Abstract The literature is characterized by a lack of research analyzing cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&A) as a network. This article aims to evaluate the topology properties (the geographical and sectoral structure) of the global CBM&A network in 1990–2021. A quantitative study is conducted by using the social network analysis (SNA) method. The countries’ structural power in this global system is measured by the centrality indicators. From a geographical perspective, the study shows that in 1990–2021, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and France occupied the most central place in the network. From the beginning of the 21st century, there has also been a marked increase in the importance of Asian countries, with China and India receiving a large inflow of foreign capital. In turn, entities from Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and China invested heavily abroad through M&A. The Asian countries’ economies also played the role of important intermediaries in the global CBM&A network. From a sectoral perspective, it can be stated that in 1990–2021, mainly entities operated in the financial, industrial, basic materials, technology, and consumer cyclical sectors made transactions in the global CBM&A network. They were also the main investment targets within this network.
{"title":"The global cross-border mergers and acquisitions network between 1990 and 2021","authors":"Dominika Brózda-Wilamek","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The literature is characterized by a lack of research analyzing cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&A) as a network. This article aims to evaluate the topology properties (the geographical and sectoral structure) of the global CBM&A network in 1990–2021. A quantitative study is conducted by using the social network analysis (SNA) method. The countries’ structural power in this global system is measured by the centrality indicators. From a geographical perspective, the study shows that in 1990–2021, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and France occupied the most central place in the network. From the beginning of the 21st century, there has also been a marked increase in the importance of Asian countries, with China and India receiving a large inflow of foreign capital. In turn, entities from Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, and China invested heavily abroad through M&A. The Asian countries’ economies also played the role of important intermediaries in the global CBM&A network. From a sectoral perspective, it can be stated that in 1990–2021, mainly entities operated in the financial, industrial, basic materials, technology, and consumer cyclical sectors made transactions in the global CBM&A network. They were also the main investment targets within this network.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"81 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article aims to show the areas in which technological changes will take place to bring about energy security, and the prerequisites and costs. It has been assumed that technological progress will contribute to the development of energy markets and increase the level of energy security. Changes in energy markets are a necessity. Energy is a source of economic competitiveness. The ability to produce cheap energy and in quantities adequate to needs is a social and economic development factor. The opportunities for change will be the need for new energy sources, instability in the energy markets, as well as technological progress. New technological solutions allow for better energy demand and supply management and preparing forecasts for increases/decreases in the energy demand. The threats are high costs of introducing new technologies and the necessity of implementing many investments at the same time, which require changes in entire systems. Investments require a long period of time and anticipation of trends.
{"title":"Opportunities and threats to shaping energy security in the conditions of development and use of new technologies","authors":"Dorota Niedziółka","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims to show the areas in which technological changes will take place to bring about energy security, and the prerequisites and costs. It has been assumed that technological progress will contribute to the development of energy markets and increase the level of energy security. Changes in energy markets are a necessity. Energy is a source of economic competitiveness. The ability to produce cheap energy and in quantities adequate to needs is a social and economic development factor. The opportunities for change will be the need for new energy sources, instability in the energy markets, as well as technological progress. New technological solutions allow for better energy demand and supply management and preparing forecasts for increases/decreases in the energy demand. The threats are high costs of introducing new technologies and the necessity of implementing many investments at the same time, which require changes in entire systems. Investments require a long period of time and anticipation of trends.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"12 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138607010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper is theoretical and empirical. Its basic purpose is to examine the resilience of organizational startups during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. The basic research method used in the study was CAWI. The group of surveyed companies consisted of startups operating in Zachodniopomorskie, Wielkopolskie, and Lubuskie voivodeships. The survey covered 62 enterprises in 2022. The research revealed that owing to their organizational resilience the startups were able to adapt to the changes in the market. Thus, on the one hand, they were able to quickly tailor their offer to the current needs of customers, and on the other hand, they could modify the processes taking place inside the company. As a result of these measures, the startups increased their revenues, which may directly determine the future competitiveness of the surveyed companies.
{"title":"Startups’ organizational resilience in post-COVID times","authors":"Jarosław Korpysa, Oláh Judit","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper is theoretical and empirical. Its basic purpose is to examine the resilience of organizational startups during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. The basic research method used in the study was CAWI. The group of surveyed companies consisted of startups operating in Zachodniopomorskie, Wielkopolskie, and Lubuskie voivodeships. The survey covered 62 enterprises in 2022. The research revealed that owing to their organizational resilience the startups were able to adapt to the changes in the market. Thus, on the one hand, they were able to quickly tailor their offer to the current needs of customers, and on the other hand, they could modify the processes taking place inside the company. As a result of these measures, the startups increased their revenues, which may directly determine the future competitiveness of the surveyed companies.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"588 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139240179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michał Bernardelli, Paweł Felis, Marcin Jamroży, Jacek Lipiec, Elżbieta Malinowska-Misiąg, J. Szlęzak-Matusewicz, Grzegorz Otczyk
Abstract The paper examines the convergence of tax systems in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) over the period 1995–2018. Due to the increasing impact of tax competition, we have focused on income taxes, in particular, corporate ones. We have identified the factors that influence the taxation system and trends in income taxation in the CEECs by adapting the hidden Markov model approach. We find that many CEECs have reduced income taxation in the analysis period, mainly by lowering tax rates. Corporate income taxes have also decreased in many CEECs in the same period; however, the reverse has been observed too. Both convergence and divergence have been identified among the CEECs over the period considered. The speed of these processes based on the used variables varied depending on both exogenous and endogenous factors. These factors have been diagnosed as being specific to the periods of tax reforms, i.e., before and after accession to the European Union (EU) and the global financial crisis.
{"title":"Trends in income taxation: are taxes converging in Central and Eastern European countries?","authors":"Michał Bernardelli, Paweł Felis, Marcin Jamroży, Jacek Lipiec, Elżbieta Malinowska-Misiąg, J. Szlęzak-Matusewicz, Grzegorz Otczyk","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper examines the convergence of tax systems in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) over the period 1995–2018. Due to the increasing impact of tax competition, we have focused on income taxes, in particular, corporate ones. We have identified the factors that influence the taxation system and trends in income taxation in the CEECs by adapting the hidden Markov model approach. We find that many CEECs have reduced income taxation in the analysis period, mainly by lowering tax rates. Corporate income taxes have also decreased in many CEECs in the same period; however, the reverse has been observed too. Both convergence and divergence have been identified among the CEECs over the period considered. The speed of these processes based on the used variables varied depending on both exogenous and endogenous factors. These factors have been diagnosed as being specific to the periods of tax reforms, i.e., before and after accession to the European Union (EU) and the global financial crisis.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"166 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139257806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article refers to the new Synthetic Efficiency Indicator for Economic Growth (SEI-EG) proposed in an earlier publication. Research from 2016–2018 in 11 EU countries revealed small nations were notably more effective at sustainable growth than their larger counterparts. This prompted the authors to ask about the differences between small countries with developed economies and small countries with lower levels of development joining the EU in 2004. The article aims to determine the relative efficiency of transforming growth inputs and debt into sustainability outcomes for small countries in the EU using the SEI-EG index over the period 2016–2020. The study group symmetrically includes six countries each from developed economies and six countries that joined the EU in 2004. The adopted indicator complements the expanded SDGs and aligns with the trend linking research inputs to sustainable development effects.
{"title":"Efficiency ranking of economic growth toward sustainable growth with grey system theory: the case of small countries in advanced and emerging economies","authors":"Marcin Nowak, Małgorzata Kokocińska","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article refers to the new Synthetic Efficiency Indicator for Economic Growth (SEI-EG) proposed in an earlier publication. Research from 2016–2018 in 11 EU countries revealed small nations were notably more effective at sustainable growth than their larger counterparts. This prompted the authors to ask about the differences between small countries with developed economies and small countries with lower levels of development joining the EU in 2004. The article aims to determine the relative efficiency of transforming growth inputs and debt into sustainability outcomes for small countries in the EU using the SEI-EG index over the period 2016–2020. The study group symmetrically includes six countries each from developed economies and six countries that joined the EU in 2004. The adopted indicator complements the expanded SDGs and aligns with the trend linking research inputs to sustainable development effects.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"2007 322","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Paper’s objectives The main aim of the paper is to analyze the earnings quality of high-share liquidity companies from Poland, Romania, and Hungary whose activities are outside the finance sector. Methods applied Earnings quality, i.e., earnings persistence, predictability, and accruals quality, was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the U Mann–Whitney test, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Findings The research demonstrates that companies listed in the Bucharest Stock Exchange tend to provide higher earnings quality than other firms in the CEEplus index. In the tested sample, there was a noticeable domination of managerial practices aimed at managing the earnings downward. This also happened in 2020, the period negatively affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature regarding the quality of accounting data reported among listed companies from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that are characterized by high liquidity of shares.
{"title":"Earnings quality among high-share liquidity companies: evidence from Central and Eastern European firms","authors":"Michal Comporek","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Paper’s objectives The main aim of the paper is to analyze the earnings quality of high-share liquidity companies from Poland, Romania, and Hungary whose activities are outside the finance sector. Methods applied Earnings quality, i.e., earnings persistence, predictability, and accruals quality, was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the U Mann–Whitney test, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Findings The research demonstrates that companies listed in the Bucharest Stock Exchange tend to provide higher earnings quality than other firms in the CEEplus index. In the tested sample, there was a noticeable domination of managerial practices aimed at managing the earnings downward. This also happened in 2020, the period negatively affected by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature regarding the quality of accounting data reported among listed companies from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that are characterized by high liquidity of shares.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"1 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the socioeconomic development of each country, income rates constitute a measure of the economic situation. They are also the principle factor influencing social stratification. When discussing the income of European households in a regional approach, one may analyze changes, regional development indicators, and the degree to which needs are satisfied. It is underlined in the relevant literature that the differences observed across macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators are reflected in the phenomenon of income inequality, and their levels are also differentiated by the biological type of households. In view of the above, this study analyzed the financial standing of households from the spatial standpoint (selected EU countries) and considered the fractions of households isolated based on their biological composition in the light of inequality indices: Gini, Atkinson, and Theil. Inequality rates were computed using the median net equivalized income. The material examined in this study consisted of secondary data collected and published in the Eurostat database.
{"title":"Income inequality among European households and their biological type","authors":"Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca, Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska, Mirosław Gornowicz","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the socioeconomic development of each country, income rates constitute a measure of the economic situation. They are also the principle factor influencing social stratification. When discussing the income of European households in a regional approach, one may analyze changes, regional development indicators, and the degree to which needs are satisfied. It is underlined in the relevant literature that the differences observed across macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators are reflected in the phenomenon of income inequality, and their levels are also differentiated by the biological type of households. In view of the above, this study analyzed the financial standing of households from the spatial standpoint (selected EU countries) and considered the fractions of households isolated based on their biological composition in the light of inequality indices: Gini, Atkinson, and Theil. Inequality rates were computed using the median net equivalized income. The material examined in this study consisted of secondary data collected and published in the Eurostat database.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136013001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between intrinsic job-related motivators and hotel employees’ work engagement and to examine how it may correlate with important employees’ outcomes, such as the prescribed-role and extra-role customer service. Design/methodology/approach The literature review and empirical research based on a survey method were employed. Findings The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant correlation between intrinsic job-related motivators and hotel employees’ work engagement. It was also demonstrated that work engagement significantly and positively correlates with both the prescribed-role and extra-role customer service provided by employees. Originality/value This study adds to the growing body of research on employees’ work motivation, particularly focusing on the intrinsic dimension that it has still not received enough empirical attention in the literature of both hotel management and marketing.
{"title":"Promoting hotel employees’ work engagement and its service outcomes: The critical role of intrinsic motivation","authors":"Aleksandra Grobelna, Ewa Wyszkowska-Wróbel","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between intrinsic job-related motivators and hotel employees’ work engagement and to examine how it may correlate with important employees’ outcomes, such as the prescribed-role and extra-role customer service. Design/methodology/approach The literature review and empirical research based on a survey method were employed. Findings The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant correlation between intrinsic job-related motivators and hotel employees’ work engagement. It was also demonstrated that work engagement significantly and positively correlates with both the prescribed-role and extra-role customer service provided by employees. Originality/value This study adds to the growing body of research on employees’ work motivation, particularly focusing on the intrinsic dimension that it has still not received enough empirical attention in the literature of both hotel management and marketing.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135967764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katarzyna Byrka-Kita, Mateusz Czerwiński, Aurelia Bajerska
Abstract We investigate the link between the rule of law and equity returns in post-transitional economies over the period January 2010–December 2020 by using panel data regressions. By applying several rule-of-law proxies for national legal frameworks and justice system quality as proxies for the rule-of-law principle, the data sets from the capital markets of Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia showed that country-level judicial system quality is an important driver of company market performance, and that post-transitional countries with lower rule-of-law measures exhibit higher returns on equity than those with better measures. Our results support the idea that since poor governance and country instability increase agency and transaction costs, in addition to decreasing growth prospects and profitable projects available to companies, the risk premium demanded by investors increases, leading to higher equity returns.
{"title":"Does deterioration in rule of law per se create or destroy value?","authors":"Katarzyna Byrka-Kita, Mateusz Czerwiński, Aurelia Bajerska","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We investigate the link between the rule of law and equity returns in post-transitional economies over the period January 2010–December 2020 by using panel data regressions. By applying several rule-of-law proxies for national legal frameworks and justice system quality as proxies for the rule-of-law principle, the data sets from the capital markets of Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia showed that country-level judicial system quality is an important driver of company market performance, and that post-transitional countries with lower rule-of-law measures exhibit higher returns on equity than those with better measures. Our results support the idea that since poor governance and country instability increase agency and transaction costs, in addition to decreasing growth prospects and profitable projects available to companies, the risk premium demanded by investors increases, leading to higher equity returns.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136012564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Energy security and international competitiveness are two of the most fiercely discussed topics – especially in the light of the European Union (EU)’s dependence on Russia’s gas, oil, and coal. Both mentioned concepts are of special importance for the so-called EU new member states (EU NMS), which are undergoing the energy diversification process. The main goal of this paper is to analyze how energy security influences the international competitiveness of these countries. The study uses trade theories related to productivity differentials (Ricardian hypothesis) and differences in factor endowments (Heckscher–Ohlin hypothesis) as a basis for our econometric modeling. The results show that relative energy supply as well as physical and human capital relative endowments have a statistically significant impact on international competitiveness of the studied economies.
{"title":"Energy security as a source of international competitiveness in new EU member states","authors":"Honorata Nyga-Łukaszewska, Tomasz M. Napiórkowski","doi":"10.2478/ijme-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Energy security and international competitiveness are two of the most fiercely discussed topics – especially in the light of the European Union (EU)’s dependence on Russia’s gas, oil, and coal. Both mentioned concepts are of special importance for the so-called EU new member states (EU NMS), which are undergoing the energy diversification process. The main goal of this paper is to analyze how energy security influences the international competitiveness of these countries. The study uses trade theories related to productivity differentials (Ricardian hypothesis) and differences in factor endowments (Heckscher–Ohlin hypothesis) as a basis for our econometric modeling. The results show that relative energy supply as well as physical and human capital relative endowments have a statistically significant impact on international competitiveness of the studied economies.","PeriodicalId":43388,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Management and Economics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135696580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：