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The Role of the Belarusian Republican Fund for Fundamental Research in the Training and Education of the Young Scientific Elite 白俄罗斯共和国基础研究基金在培训和教育年轻科学精英方面的作用
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.10
Mikhail Artyukhin, S. Pushkevich
The analysis of the basic principles of the youth policy of the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research (BRFFR) and its role in the training of the young scientific elite has been carried out. On the example of the results of the youth competition “Science M” for the period 1997-2022 the dynamics of participation in this competition of various contingents of young scientists according to the departmental subordination of universities and scientific organizations is shown, as well as the sectoral structure of youth projects in scientific areas and their compliance with modern trends in the development of world science. On the basis of the data of a sociological study of professional and career trajectories of leaders of youth scientific projects in the “Science M” competition, supported by the BRFFR for the period 1997-2017, the quantitative and gender composition of the defended leaders, as well as the sectoral structure of their doctoral and master’s theses, are shown. In conclusion, the ways of improving the youth policy of the scientific fund in the conditions of sanctions pressure on the scientific sphere in Russia and Belarus are determined.
对白俄罗斯共和国基础研究基金会青年政策的基本原则及其在培养年轻科学精英方面的作用进行了分析。以1997-2022年“科学M”青年竞赛结果为例,展示了各青年科学家队伍根据大学和科学组织的部门隶属关系参加竞赛的动态,以及科学领域青年项目的部门结构及其与现代世界科学发展趋势的契合度。基于对1997-2017年BRFFR支持的“科学M”竞赛青年科学项目领导者专业和职业轨迹的社会学研究数据,展示了被辩护领导者的数量和性别组成,以及他们博士和硕士论文的部门结构。最后,确定了在俄罗斯和白俄罗斯科学领域受到制裁压力的情况下,改进科学基金青年政策的途径。
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引用次数: 0
On Approaches to the Formation of a Regional System of Scientific and Technical Expertise 区域科技专业知识体系形成途径研究
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.3
G. Shepelev, I. Ganieva, Gennady Martinyuk
The general approaches to expertise in the evaluation of scientific and technical projects at the regional level are considered. The regulatory framework for the organization of expertise at the federal, sectoral and regional levels is considered. The normative and methodological documents on the organization of expertise in large organizations that perform large amounts of work on the examination of scientific and technical projects, the experience of organizing expert activities in such organizations are considered. The experience of organizing expert activities in a number of regions has been reviewed. The approaches to the organization of expertise of scientific and technical projects at the regional level are formulated – the specifics of such expertise associated with a limited number of experts in the region, the breadth of the subject matter to be examined, and a relatively small total number of examinations, increasing the unit costs of organizing expert activities in the region, are considered. Approaches are proposed to ensure the high quality of expertise with limited resources for its organization: the appointment of one of the scientific organizations as the organizer of the examination, the creation and maintenance of a database of experts involved in the examination of regional projects, the development of methodological recommendations for the organization of expertise, taking into account regional specifics.
审议了在区域一级评价科学和技术项目时获得专门知识的一般办法。审议了在联邦、部门和区域各级组织专门知识的管理框架。审议了在从事大量科学和技术项目审查工作的大型组织中组织专门知识的规范性和方法学文件,以及在这些组织中组织专家活动的经验。审查了在若干区域组织专家活动的经验。拟定了在区域一级组织科学和技术项目专门知识的办法- -考虑到这种专门知识与区域内有限数量的专家有关的具体情况、待审查主题的广度和审查总数相对较少,从而增加了在区域内组织专家活动的单位费用。提出了在组织资源有限的情况下确保高质量的专门知识的办法:任命一个科学组织作为审查的组织者,建立和维持一个参与审查区域项目的专家数据库,在考虑到区域具体情况的情况下拟订组织专门知识的方法建议。
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引用次数: 1
Radical and Incremental Innovations: Difficulties in Definition and Differentiation 激进创新与渐进式创新:定义与区分的困难
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.7
S. Samovoleva
The differentiation of innovation into radical and incremental is widespread in the economic literature. It seems simple at first glance, but it is not. Firstly, researchers focus on different features to distinguish these types of innovations. In other words, there is a variety of approaches to the definition of these innovations. Secondly, the proposed characteristics are often subjective. Thirdly, the difficulties in measuring radical and incremental innovations are related to the methodology for collecting relevant statistical data. Thus, the lack of a clear and consistent theoretical and methodological framework does not allow clear understandingof the incremental or radical nature of the innovation activities results and exact assessment of these results. However, researchers are not always given sufficient attention to these difficulties. This paper is devoted to the analysis of key issues that make it difficult to distinguish between incremental and radical innovations.
在经济学文献中,将创新区分为激进创新和渐进创新的观点非常普遍。乍一看似乎很简单,其实不然。首先,研究人员关注不同的特征来区分这些类型的创新。换句话说,有各种各样的方法来定义这些创新。其次,所提出的特征往往是主观的。第三,衡量激进创新和渐进式创新的困难与收集相关统计数据的方法有关。因此,缺乏一个清晰和一致的理论和方法框架,就不能清楚地理解创新活动结果的增量或激进性质,也不能准确地评估这些结果。然而,研究人员并不总是对这些困难给予足够的重视。本文致力于分析难以区分渐进式创新和激进式创新的关键问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Mirror of Science 科学之镜
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.11
Valery Ermikov, N. Pokhilenko
Turn to the life and work of outstanding scientists and citizens of our country – academicians P. L. Kapitsa, V. A. Koptyug, N. L. Dobretsov – allows the authors of the article to identify the prominent role of the leaders of national science against the backdrop of crises, including era of fundamental changes in the country and society. What ideas regarding the organization of scientific research were put forward by them and were implemented, what is the role of the state in the life of the scientific community? The authors of the article reflect on this and other issues of national science, relying on the creative heritage of its leaders.
通过对我国杰出科学家和公民——p.l.卡皮察院士、v.a.科普图格院士、n.l.多布雷佐夫院士——的生活和工作,文章作者确定了国家科学领袖在危机背景下的突出作用,包括国家和社会发生根本性变化的时代。他们对科学研究的组织提出了什么想法并付诸实施,国家在科学界的生活中扮演了什么角色?这篇文章的作者依靠其领导人的创造性遗产,对这个问题和其他国家科学问题进行了反思。
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引用次数: 0
Development of Science and Technology: Goal or Means of Progress? 科技发展:目标还是进步的手段?
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.12
A. Vasiliev, O. Zatsepina
The article deals with the topic of inconsistency of the consequences of technological progress, the relationship between science and religion. The views of various philosophers on this question, their proposals regarding the prevention of the uprising of machines are analyzed. It is concluded that science should be based on moral values, be organically integrated into life and interact with all spheres of life, and not replace religion. The development of technologies should not be the main goal of progress, as is enshrined in the current strategic documents of the Russian Federation. This approach leads to negative consequences, gives rise to an ontological crisis, casts doubt on the existence of the person himself due to his possible replacement by artificial intelligence. Now only the Conceptual Manifesto of Akademgorodok 2.0 in Novosibirsk emphasizes the need for human orientation in the development of science and new technologies, the preservation of traditions, the integration of science into all spheres of life, as one of its components, but not the main component. This document should be taken as a model for further legal regulation in this area. To overcome the ontological crisis, it should be remembered that the introduction of new technologies is not a goal, but one of the means of progress, obtaining new knowledge, optimizing production and harmonious development of a person and society if they are used correctly.
本文讨论了技术进步后果的不一致性、科学与宗教的关系等问题。分析了不同哲学家对这个问题的看法,以及他们关于防止机器起义的建议。科学应该以道德价值为基础,有机地融入生活,与生活的各个领域相互作用,而不是取代宗教。发展技术不应该是进步的主要目标,正如俄罗斯联邦目前的战略文件所载的那样。这种做法会导致消极的后果,引起本体论危机,使人怀疑自己的存在,因为他可能被人工智能取代。现在,只有新西伯利亚学院2.0版的概念宣言强调,科学和新技术的发展需要以人为本,传统的保存,将科学融入生活的各个领域,作为其组成部分之一,但不是主要组成部分。该文件应作为该领域进一步法律规制的典范。为了克服本体论危机,我们应该记住,新技术的引入不是一个目标,而是一种进步的手段,如果使用得当,可以获得新的知识,优化生产,实现个人和社会的和谐发展。
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引用次数: 0
Publishing Realities in the Age of Isolation 《孤立时代的出版现实
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.14
S. Egerev
The paper characterizes the publication atmosphere for Russian science in the year 2022. Three examples of solutions which managers, publishers, and authors, respectively, have turned to this year are considered. Managers received the so-called “White List of Scientific Journals”, which can be used to evaluate the productivity of scientific institutions and of individual scientists as well. Publishers and editorial staff are implementing the Russian identifier EDN to complete or to replace the global identifier DOI. The authors discover new opportunities for the promotion of scientific results thanks to the development of internationalopen online journal platforms.
这篇论文描述了2022年俄罗斯科学的出版氛围。本文考虑了管理人员、出版商和作者今年分别采用的三种解决方案。管理人员收到了所谓的“科学期刊白名单”,它可以用来评估科学机构和个别科学家的生产力。出版商和编辑人员正在实现俄文标识符EDN,以完成或取代全局标识符DOI。由于国际开放在线期刊平台的发展,作者发现了促进科学成果的新机遇。
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引用次数: 2
Code of Laws on Science and Innovations of the Russian Federation: Concept and Structure 俄罗斯联邦科学与创新法典:概念与结构
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.4
A. Vasiliev, Yuliya Pechatnova
The article analyzes the idea of separating scientific concepts aimed at studying the legal regulation of scientific activity, emphasizes the relevance of the ongoing research in that, as of today, there is no balanced legislative regulation of scientific and innovative activities. The research methodology is represented by general scientific methods and special legal methods of study. Thus, the logical method made it possible to highlight the prerequisites for the development of a code of laws on science and innovation. The historical method contributed to the historical and legal analysis of the development of the idea of forming a unified law on scientific and innovative activities. The modeling method made it possible to form the optimal structure of the draft code of laws on science and innovation. Using the formal legal method, the analysis of the current legislation and doctrinal approaches to the legal regulation of science and education was carried out. The authors identify the following prerequisites for the development of a code of laws on science and innovation: the multiplicity and inconsistency of existing regulatory legal acts on science and innovation; lack of a unified ideological basis for the legal regulation of science; increasing the level of scientific development of the scientific and legal sphere; taking into account the specifics of scientific and technical legal regulation; increasing the importance of the studied sphere of legal regulation; development of a mature state scientific and technical policy. In conclusion, the authors propose the structure of the code of laws on science and innovation, it is noted that the code can take its rightful place in the development of an ideology for the development and management of science in the Russian Federation.
本文分析了科学概念分离的思想,旨在研究科学活动的法律规制,强调了正在进行的研究的相关性,因为到目前为止,科学与创新活动还没有平衡的立法规制。研究方法以一般的科学方法和特殊的法律研究方法为代表。因此,逻辑方法使我们有可能强调制定科学和创新法典的先决条件。历史方法有助于对科学和创新活动形成统一法律的思想的发展进行历史和法律分析。该建模方法为科学创新法典草案的优化结构的形成提供了可能。使用正式的法律方法,分析当前的立法和学说的科学和教育的法律监管方法。作者认为制定科学与创新法典的先决条件是:现有科学与创新监管法律行为的多样性和不一致性;科学法律规制缺乏统一的思想基础;提高科技法治领域的科学发展水平;考虑到科学和技术法律法规的具体情况;增加法律规制研究领域的重要性;制定了成熟的国家科技政策。最后,作者提出了科学和创新法典的结构,并指出,法典可以在俄罗斯联邦发展和管理科学的意识形态的发展中占有应有的地位。
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引用次数: 0
On the State of Power Engineering in Russia: Opportunities and Ways of Innovative Development 论俄罗斯电力工程现状:创新发展的机遇与途径
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.8
A. Skazochkin, P. Balash, L. Serezhkin, V. Perov
The article provides a current analysis of the state of the power engineering market in Russia, including an analysis of trends in the market for turbines and turbine equipment, the main external and internal factors affecting the production of turbine equipment. Particularly highlighted are: a technologically outdated fleet of domestically produced turbines, the fact that high-power turbines have been supplied exclusively by foreign companies for the last 30 years, sanctions on the import of certain spare parts for turbines and turbine equipment into Russia. It is concluded that at present the Russian power engineering industry is not technologically independent, in particular, for the creation of combined cycle plants. The directions of innovative development of the domestic power engineering industry are identified, which, according to the authors, in the conditions of limited financial resources and the emerging political and economic situation, should be attributed to priority areas. A proposal was made on the need to expand the initiative of the Government of the Russian Federation for the development of design documentation and the production of import-substituting components, the development of innovations in this area, as well as the coordination of their sales.
本文对俄罗斯电力工程市场现状进行了分析,包括对涡轮机和涡轮机设备市场趋势的分析,以及影响涡轮机设备生产的主要外部和内部因素。特别突出的是:国内生产的涡轮机技术落后,过去30年来大功率涡轮机一直由外国公司独家供应的事实,对俄罗斯进口涡轮机和涡轮机设备的某些备件的制裁。结论是,目前俄罗斯电力工程工业在技术上不独立,特别是在联合循环电厂的创建方面。确定了国内电力工程产业创新发展的方向,认为在财力有限、政治经济形势新出现的条件下,应将其归于重点领域。有人建议有必要扩大俄罗斯联邦政府的倡议,以便编制设计文件和生产进口替代部件,发展这一领域的革新,以及协调其销售。
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引用次数: 0
On Expert Evaluation of the Scientific Research Effectiveness 论科研成果的专家评价
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.2
G. Shepelev
The general approaches to expertise in assessing the effectiveness of the scientific and technical sphere are considered. The roles of the participants of the examination – the decision-maker, the organizer of the examination, experts, and other interested participants in the results of the examination are considered. The general requirements for experts, such as qualification, objectivity, independence of the expert, possible conflicts of interests of the participants of the examination, are analyzed. The implementation of the theoretical provisions of the organization of expertise on practical examples is considered. It is shown that expert assessments in the analysis of the effectiveness of scientific organizations can lead to unreliable results, as well as the use of scientometric performance indicators outside the zone of their applicability.Some basic scientometric indicators are considered, it is shown that they can be considered as formalized answers to examination questions. The dependence of scientometric indicators on the scale of the audience to which certain publications are published is shown. Possible changes in the scientometric indicators of Russian publications are predicted in conditions of limited access of Russian publications to world information systems.
在评估科学和技术领域的效力时,审议了利用专门知识的一般办法。考试参与者的角色——决策者、考试组织者、专家和其他对考试结果感兴趣的参与者都被考虑在内。分析了对专家的一般要求,如资格、客观性、专家的独立性、考试参与者可能存在的利益冲突等。对专家组织的理论规定在实际实例中的实施进行了考虑。研究表明,在科学组织的有效性分析中,专家评估可能导致结果不可靠,以及科学计量绩效指标在其适用性范围之外的使用。考虑了一些基本的科学计量指标,表明它们可以被视为考试问题的形式化答案。显示了科学计量指标对某些出版物的读者规模的依赖性。在俄罗斯出版物进入世界信息系统的机会有限的情况下,预测俄罗斯出版物的科学计量指标可能发生变化。
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引用次数: 2
Formation and Development of Comfortable Information Environment of Science at the University: Impact of the Library 高校舒适科学信息环境的形成与发展:图书馆的影响
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.4.9
I. Yurik, V. Lazarev
The main activities of the Scientific Library of Belarusian National Technical University (ВNTU) aimed at the formation and development of a comfortable information environment for the University’s academic activities are described, including: organizing of redundancyof content and relative limitation of volume in the presented documentary flow, organizing of assistance in creating documents and promoting them to the “intellectual market”. Among the concrete forms of activities there are selection of serial publications for reading and submission of articles; development of the journals published by BNTU; creation and maintenance of open access resources; advisory work on registration in various systems of identification ofauthor profiles; various bibliometric studies. The issue of the coincidence of the implementationof the principles of “open science” with the conditions for the formation of a comfortable information environment of science is touched upon.
白俄罗斯国立技术大学科学图书馆(ВNTU)的主要活动旨在为大学的学术活动形成和发展一个舒适的信息环境,包括:组织内容冗余和文献流量的相对数量限制,组织协助创建文件并将其推广到“知识市场”。活动的具体形式有:选择系列出版物供阅读和投稿;北师大期刊的发展;创建和维护开放获取资源;在各种作者档案识别系统中登记的咨询工作;各种文献计量学研究。论述了实施“开放科学”原则与形成舒适的科学信息环境条件的契合性问题。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Science Management: Theory and Practice
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