracy, and in Soviet times – a brave critic of the government and the dominance of official ideology, the great scientist clearly divided thegovernment and the country, which allowed him to always stand on patriotic positions, putting fundamental national interests, unchanged under any government at the forefront. If the planned economy in its Soviet outgrowth grew on domestic soil, then all the worst that destroys science, grossly deforming the value orientation of scientists and destroying the institution of reputations, came from the West. In the field of science, the West still retains its dominance to the greatest extent, having significantly lost its position in other areas – economy, politics, ideology, military power. The pro-Western orientation of most of our scientific community is due precisely to this dominance, and not to devotion to the great ideals of science, whichwere betrayed in the West much earlier than at us. These ideals require the maximum degree of separation between the science and the politics, but in practice there is a tendency to mix them. The revolutionary transformations in the country not only open up a huge front of work for science, but will allow it to dramatically increase its social status. However, this requires scientists to return resolutely from internal emigration. It is necessary to move not to the side of power, but to constructive opposition. The latter presupposes close cooperation with the authorities in some issues with its harsh criticism in others
试图避免讨论科学和高等教育的灾难性状况可能会对战时的国家造成最严重的后果。乌克兰特别行动最重要的目标是精英的国有化。把科学界国有化显然是不可能的。科学家中不赞成这项操作的比例(85%)是对科学和高等教育领域政策的一个相当充分的评估。弗拉基米尔·维尔纳德斯基的遗产现在显得尤为重要。作为沙皇专制制度的世袭反对者,在苏联时代,这位伟大的科学家勇敢地批评政府和官方意识形态的主导地位,明确地划分了政府和国家,这使他始终站在爱国的立场上,把国家的根本利益放在首位,这在任何一届政府中都没有改变。如果说苏联的计划经济是在国内发展起来的,那么所有破坏科学、严重扭曲科学家价值取向和破坏声誉制度的最糟糕的事情都来自西方。在科学领域,西方仍然保持着最大程度的主导地位,但在经济、政治、意识形态、军事力量等其他领域,西方的地位已经明显丧失。我们大多数科学界的亲西方倾向,恰恰是由于这种主导地位,而不是出于对伟大的科学理想的献身,西方比我们早得多地背叛了科学理想。这些理想要求科学和政治之间最大程度的分离,但在实践中有一种混合它们的倾向。这个国家的革命性变革不仅为科学工作开辟了一个巨大的前沿,而且将使它的社会地位得到极大的提高。然而,这需要科学家从国内移民中坚决回归。有必要不是站在权力的一边,而是站在建设性的对立面。后者的先决条件是在某些问题上与当局密切合作,而在其他问题上则提出严厉批评
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引用次数: 0
Approaches to Ensuring Russia’s Technological Self-Sufficiency 确保俄罗斯技术自给自足的途径
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.5
I. Dezhina, A. Ponomarev
Ensuring technological self-sufficiency has become a systemic task of the State. Weunderstand technological self-sufficiency as the ability of the state to ensure scientific, technologicaland industrial development for creating and maintaining on its territory its own technologiesand infrastructure sufficient to guarantee independence from foreign technologiesin critical, vital areas.In this article, we propose conceptual approaches for formation of technological self-sufficiencyin Russia and assess potential and conditions of its development. The theoretical basis ofour concept is linked to the idea of technological leapfrogging. The notion of a technologicalleap implies that the catching-up country is able to follow the leaders at an accelerated pace,and even to find its own trajectory of technological development.The conceptual framework for technological self-sufficiency based on technological leapfroggingincludes the choice of thematic priorities and the organization of cooperative projects,preferably based on competition, to minimize the risks of technological failures. Since thepolicy of technological leapfrogging is expensive, budget funding plays an important role inthe first 5-7 years. It can be provided through both special programs and institutes for development.The assessment of the current situation in Russia shows that the technological leapfroggingis possible based on consortiums with the participation of medium-sized fast-growing companies,and in the field of production tools – based on individual groups able to develop andproduce domestic scientific equipment. However, the reorientation of scientific potential will take some time, especially when there isa high risk of an outflow of the most qualified personnel from the country. It is also importantto implement measures aimed at strengthening cooperative linkages, which are still underdeveloped.
确保技术自给自足已成为国家的一项系统任务。我们把技术自给自足理解为国家确保科学、技术和工业发展的能力,在其领土上创造和维持自己的技术和基础设施,以保证在关键、重要领域不受外国技术的影响。在本文中,我们提出了在俄罗斯形成技术自给自足的概念途径,并评估其发展的潜力和条件。我们概念的理论基础与技术跨越式发展的思想有关。技术赶超的概念意味着追赶国家能够以更快的速度跟随领先者,甚至找到自己的技术发展轨迹。基于技术跨越的技术自给自足的概念框架包括选择主题优先事项和组织合作项目,最好是基于竞争,以尽量减少技术失败的风险。由于技术跨越的政策是昂贵的,预算资金在前5-7年起着重要的作用。它可以通过特别方案和发展机构提供。对俄罗斯现状的评估表明,技术跨越是可能的,基于有中型快速增长公司参与的财团,以及在生产工具领域,基于能够开发和生产国内科学设备的个人团体。然而,科学潜力的重新定位将需要一些时间,特别是在该国最有资格的人才外流的高风险下。还必须执行旨在加强合作联系的措施,这些联系仍然不发达。
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引用次数: 3
Science, Culture, World 科学,文化,世界
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.14
A. Fonotov
As knowledge about nature and society deepened, the composition of the sources of socio-economic development expanded to include entrepreneurship, science, innovation, environmental restrictions, education, etc. The growth in the number of significant development factors and the need to take into account their impact on socio-economic concept,within which it will be possible to develop a common framework for assessing the role of traditional and new sources of growth. Already today, politicians, economists and managers, when developing state strategies, plans and programs, are faced with the need to take into account such characteristics of society as trust, inclusiveness, a sense of justice, the cultural level of the population, etc. The importance of these factors is increasing in the face of growing processes of change, the increasing role of innovation and weakening the stability and stability of the world political and economic systems under the influence of globalization processes. In modern conditions, the development and implementation of socio-economic policy requires an assessment of the ability of states to perceive and assimilate innovations, avoiding disorganization and slipping into systemic crises. The question arises, in relation to which object should such an ability be assessed? The article substantiates the choice of a cultural system as such an object. The dynamics of culture and the generalized drivers of its changes are considered, as which coding, language and communications are substantiated. It is shown that over time, science has become the main communication of culture. The globalization of scientific activity leads to the convergence of cultural systems. This process is getting new acceleration as a result of digitalization.
随着对自然和社会认识的加深,社会经济发展来源的构成扩大到包括创业、科学、创新、环境限制、教育等。重要的发展因素数目的增加以及考虑到它们对社会经济概念的影响的需要,在社会经济概念的范围内,将有可能制定一个共同的框架来评估传统的和新的增长来源的作用。今天,政治家,经济学家和管理人员,在制定国家战略,计划和方案时,都面临着需要考虑到社会的信任,包容,正义感,人口的文化水平等特征。面对日益增长的变革进程,创新的作用日益增强,以及在全球化进程的影响下削弱世界政治和经济体系的稳定性和稳定性,这些因素的重要性正在增加。在现代条件下,社会经济政策的制定和实施需要对国家感知和吸收创新的能力进行评估,以避免混乱和陷入系统性危机。问题来了,这种能力应该在哪个对象上进行评估?这篇文章将文化系统的选择作为这样一个对象。文化的动态和其变化的普遍驱动因素被认为是编码,语言和通信是有根据的。它表明,随着时间的推移,科学已经成为文化的主要交流。科学活动的全球化导致了文化系统的趋同。由于数字化,这一过程正在得到新的加速。
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引用次数: 0
Russian Academic Journals in New Geopolitical Conditions: Difficulties and Prospects of Development 新地缘政治条件下的俄罗斯学术期刊:困难与发展前景
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.4
Boris Gaydin
The article presents a point of view on possible ways to further develop and support Russian academic periodicals under conditions of sanctions pressure and a significant reduction in opportunities for cooperation with Western companies, including those owning Web of Science and Scopus. The author discusses a number of negative consequences of the orientation of Russian science and scholarship mainly to these scientometric databases. It is emphasized that it is necessary to continue working in order to improve the quality level of academic publications and to develop national indexes, while not cutting ties where possible, and establishing new collaborations in this field.
本文提出了在制裁压力和与西方公司(包括拥有Web of Science和Scopus的公司)合作机会显著减少的情况下,进一步发展和支持俄罗斯学术期刊的可能方法。作者讨论了俄罗斯科学和学术取向主要对这些科学计量数据库的一些负面影响。强调必须继续努力,以提高学术出版物的质量水平,制定国家索引,同时尽可能不切断联系,并在这一领域建立新的合作。
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引用次数: 2
Amateur Radio Activity in the USSR before World War II 二战前苏联的业余无线电活动
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.13
Vasily Borisov
The article discusses the emergence and development of amateur activities in radio communications and television reception in the USSR. Amateur radio activity in the USSR received legal recognition in 1924. By the end of 1928, more than 450 amateur radio stations were on the air in the country. From the beginning of the 1930s domestic radio amateurs have also mastered the reception of television broadcasts on home-made televisions. By the end of the 1930s. there were a large number of home-made television receivers tuned to the transmission of optical-mechanical television in the country. In this regard, short-line mechanical television broadcasting in the USSR existed until the early 1940s.
本文论述了苏联无线电通信和电视接收业余活动的产生和发展。1924年,苏联的业余无线电活动获得了法律承认。到1928年底,全国有450多个业余无线电台在广播。从20世纪30年代开始,国内的业余无线电爱好者也掌握了在自制电视上接收电视广播的技术。到30年代末。在这个国家,有大量的自制电视接收机调谐到光机械电视的传输。在这方面,苏联的短线机械电视广播一直存在到1940年代初。
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引用次数: 0
Some Reasons for the Russian Authors Transition to Foreign Journals 俄罗斯作者转向国外期刊的几个原因
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.2
Vadim N. Gureyev, N. Mazov, D. Metelkin
Aiming to increase Russian journals’ authority and enhance their readership, and consequently, journals’ rankings, detection of reasons for Russian authors’ transition to foreign journals is important. Recent studies demonstrated that up to one-third of Russian authors orients toward top-tiered foreign serials and do not intend to change their publication preferences. One of the obvious formal reasons is in quantitative indexes used in calculations in research organizations while evaluating the research capacity of their staff. However, external circumstances, as well as the risk of part or full restriction for Russian authors in some toptieredinternational journals lead to obstacles to the fulfillment of previous obligations. Under such conditions increase in the reputation of Russian serials, their compliance with international publishing standards, increase in their bibliometric indexes are of high importance. The paper aims to reveal the main issues caused to force Russian authors to select foreign journals and stop collaborating with domestic serials. Analyses of those reasons are believed to help detect the main vector for the successful development of Russian academic journals.
为了提高俄罗斯期刊的权威性和读者群,进而提高期刊的排名,发现俄罗斯作者转向国外期刊的原因是很重要的。最近的研究表明,多达三分之一的俄罗斯作者倾向于顶级外国连载,并且不打算改变他们的出版偏好。一个明显的形式原因是研究机构在评估其工作人员的研究能力时,在计算中使用的定量指标。然而,外部环境以及俄罗斯作者在一些顶级国际期刊中部分或全部受到限制的风险导致了先前义务的履行障碍。在这种情况下,提高俄罗斯期刊的声誉、符合国际出版标准、提高文献计量指标具有重要意义。本文旨在揭示导致俄罗斯作者选择外国期刊并停止与国内期刊合作的主要问题。分析这些原因,有助于找到俄罗斯学术期刊成功发展的主要载体。
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引用次数: 5
Mobilization Management in Science 科学动员管理
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.7
J. Plusnin
The article discusses the principles of governance in a emergency position (war). A two-level hierarchy of governance positions has been proposed: (1) the principle of “distributed part” (“the principle of consulate” as opposed to the “principle of protection”) has been proposed as a basis; (2) the mobilization managerial strategy is built on a three-level set. The first group is purposeful, focused on the fulfillment of the task set by the management:(1) intuitions and (2) improvisations. The second group is the justification for the existenceof the manager’s property rights: (3) significant participation and (4) the availability of free time. The third is the principles of organizing the activities of subordinates: (5) initiative and (6) independence. The principles of distributed responsibility and effective mobilization management are considered from the point of view of training management personnel in science. A model for the selection and training of managerial personnel is proposed. The features of a probable model of mobilization management in science are noted.
本文讨论了紧急状态下(战争)的治理原则。提出了两个层次的治理职位层次:(1)提出了“分散部分”原则(与“保护原则”相对的“领事原则”)作为基础;(2)动员管理战略是建立在一个三级集合上的。第一组是有目的的,专注于完成管理层设定的任务:(1)直觉和(2)即兴发挥。第二组是经理财产权存在的理由:(3)重要的参与和(4)空闲时间的可用性。三是组织下属活动的原则:(5)主动性和(6)独立性。从科学培养管理人才的角度出发,探讨了分散责任和有效动员管理的原则。提出了一种管理人才选拔与培养模式。指出了一种可能的科学动员管理模式的特点。
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引用次数: 4
The life and fate of Bruno Pontecorvo. Reflection on the books of Boris Bulyubash and Mikhail Sapozhnikov 布鲁诺·庞特科尔沃的生活和命运。对鲍里斯·布柳巴什和米哈伊尔·萨波日尼科夫著作的反思
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.18
Aleksander Skazochkin
The article presents a description of the content and possible significance for the history of science of the books by Boris Bulyubash and Mikhail Sapozhnikov about the outstanding Italian and Soviet physicist Bruno Pontecorvo. The “spy version” and “political version” of the transition of the scientist to the USSR are presented in detail, as well as the possible reasons for the transition associated with the socio-political situation of the 50s of the 20th century are described. The necessity to take into account the internal vector of beliefs, views and worldview of a scientist when explaining his actions is emphasized. Facts are given demonstrating that the “ideal” dominated in the worldview of Bruno Pontecorvo, which makes it possible toexplain many events in his life. It is noted that both books summarize a significant amount of information about Bruno, as well as the high quality of the description of many physical experiments in which Pontecorvo took part, the accessibility for understanding the essence when presenting complex issues of elementary particle physics and high energy physics.
本文介绍了鲍里斯·布尤巴什和米哈伊尔·萨波日尼科夫关于意大利和苏联杰出物理学家布鲁诺·庞特科尔沃的著作的内容和可能的科学史意义。详细介绍了科学家向苏联过渡的“间谍版本”和“政治版本”,并描述了与20世纪50年代社会政治形势相关的过渡的可能原因。强调在解释科学家的行为时,必须考虑到科学家的信念、观点和世界观的内在矢量。事实证明,“理想”在布鲁诺·庞特科尔沃的世界观中占主导地位,这使得解释他生活中的许多事件成为可能。值得注意的是,这两本书都总结了大量关于布鲁诺的信息,以及庞特科尔沃参加的许多物理实验的高质量描述,以及在呈现基本粒子物理和高能物理的复杂问题时理解本质的可访问性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Science Management: Theory and Practice
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