Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/9951272/summer-2/2
There is no denying in the fact that informal sector of any economy offersemployment flexibility by absorbing a pool of labor force. However, the rapid progression of the informal sector in Pakistan andthe consequent increase in competition faced by the formal firms urge a need to understand the dynamics of informal competition.The current study is an attempt toidentifythecorefactors responsible for the incidence of informal competition faced by formal firms in Pakistan,along with an investigation of the determinantsof the severity of thiscompetition.The study investigates the variables of firm’s characteristics and regulatory measures in order to examine the incidence and severity of informal competition faced by formal firms employing World Bank Enterprise Survey 2013 (WBES).The study not only conducts frequency analysis of the variables but based on the nature of data;it uses thelogit and ordered logit techniques todetermine the significant variables.The results of the study show that out of totalof 1125 formal firms used inthe analysis, 583 firms (46.75%) reported facing informal competition. Among these firms facing informal competition, only 16.98% reported informal competition as no obstacle in terms of its severity, however, rests of the firms (almost 83 %) consider the severity of informal competition as an obstacle in one or the other form and consider informal competition as a threat to their businesses.The result of logit model shows thatcharacteristics of formal firms resembling more to the informal firms in terms of size and locality have more likelihood of facing the informal competition. However, indetermining the severityof informal competition through the ordered logit model, theregulatory variables such as taxation, licensing & permits and corruption are found to be more significant and relevant.These results call on to introduce regulatory reforms making the regulatory system less burdensome and better enforcement mechanism of those reforms. There’s a need to create ease for the existing formal firms to fulfill the regulatory requirements as well as encourage the informal firms to join the mainstream formal setup of economy. Furthermore, the current research can be extended by availing the latest datasettoexplore the dynamics of informal sector andthe resultant competitionfor the formal firms in an ever-changingbusiness environment.
{"title":"Determinants of Informal Competition faced by Formal Firms inPakistan: AnEmpirical Evaluation from 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/9951272/summer-2/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/9951272/summer-2/2","url":null,"abstract":"There is no denying in the fact that informal sector of any economy offersemployment flexibility by absorbing a pool of labor force. However, the rapid progression of the informal sector in Pakistan andthe consequent increase in competition faced by the formal firms urge a need to understand the dynamics of informal competition.The current study is an attempt toidentifythecorefactors responsible for the incidence of informal competition faced by formal firms in Pakistan,along with an investigation of the determinantsof the severity of thiscompetition.The study investigates the variables of firm’s characteristics and regulatory measures in order to examine the incidence and severity of informal competition faced by formal firms employing World Bank Enterprise Survey 2013 (WBES).The study not only conducts frequency analysis of the variables but based on the nature of data;it uses thelogit and ordered logit techniques todetermine the significant variables.The results of the study show that out of totalof 1125 formal firms used inthe analysis, 583 firms (46.75%) reported facing informal competition. Among these firms facing informal competition, only 16.98% reported informal competition as no obstacle in terms of its severity, however, rests of the firms (almost 83 %) consider the severity of informal competition as an obstacle in one or the other form and consider informal competition as a threat to their businesses.The result of logit model shows thatcharacteristics of formal firms resembling more to the informal firms in terms of size and locality have more likelihood of facing the informal competition. However, indetermining the severityof informal competition through the ordered logit model, theregulatory variables such as taxation, licensing & permits and corruption are found to be more significant and relevant.These results call on to introduce regulatory reforms making the regulatory system less burdensome and better enforcement mechanism of those reforms. There’s a need to create ease for the existing formal firms to fulfill the regulatory requirements as well as encourage the informal firms to join the mainstream formal setup of economy. Furthermore, the current research can be extended by availing the latest datasettoexplore the dynamics of informal sector andthe resultant competitionfor the formal firms in an ever-changingbusiness environment.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43056195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/10
The current study was designed to find out relationship between psychological skills and performance efficacy and mediating role of sportsmanship in domestic, national and international hockey players. It was a correlational research employing cross sectional research design in which the sample of 261 hockey players was recruited via purposive sampling. The assessment measures included Psychological Skills Scale for Hockey Players and Cricketers (Solomon, Malik & Kausar, 2019), Youth Sports Value Questionnaire-2 (Lee, Whitehead, & Ntoumanis, 2007) and Collective Efficacy for Sports Questionnaire (Short, Sullivan, & Feltz, 2009). Results showed a significant relationship between psychological skills, sportsmanship and performance efficacy in hockey players, however, perceivedpsychologicalsupport was found to be significant positive predictor of sportsmanship and sportsmanship coined as a significant positive predictor of performance efficacy. Furthermore, sportsmanship was found to be significant mediator between perceived psychological support and performance efficacy. This research will work as an empirical proof for Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) to conduct psychological skills training for hockey players for the enhancement of their performance efficacy by signifying theimportance of sportsmanship.
{"title":"Psychological Skills and Performance Efficacy in Hockey Players: The Mediating Role of Sportsmanship","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/10","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was designed to find out relationship between psychological skills and performance efficacy and mediating role of sportsmanship in domestic, national and international hockey players. It was a correlational research employing cross sectional research design in which the sample of 261 hockey players was recruited via purposive sampling. The assessment measures included Psychological Skills Scale for Hockey Players and Cricketers (Solomon, Malik & Kausar, 2019), Youth Sports Value Questionnaire-2 (Lee, Whitehead, & Ntoumanis, 2007) and Collective Efficacy for Sports Questionnaire (Short, Sullivan, & Feltz, 2009). Results showed a significant relationship between psychological skills, sportsmanship and performance efficacy in hockey players, however, perceivedpsychologicalsupport was found to be significant positive predictor of sportsmanship and sportsmanship coined as a significant positive predictor of performance efficacy. Furthermore, sportsmanship was found to be significant mediator between perceived psychological support and performance efficacy. This research will work as an empirical proof for Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) to conduct psychological skills training for hockey players for the enhancement of their performance efficacy by signifying theimportance of sportsmanship.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47964848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/7
This present study aimed to assessthe role of self-esteem in the development of psychopathy among undergraduate students(N= 600). StructuralEquation Modelling(SEM)techniques were used to analyze the model. On the measurementlevel,allfit indices were examined and on a structural level, relationships between latent variables were assessed. To explore the model, five latent variables including three factors of psychopathic traits: egocentricity, callous and antisocial traits, and two factors of self-esteem: positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem were identified. The result indicatedthe promising role of negative self-esteem in the development of psychopathy. Results also revealed that positive self-esteem was negatively related to both antisocial traits and egocentricity. Furthermore, negativeself-esteem was found as positivelyrelated to antisocial traits of psychopathy suggestingthat those students who were high on negative self-esteem were involved in antisocial acts. Overall results indicatedthat positive self-esteem buffer against antisocial and egocentric traits of psychopathy and found as a safeguard against developing psychopathic traits whiles negative self-esteem is the promising element in the development of psychopathic traits among students.
{"title":"Self-Esteem and Psychopathic Traits among Undergraduate Students: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/7","url":null,"abstract":"This present study aimed to assessthe role of self-esteem in the development of psychopathy among undergraduate students(N= 600). StructuralEquation Modelling(SEM)techniques were used to analyze the model. On the measurementlevel,allfit indices were examined and on a structural level, relationships between latent variables were assessed. To explore the model, five latent variables including three factors of psychopathic traits: egocentricity, callous and antisocial traits, and two factors of self-esteem: positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem were identified. The result indicatedthe promising role of negative self-esteem in the development of psychopathy. Results also revealed that positive self-esteem was negatively related to both antisocial traits and egocentricity. Furthermore, negativeself-esteem was found as positivelyrelated to antisocial traits of psychopathy suggestingthat those students who were high on negative self-esteem were involved in antisocial acts. Overall results indicatedthat positive self-esteem buffer against antisocial and egocentric traits of psychopathy and found as a safeguard against developing psychopathic traits whiles negative self-esteem is the promising element in the development of psychopathic traits among students.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42801446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/4
the support of cultural, social and religious doctrine. This paper aims to understand the real meaning of Islamic teachings with respect to child socialization and character building as corporal punishment is one of the methods used for this purpose. In order to have an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon ten religious scholars were selected purposively for the study. Data was collected through in-depth interviews using asn interview guide. Discourse analysis method was used for the data analysis process. In order to ensure the anonymity and confidently of the participants data was coded.The study reported that corporal punishment is the outcome of deviation from the real philosophy of Islamic teachings as Islam focuses on the virtues of mercy, kindness, love and affection while dealing with the children whilst at the same time Islam also supports corporal punishment but under certain guidelines and restrictions. The study recommended that providing proper training to teachers on the alternative method of behaviour modification, overcoming the teachers own issues and frustration, proper monitoring and accountability mechanism, proper legislation and following the real meaning of Islamic teachings in dealing with the children and for their socialization and character-buildingprocesswill be helpfulfor overcoming theof corporal punishment of children.
{"title":"Conceptualizing Islamic Scholars Perspective on Corporal Punishment of Children in Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/4","url":null,"abstract":"the support of cultural, social and religious doctrine. This paper aims to understand the real meaning of Islamic teachings with respect to child socialization and character building as corporal punishment is one of the methods used for this purpose. In order to have an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon ten religious scholars were selected purposively for the study. Data was collected through in-depth interviews using asn interview guide. Discourse analysis method was used for the data analysis process. In order to ensure the anonymity and confidently of the participants data was coded.The study reported that corporal punishment is the outcome of deviation from the real philosophy of Islamic teachings as Islam focuses on the virtues of mercy, kindness, love and affection while dealing with the children whilst at the same time Islam also supports corporal punishment but under certain guidelines and restrictions. The study recommended that providing proper training to teachers on the alternative method of behaviour modification, overcoming the teachers own issues and frustration, proper monitoring and accountability mechanism, proper legislation and following the real meaning of Islamic teachings in dealing with the children and for their socialization and character-buildingprocesswill be helpfulfor overcoming theof corporal punishment of children.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42758348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/9
The present study attempted to investigate the role of academic self-handicapping and self-regulated learning strategies in mastery goal orientation among adolescents. The sample comprised of 550 school students (age range =14-16years). Instruments namely Self-Handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982), Self-Regulation Inventory (Cleary & Platten, 2013), and Achievement Goals Questionnaire-Revised(Elliot & Murayama, 2008) were used. It has been found that self-handicapping wasnegatively associated with self-regulated learning strategies and mastery goal orientation; whereas self-regulated learning strategies was positively linked with mastery goal orientation. In addition, it has been found thatgirls displayedless self-handicapping behavior and more self-regulated and better goal oriented behavior as comparedto boys. Demographic group differences showed that adolescents enrolled in private schools with higher maternal education were less engaged in self-handicapping behaviorand more self-regulated and achievement goal oriented as comparedto government school students. However, significant differences were found on paternal education in relation to mastery goal orientation only.
{"title":"Role of Academic Self-Handicapping and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Mastery Goal Orientation among Adolescents","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/9","url":null,"abstract":"The present study attempted to investigate the role of academic self-handicapping and self-regulated learning strategies in mastery goal orientation among adolescents. The sample comprised of 550 school students (age range =14-16years). Instruments namely Self-Handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982), Self-Regulation Inventory (Cleary & Platten, 2013), and Achievement Goals Questionnaire-Revised(Elliot & Murayama, 2008) were used. It has been found that self-handicapping wasnegatively associated with self-regulated learning strategies and mastery goal orientation; whereas self-regulated learning strategies was positively linked with mastery goal orientation. In addition, it has been found thatgirls displayedless self-handicapping behavior and more self-regulated and better goal oriented behavior as comparedto boys. Demographic group differences showed that adolescents enrolled in private schools with higher maternal education were less engaged in self-handicapping behaviorand more self-regulated and achievement goal oriented as comparedto government school students. However, significant differences were found on paternal education in relation to mastery goal orientation only.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/6
This paper attempts to understand the dynamics of United States aid assistance to Pakistan in the light of post 9/11 security developments in the world. The analysis of US foreign policy aid instruments generally indicates three broad objectives: strategic/politico-security benefits, economic interests and humanitarian concerns. Although one consistently recurring theme in US foreign policy aid provision, both in the Cold War period and the newer post 2001 ‘War on Terror’ period has been security. This theme has also defined US-Pakistan aid relationship in different times, with the exception of Bush administration, who unlike the Cold War period made an alteration byspecifying funds forpurpose-basedusage in sub-fields. This paper argues that Bush administration sought to achieve US foreign policy objectives by providing strategic aid to Pakistan much at the expense of domestic public opinion. It further stresses that change in administration in the US brought obstacles in aid flows to Pakistan as President Obama not only reduced the amount of aid under specific heads, but also openly accused Pakistan of fomenting the militants (the good Taliban), which in turn hurt the US broader strategic goals in the region and raised irreconcilable issues of trust between the two countries. The new administration of Trump went a step ahead by suspending many of the aid programmes to Pakistan, bringing the all-time trust-deficit between the two countries to an all-time low. This paper primarily applies the realist and neo-realist theoretical framework to understand the aid and security relationship paradigm between the US and Pakistan.
{"title":"US Security Assistance to Pakistan in Post 9/11 Period","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to understand the dynamics of United States aid assistance to Pakistan in the light of post 9/11 security developments in the world. The analysis of US foreign policy aid instruments generally indicates three broad objectives: strategic/politico-security benefits, economic interests and humanitarian concerns. Although one consistently recurring theme in US foreign policy aid provision, both in the Cold War period and the newer post 2001 ‘War on Terror’ period has been security. This theme has also defined US-Pakistan aid relationship in different times, with the exception of Bush administration, who unlike the Cold War period made an alteration byspecifying funds forpurpose-basedusage in sub-fields. This paper argues that Bush administration sought to achieve US foreign policy objectives by providing strategic aid to Pakistan much at the expense of domestic public opinion. It further stresses that change in administration in the US brought obstacles in aid flows to Pakistan as President Obama not only reduced the amount of aid under specific heads, but also openly accused Pakistan of fomenting the militants (the good Taliban), which in turn hurt the US broader strategic goals in the region and raised irreconcilable issues of trust between the two countries. The new administration of Trump went a step ahead by suspending many of the aid programmes to Pakistan, bringing the all-time trust-deficit between the two countries to an all-time low. This paper primarily applies the realist and neo-realist theoretical framework to understand the aid and security relationship paradigm between the US and Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49058802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/8
A legislature is one of the strongest pillars of a state where legislation is made with the consent of the two-thirds majority of the House. The legislative body of Pakistan comprised President, National Assembly, and Senate. The National Assembly forms on the basis of General Elections in which people elect their representatives to make laws for them. In Pakistan’s chequered political history, this institution remained unable to establish credibility in society. Since the promulgation of the Constitution of 1973, the Lower House has been dissolved seven times by either military or civilian rulers, and it also remained non-existent until ten years. As per the Constitution, it was dissolved only once in 1977 on the advice of the Prime Minister to the President. General elections were also held during military regimes, and the House had been formed under it, but there was a difference between the legislation passed during civilian and military-led eras. The paper examines the role of the Lower House in the Constitution of 1973. It deals with its mandate and responsibilities. It analyses the legislation passed from this House during military and civilian rule periods, including the amendment bills that affected the governance system in Pakistan. It identifies issues and challenges the lower House has to face in regard to its smooth functioning. The paper suggests recommendations to improve the sanctity and credibility of this House that leads to strengthening democracy in Pakistan. Thepaper adopts analytical, qualitative, and deductive approaches to carry on this research work
{"title":"An Analytical Study of Lower House in Pakistan: Legislation During Civilian and Military Rule","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/8","url":null,"abstract":"A legislature is one of the strongest pillars of a state where legislation is made with the consent of the two-thirds majority of the House. The legislative body of Pakistan comprised President, National Assembly, and Senate. The National Assembly forms on the basis of General Elections in which people elect their representatives to make laws for them. In Pakistan’s chequered political history, this institution remained unable to establish credibility in society. Since the promulgation of the Constitution of 1973, the Lower House has been dissolved seven times by either military or civilian rulers, and it also remained non-existent until ten years. As per the Constitution, it was dissolved only once in 1977 on the advice of the Prime Minister to the President. General elections were also held during military regimes, and the House had been formed under it, but there was a difference between the legislation passed during civilian and military-led eras. The paper examines the role of the Lower House in the Constitution of 1973. It deals with its mandate and responsibilities. It analyses the legislation passed from this House during military and civilian rule periods, including the amendment bills that affected the governance system in Pakistan. It identifies issues and challenges the lower House has to face in regard to its smooth functioning. The paper suggests recommendations to improve the sanctity and credibility of this House that leads to strengthening democracy in Pakistan. Thepaper adopts analytical, qualitative, and deductive approaches to carry on this research work","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43591194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/summer-2/5
Women entrepreneurship is getting an ever increased attention in the recent era. Women entrepreneurs are appearing as potential players in Pakistan’s economy. Women are more than 50% of the national population and are economically utilizing their potentialthat not only leads to individual growth but household wellbeing.Literature hasmostly documented the gender bias, the opportunities and constraints faced by women entrepreneurs.However, how significantly these women entrepreneurs contribute to the well being of their households have not been explored yet. Therefore, the current paperattempts to explore the role of women owned entrepreneurial venturesin their household wellbeingin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.A Qualitative approach is adopted to conduct the research study. Primary data is collected through face to face in-depth interviews with 30 women entrepreneursthrough purposive sampling technique. The research study explored that women entrepreneurs are making significant contributions towards the education, health and raising living standards of their households thereby, increasing the overall wellbeing of their households.
{"title":"Women Entrepreneurship and Household Wellbeing: An Exploratory Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","authors":"","doi":"10.51709/19951272/summer-2/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/summer-2/5","url":null,"abstract":"Women entrepreneurship is getting an ever increased attention in the recent era. Women entrepreneurs are appearing as potential players in Pakistan’s economy. Women are more than 50% of the national population and are economically utilizing their potentialthat not only leads to individual growth but household wellbeing.Literature hasmostly documented the gender bias, the opportunities and constraints faced by women entrepreneurs.However, how significantly these women entrepreneurs contribute to the well being of their households have not been explored yet. Therefore, the current paperattempts to explore the role of women owned entrepreneurial venturesin their household wellbeingin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.A Qualitative approach is adopted to conduct the research study. Primary data is collected through face to face in-depth interviews with 30 women entrepreneursthrough purposive sampling technique. The research study explored that women entrepreneurs are making significant contributions towards the education, health and raising living standards of their households thereby, increasing the overall wellbeing of their households.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41753050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.51709/19951272/Summer-2/3
F. Mahmudah, Bangun Hutama Wardana
This research aimedto determine the effect of the: (1) financial resilience on the home learning model; (2) parenting self-efficacy on the home learning model; (3) home learning model on education innovation; (4) financial resilience on education innovation; and (5) parenting self-efficacy on education innovation on parents. This research uses a quantitative method. Respondents consisted of 250 parents whose children were currently attending kindergarten and elementary school education. Determination of the sample using random sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire with a Likert scale and via a google form. The data analysis technique used path analysis.The results of the research data analysis show that there is a path in each variable as evidenced by (1) The effect of financial resilience on the home learning model is 0.38; (2) The effect of parenting self-efficacy on the home learning model is 0.42; (3) The effect of home learning model on education innovation is 10.37; (4) The effect of financial resilience on education innovation is 0.30; and (5) The effect of parenting self-efficacy on education innovation is 0.31. The suggestionsgiven by parents and the people of Yogyakarta are: (1) Improving financial arrangements for parents; (2) Increase the spirit of involvement for parents on learning of children at home; (3) Emphasizing the importance of learning models and education innovation for parents so that they can pay attention to children's success; (4) Continue to make efforts to improve the abilities and skills of parents so that they can play an important role for parents in children's education.
{"title":"The Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic: External Shock of Disruption Education and Financial Stress Cohesion","authors":"F. Mahmudah, Bangun Hutama Wardana","doi":"10.51709/19951272/Summer-2/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/Summer-2/3","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimedto determine the effect of the: (1) financial resilience on the home learning model; (2) parenting self-efficacy on the home learning model; (3) home learning model on education innovation; (4) financial resilience on education innovation; and (5) parenting self-efficacy on education innovation on parents. This research uses a quantitative method. Respondents consisted of 250 parents whose children were currently attending kindergarten and elementary school education. Determination of the sample using random sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire with a Likert scale and via a google form. The data analysis technique used path analysis.The results of the research data analysis show that there is a path in each variable as evidenced by (1) The effect of financial resilience on the home learning model is 0.38; (2) The effect of parenting self-efficacy on the home learning model is 0.42; (3) The effect of home learning model on education innovation is 10.37; (4) The effect of financial resilience on education innovation is 0.30; and (5) The effect of parenting self-efficacy on education innovation is 0.31. The suggestionsgiven by parents and the people of Yogyakarta are: (1) Improving financial arrangements for parents; (2) Increase the spirit of involvement for parents on learning of children at home; (3) Emphasizing the importance of learning models and education innovation for parents so that they can pay attention to children's success; (4) Continue to make efforts to improve the abilities and skills of parents so that they can play an important role for parents in children's education.","PeriodicalId":43392,"journal":{"name":"FWU Journal of Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47894661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.51709/19951272/spring2021/15-10
S. Zahra, S. Saleem
Family is said to be an important agent for the socio-emotional development and growth of an individual. The existing research findsoutthemanifestation andexpressionof family cohesion among adolescents in the Pakistani cultural context. In phase I, a phenomenological approach was used to elicit the key characteristics of family cohesion from 30 adolescentsfollowed by phaseII, the establishment of content validity index, and phase III of pilot testing on 20 participants to check comprehension of the scale. In the last phase,785 adolescents (Girls = 49%; Boys = 51%) were selected to determine the psychometric properties of the FamilyCohesion Scale(FCS). Factor analysis yieldedfour factors of family cohesionnamely mutual support, sharing, parental involvement,and emotionalbonding. Furthermore, results also depictedhigh internal consistency, test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, and construct validity. The factors offamily cohesion arediscussed by consideringthe collectivistic cultural context of Pakistan.
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