Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists最新文献

{"title":"12 - A study to evaluate the quality of information provided by various chatbots on ortho-perio treatment procedures","authors":"Elif Gokce Erkan ,&nbsp;Başak Arslan Avan ,&nbsp;Neslihan Yılmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The term \"artificial intelligence\" first introduced in the 1950s, has reached a turning point following recent advances. As chatbot capabilities continue to evolve, it becomes important to ensure that the information they provide remains reliable and accurate.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the reliability, accuracy, and readability of the responses provided by 3 chatbots (ChatGPT 4.0, Google Gemini 1.5, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet) to inquiries about ortho-perio treatment procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>16 questions regarding treatments related to orthodontics and periodontics were presented to 3 different chatbots, and their responses were collected. 2 orthodontists and 1 periodontist assessed the answers using multiple tests. For reliability (Modified DISCERN tool), for accuracy (Likert scale and the Accuracy of Information Index (AOI)), and for readability (the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Grade Level (FKGL)) were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Regarding Likert scale, the highest average scores were given to ChatGPT at 4.9, followed by Claude at 4.8 and Gemini at 4.5. A statistically significant difference was observed between the scores of both chatbots and Gemini, with p-values of 0.003 and 0.015, respectively. Looking at the Accuracy of Information Index (AOI) scores, ChatGPT had the highest average score of 8.8, followed by Claude with 8.8, and Gemini with 8.1. The scores of ChatGPT and Claude were found to be statistically significantly higher compared to Gemini, with p-values of 0.003 and 0.005, respectively. Regarding DISCERN test, the highest average score was observed for Gemini with 34.8. Claude and ChatGPT both showed statistically significant differences with Gemini, with p-value of 0.001. About FRES and FKGL, all chatbots produced college-level texts that were challenging to read.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regarding questions about ortho-perio treatment procedures, Gemini demonstrated good reliability. In terms of accuracy, ChatGPT and Claude received higher scores than Gemini.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"65 - Cytotoxicity assessment of a self-etching primer and an orthodontic composite resin in L929 cells","authors":"Pedro Fróes ,&nbsp;Ana Paula Tenório-De-Sá ,&nbsp;Dayane Silva ,&nbsp;Maria Romanos ,&nbsp;Amanda Castro ,&nbsp;Ana Maria Bolognese","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-etching primers have simplified the process of direct bonding of dental resins by eliminating the rinsing step. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of released residual substances from Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer (TSEP) (3M Unitek Ortho Prod, Monrovia, Calif) and Transbond XT (3M Unitek Ortho Prod, Monrovia, Calif). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of UFRJ (CAAE: 13971513.0.0000.5257). Six human premolars and orthodontic stainless-steel brackets (Morelli, São Paulo, Brazil) were divided into two groups (n=3), as follows: Group I (Tooth + TSEP + Transbond + bracket + Light-curing) and Group II (Tooth + TSEP + Light-curing + Transbond + bracket + Light-curing). After samples immersion in the culture medium, supernatants aliquots were collected in triplicate and placed in contact with L929 cells for toxicity analysis after 0, 24, 48, 72 hours, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Cell viability was determined by \"dye uptake\" and was read in spectrophotometer. There were statistic significant differences between the number of the living cells present in the groups tested compared with the cell control group (P&lt;0,05). Group I demonstrated toxicity until 7 days and Group II until 14 days (P&lt;0,05). After 21 and 28 days, no significant toxicity was observed in either groups, suggesting that the release of toxic monomers occurs primarily in the first two weeks. The TSEP, Transbond XT composite associated to stainless steel brackets reduced cell viability in the first days, with toxicity persisting up to 14 days in the group with a two-step light curing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Automation to Adaptation: Deskilling, Upskilling, and Workforce Resilience in the Artificial Intelligence Era","authors":"Vinod Krishnan (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Pages 313-314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1 - 3D assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for the most favorable placement of orthodontic micro-implant","authors":"Bibiana Correia ,&nbsp;Iman Bugaighis ,&nbsp;Luis Proença ,&nbsp;François Durand Pereira ,&nbsp;Pedro Mariano Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, there is no consensus regarding the favourable micro-implant (MI) insertion site in the Mandibular Buccal Shelf (MBS). This study aimed at 3D assessment of the width, cortical thickness, and transversal steepness along the mesiodistal MBS length to determine the most favourable MI insertion site. This retrospective observational investigation assessed the Cone Beam Computed Tomography of 94 patients (60 females and 34 males). The paired MBS sites adjacent to the mesiobuccal cusp, buccal groove, distobuccal cusp and the tangent to the distal surface of the mandibular second molar were determined. A total of 24 measurements were extracted, presenting the width, steepness and cortical bone thickness of each MBS. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient were performed at P&lt;0.05. The MBS width significantly increased from the mesial to the distal direction, while both the steepness and cortical bone thickness significantly decreased from mesial to distal (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between age and the cortical bone thickness adjacent to the distal cusp and distal tangent of the left mandibular second molar. Regarding the symmetry, there were significant differences between the right and left MBS steepness at all sites and the paired cortical thickness at the mesiobuccal cusps, buccal groove and distobuccal cusps of the mandibular second molar (p&lt;0.05). There is sufficient width and cortical bone thickness along the MD length of the MBS, vestibular to the mandibular second molar, for MI insertion. However, considering the MBS steepness, the MI insertion is safer towards the distal direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"33 - Assessment of shear bond strength and degree of conversion of composite resins used for creating orthodontic attachments with different light-curing methods","authors":"Carlos Eduardo De Paiva Campos Nogueira Simão ,&nbsp;Emmily Tamiris Farias Pinto ,&nbsp;Marcela Emílio Araújo ,&nbsp;Luanny de Brito Avelino Cassiano ,&nbsp;Ariane Salgado Gonzaga ,&nbsp;Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo Caldas","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fractures or debonding of attachments can delay orthodontic treatment, affecting movement and aligner tracking.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the shear bond strength and degree of conversion of resins used for orthodontic attachments under different photopolymerization protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The sample consisted of 120 bovine lower incisors embedded in acrylic resin and rectangular attachments were bonded on the vestibular surface. The sample was divided into three groups based on the flow resins tested: nanohybrid, microhybrid, and nanoparticle. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (n=10) according to polymerization time: 3 seconds (3.200 mW/cm²), 6 seconds (3.200 mW/cm²), 20 seconds (1.000 mW/cm²), and 40 seconds (1.000 mW/cm²). After the attachment installation, the samples from each group were subjected to thermocycling. After this phase, the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing using a universal testing machine (AME5k) with a 5 kN load cell, until fracture occurred. For the degree of conversion (DC) test, 60 composite resin specimens were prepared with the same dimensions as the shear test attachments. These specimens were divided into three groups (n=20) based on resin type and further subdivided (n=5) according to polymerization time. The DC was measured 24 hours after polymerization using FT-IR infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Statistical tests showed significant differences for resin type (p&lt;.001) and polymerization time (p&lt;.001), with interaction between the factors (p&lt;.001) regarding shear bond strength. For the degree of conversion, there was a significant difference for resin (p=.024) and polymerization time (p=.020), with no interaction between the factors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The nanoparticle resin and longer polymerization times (20 and 40 seconds) demonstrated better mechanical performance in shear bond strength and a higher degree of conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"44 - Cephalometric radiography in evaluating anteroposterior pattern in severe obstructive sleep apnea","authors":"Dandhara Lino ,&nbsp;Itala Lais Rodrigues Coelho ,&nbsp;Rowdley Robert Rossi Pereira ,&nbsp;Fabio Wildson Gurgel Costa ,&nbsp;Thyciana Rodrigues Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Cauby Maia Chaves Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cephalometry is an exam commonly requested by orthodontists and is considered an auxiliary method in identifying craniofacial anatomical factors involved in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to assess the maxillomandibular anteroposterior relationship through cephalometric radiography in patients with severe OSA (≥30 events/hour). Medical records of patients diagnosed with severe OSA from the outpatient clinic of the Sleep Dentistry Study Group, in partnership with the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Ceará, were selected. 60 patients met the inclusion criteria, and the angular measurements between the maxilla (SNA) and mandible (SNB) positions relative to the cranial base, as well as the relationship between the maxilla and mandible (ANB), were evaluated on the radiographs. It was observed that 48.3% (n=29) of the patients had a reduced SNA angle, and 68.3% (n=41) had a reduced SNB angle; the ANB showed an angle greater than 2° in 53.3% (n=32) of the patients. It is believed that individuals with mandibular retrognathism are more likely to have a reduced lower airway space, as the mandibular position is directly related to the dimensions of the posteroinferior airway space. It is concluded that patients with severe OSA had the maxilla and mandible in a more retruded position, along with a poor relationship between the maxilla (Class II skeletal). Cephalometric analysis to identify the anteroposterior positioning of the maxillary bases is relevant in patients with OSA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"47 - Comparative analysis of manual and AI assisted cephalometric tracing","authors":"Pauline Bazzucchi ,&nbsp;Sahand Emrahoglu ,&nbsp;Dominica Ginger Portman ,&nbsp;Juan Martin Palomo ,&nbsp;Terek Elshebini","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Since its introduction in 1931, cephalometric analysis has played a critical role in orthodontic diagnosis by allowing clinicians to differentiate between skeletal and dentoalveolar patterns of malocclusion, which is essential for appropriate treatment planning. Conventional cephalometric analysis, based on manual landmark tracing, is time-consuming and remains labor-intensive, with digital imaging software still requiring up to 15 minutes for landmark identification. To address this limitation, artificial intelligence (AI) is being integrated into orthodontic software to automate landmark detection. However, the accuracy and reliability of these AI-based systems remain uncertain, and further research is necessary to confirm their accuracy and reliability without human oversight.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To evaluate techniques for automatic digitization of cephalograms using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses and reviewing the percentage of success in localizing each cephalometric point.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty lateral cephalograms from the Mathew’s Collection of the AAOF Legacy Collection were digitized and traced by three calibrated orthodontists. The same radiographs were uploaded to AI-based machine learning programs Orthodx, Angel, and WebCeph. Dolphin software was used to extract x- and y-coordinates for 12 cephalometric landmarks, comprising 8 skeletal and 4 dental points. Mean radial errors (MRE) were assessed relative to thresholds of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm to compare successful detection rates (SDR). One-way ANOVA at a significance level of P &lt; .05 was used to compare MRE and SDR. SPSS (IBM v27.0) was used for data analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Experimental results showed that both human tracers and AI-based methods achieved accuracy above 87% using the 2 mm precision threshold, which is considered acceptable in clinical practice. There were no significant differences in MRE or SDR among the evaluated methods based on ANOVA analysis. A marked difference in time was found between the AI-assisted group and the manual group due to heterogeneity in the performance of techniques to detect the same landmark.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Errors in both human tracing and AI-assisted methods showed clinically acceptable accuracy above 87% at the 2 mm threshold. AI assistance may be used in orthodontic practice without compromising accuracy while increasing efficiency in routine clinical and research settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Pages 414-415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic treatment of three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a multidisciplinary approach","authors":"Yuki Niki ,&nbsp;Yukiho Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Kounosuke Yoshitani ,&nbsp;Keiji Moriyama","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease-causing inflammation. The impact of SLE pathology and treatment drugs on orthodontic treatment has not been closely examined. We report three cases of orthodontic treatment in patients with SLE. Patient 1: A 16-year-6-month-old female patient presented with an anterior crossbite. She had been receiving treatment with immunosuppressants, systemic steroids, and bisphosphonates (BP). Following BP withdrawal, the left maxillary deciduous canine was extracted, and she was treated with preadjusted edgewise appliances for 1 year and 2 months. Patient 2: A 33-year-4-month-old female patient presented with anterior crowding. She had been receiving immunosuppressive and systemic steroids treatment. After the withdrawal of immunosuppressants and administration of antibiotics, the maxillary and mandibular first premolars were extracted bilaterally, and she was treated with preadjusted edgewise appliances for 4 years and 4 months. Patient 3: A 24-year-9-month-old female patient presented with anterior crowding. She had been receiving immunosuppressants and systemic steroids treatment. The maxillary first premolars were extracted bilaterally under antibiotic coverage, and she was treated with preadjusted edgewise appliances for 2 years 11 months. In all cases, multidisciplinary approaches were employed, and favorable occlusion was established without SLE flare-ups. Although this report only involved three patients, the findings suggested the importance of starting orthodontic treatment during the remission phase of SLE, administering antibiotics prophylactically before tooth extraction, ensuring thorough oral hygiene management, and monitoring the morphology of the temporomandibular joint and root resorption. Further research is warranted to better understand the oral health of patients with SLE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Pages 386-396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"49 - Comparison between flowable composites and flowable bulk-fill composites in the manufacture of attachments for orthodontic aligners: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial","authors":"Tiago Fialho ,&nbsp;Eduardo Terumi Blatt Ohira ,&nbsp;Paula Cotrin ,&nbsp;Daniela Garib ,&nbsp;Karina Maria Salvatore de Freitas ,&nbsp;Marcos Roberto de Freitas","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Orthodontic aligner attachments are crucial for enhancing dental movements that aligners alone cannot achieve, with recent advancements in design and materials improving treatment precision and efficacy. This study aims to compare the performance of conventional and bulk-fill flowable composites in fabricating orthodontic attachments to determine their bond strength, wear resistance, and clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty participants (21 men, 29 women) underwent orthodontic treatment with Invisalign aligners and were randomly allocated to one of the groups: Group 1 comprised 25 patients (9 men, 16 women) with a mean age of 38.56 years (± 7.57) and consisted of participants who used flowable composites on the right side and flowable bulk-fill composites on the left side, while Group 2 comprised 25 patients (12 men, 13 women) with a mean age of 37.15 years (± 6.23) and consisted of participants who used flowable composites on the left side and flowable bulk-fill composites on the right side. Blinding of the clinician and participants was impossible but was performed at the time of measurements. All participants received the allocated intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The maxillary and mandibular Little irregularity index were significantly corrected with treatment at T2 in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in intergroup comparisons of the absence or presence of attachments in T2 when analyzing all teeth individually or when comparing each tooth with its contralateral. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the Cox Regression, with p = 0.293.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is no statistically significant difference between using flowable composites with or without filler when making attachments for orthodontic aligners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Page 415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"62 - Correlation between the Anterior Cranial Base (ACB) length and skeletal class in chilean patients","authors":"Julia Sanfurgo ,&nbsp;Marcial Guiñez ,&nbsp;Camila Ruiz","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.07.066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The evaluation of the ACB plays a crucial role in cephalometric analysis, influencing maxillary and mandibular development and anteroposterior relationships. The relationship between ACB length and skeletal class has been studied in cephalometry due to its relevance in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>the aimed of this study was to determine the correlation between ACB length and skeletal class, evaluated using ANB, Witts, and APDI angles in a Chilean population.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A total of 262 lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients (aged 4–64 years) from the Orthodontics Postgraduate Program at the Pontificia Universidad Católica of Chile were analyzed using cephalometric software. Inclusion criteria were high-quality images in the natural head position, no prior orthodontic treatment, and the absence of systemic diseases, congenital deformities, or significant asymmetries. ACB length, ANB, Witts, and APDI were measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare ACB among skeletal classes, and linear regression was used to assess its influence on ANB, Witts, and APDI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 136 males and 126 females, with mean ACB lengths of 64.06 mm ± 3.45 and 61.39 mm ± 3.8, respectively. The distribution of skeletal classes was: 131 Class I, 76 Class II, and 55 Class III. A significant difference in ACB length was observed between sexes. A significant negative correlation was found between ACB and APDI, indicating that a longer ACB is associated with a more retruded mandibular position relative to the maxilla. No significant correlation was observed between ACB length and ANB. The ANOVA between ACB and skeletal class was not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A significant correlation exists between ACB length and skeletal class when assessed with APDI, highlighting the importance of considering the cranial base in cephalometric diagnosis and orthodontic management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 6","pages":"Pages 419-420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}