Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.05
V. Polyakov, E. Abakumov
The Arctic ecosystem has a huge reservoir of soil organic carbon stored in permafrost-affected soils and biosediments. During the short vegetation season, humification and mineralization processes in the active soil layer result in the formation of specific soil organic substances – humic substances. Humic acids are high molecular, specific, thermodynamically stable macromolecules. The study was conducted in the Lena River Delta, the largest river delta located in the Arctic. Cryosol-type soils on alluvial deposits of the river form an area of about 45 thousand km2 under permafrost conditions. The vegetation cover is represented by moss-lichen communities with the presence of Salix glauca in the flooded areas, as well as Betula nana in the areas not subject to flooding. The paper presents the elemental and molecular composition of humic acids isolated from soils, integral indicators of humification (stabilization) of organic matter in the soils of the Lena River Delta. The study was conducted using the 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy method. In the work, it was revealed that up to 33% of aromatic and up to 15% COOR fragments are accumulated in humic acids. The AR/AL ratio ranged from 0.69 to 0.89. The studied soils are variants of modern soil formation (not subjected to alluvial processes) and soil-like bodies that melted from the IC of the river delta. A relatively high degree of condensation of humic acid macromolecules in comparison with other polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic was noted.
{"title":"Stabilization of organic material from soils and soil-like bodies in the Lena River Delta (13C-NMR spectroscopy analysis)","authors":"V. Polyakov, E. Abakumov","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.05","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic ecosystem has a huge reservoir of soil organic carbon stored in permafrost-affected soils and biosediments. During the short vegetation season, humification and mineralization processes in the active soil layer result in the formation of specific soil organic substances – humic substances. Humic acids are high molecular, specific, thermodynamically stable macromolecules. The study was conducted in the Lena River Delta, the largest river delta located in the Arctic. Cryosol-type soils on alluvial deposits of the river form an area of about 45 thousand km2 under permafrost conditions. The vegetation cover is represented by moss-lichen communities with the presence of Salix glauca in the flooded areas, as well as Betula nana in the areas not subject to flooding. The paper presents the elemental and molecular composition of humic acids isolated from soils, integral indicators of humification (stabilization) of organic matter in the soils of the Lena River Delta. The study was conducted using the 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy method. In the work, it was revealed that up to 33% of aromatic and up to 15% COOR fragments are accumulated in humic acids. The AR/AL ratio ranged from 0.69 to 0.89. The studied soils are variants of modern soil formation (not subjected to alluvial processes) and soil-like bodies that melted from the IC of the river delta. A relatively high degree of condensation of humic acid macromolecules in comparison with other polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctic was noted.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49133118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.01
M. Barba, Virginia Alarcón Martínez, I. G. Lucas, J. N. Pedreno
In the Region of Murcia, there are many abandoned quarries in which restoration processes have not been carried out, and there are others that have a restoration plan but soil rehabilitation has not been achieved. Open pit mining generates a great environmental impact in the area where the activity takes place since it alters the morphology of the earth's crust, pollutes the air, the surface and underground waters, eliminates the flora of the area and destroys the biotope, causing changes in the landscape and strong changes in ecosystems. There is an international concern to promote sustainable development and waste reuse. In the European Union and Spain there is a requirement to carry out a restoration plan for mining operations. Waste production is a big problem; ways of reusing waste without polluting the environment and reintroducing it into economic activity are sought. In this article, several techniques are compiled that have given satisfactory results in the restoration of mining spaces, mainly in the Region of Murcia (SE Spain), by using waste such as pig manure, marble debris, sewage sludge or compost of urban household waste. These wastes pose a problem due to their disposal if they are not reused, and their use to restore mining spaces is a good option against dumping, abandonment or incineration.
{"title":"Methods of soil recovery in quarries of arid and semiarid areas using different waste types","authors":"M. Barba, Virginia Alarcón Martínez, I. G. Lucas, J. N. Pedreno","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.01","url":null,"abstract":"In the Region of Murcia, there are many abandoned quarries in which restoration processes have not been carried out, and there are others that have a restoration plan but soil rehabilitation has not been achieved. Open pit mining generates a great environmental impact in the area where the activity takes place since it alters the morphology of the earth's crust, pollutes the air, the surface and underground waters, eliminates the flora of the area and destroys the biotope, causing changes in the landscape and strong changes in ecosystems. There is an international concern to promote sustainable development and waste reuse. In the European Union and Spain there is a requirement to carry out a restoration plan for mining operations. Waste production is a big problem; ways of reusing waste without polluting the environment and reintroducing it into economic activity are sought. In this article, several techniques are compiled that have given satisfactory results in the restoration of mining spaces, mainly in the Region of Murcia (SE Spain), by using waste such as pig manure, marble debris, sewage sludge or compost of urban household waste. These wastes pose a problem due to their disposal if they are not reused, and their use to restore mining spaces is a good option against dumping, abandonment or incineration.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44456964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.04
E. N. Ikkonen, N. García-Calderón, Ervin Stephan-Otto, E. Fuentes-Romero, A. Ibáñez-Huerta, P. Krasilnikov
Since soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux is a key component of ecosystem carbon balance, quantifying its contribution to the ecosystem carbon flux and understanding the factors that underlie its temporal variation is crucial for a better comprehension of ecosystem carbon dynamics under climate change and for optimal ecosystem use and management. Our objectives were to quantify the contributions of total soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<em>F</em><sub>S</sub>) to ecosystem respiration (<em>R</em><sub>E</sub>) and heterotrophic soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<em>F</em><sub>H</sub>) to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> in two <em>chinampa</em> ecosystems with different natural grass covers. We also aimed to identify the main environmental drivers of seasonal variability of these contributions. The CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes were measured on each site about every 14 days from September 2008 to August 2009 in the Xochimilco Ecological Park in Mexico City using dark chamber techniques. For two studied sites, <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>,<em> F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> were estimated on average as 94.1 ± 8.5, 34.7 ± 3.5 and 16.5 ± 1.7 (± S.E.) mg C-CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. On average over the study period and sites, the annual cumulative <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>, <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> fluxes were 824 ± 74, 304 ± 31 and 145 ± 15 g C m<sup>-2</sup> year, respectively. The <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>, <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> varied between the winter and summer seasons; this variation was explained mostly by seasonal variations of soil temperature, soil water content and shoot plant biomass. Temperature sensitivity of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes depended on vegetation type and plant growth differences among the sites and decreased in the following order: <em>R</em><sub>E</sub> > <em>R</em><sub>s</sub> > <em>R</em><sub>H</sub>. The contribution of <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> to <em>R</em><sub>E</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> for the two studied sites and period averaged about 38% and 50%, respectively regardless of the site vegetation type, but the degree of <em>F</em><sub>S</sub>/<em>R</em><sub>E</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> variability depended on the differences in seasonal dynamics of plant cover. The contribution of <em>F</em><sub>H </sub>to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> varied from 37% in summer to 73% in winter at the site without a seasonal shift in dominant plant species, but <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> was close to constant during the year at the site with a seasonal change in dominant plant species. During the cold period, the contribution of <em>F</em><sub>H </sub>to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> increased following plant growth decrease. The linear regression analysis showed that plant biomass was the dominant factor controlling the seasonal variation of <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> ratios, whereas the plant biomass dyn
由于土壤二氧化碳通量是生态系统碳平衡的关键组成部分，量化其对生态系统碳通量的贡献并了解其时间变化的因素对于更好地理解气候变化下的生态系统碳动力学以及生态系统的最佳利用和管理至关重要。我们的目标是量化两个具有不同天然草地覆盖的chinampa生态系统中土壤总CO2流出（FS）对生态系统呼吸（RE）和异养土壤CO2流出（FH）对FS的贡献。我们还旨在确定这些贡献的季节变化的主要环境驱动因素。从2008年9月到2009年8月，在墨西哥城的Xochimilco生态公园，使用暗室技术，大约每14天对每个地点的二氧化碳通量进行一次测量。对于两个研究地点，RE、FS和FH的平均值分别估计为94.1±8.5、34.7±3.5和16.5±1.7（±S.E.）mg C-CO2 m-2 h-1。在研究期间和研究地点，年累积RE、FS和FH通量分别为824±74、304±31和145±15 g C m-2年。RE、FS和FH在冬季和夏季之间变化；这种变化主要由土壤温度、土壤含水量和地上部植物生物量的季节变化来解释。CO2通量的温度敏感性取决于不同地点的植被类型和植物生长差异，并按RE>Rs>RH的顺序递减。无论站点植被类型如何，两个研究站点和时段的FS对RE和FH对FS的贡献平均分别约为38%和50%，但FS/RE和FH/FS的变异程度取决于植物覆盖季节动态的差异。FH对FS的贡献从夏季的37%到冬季的73%不等，优势植物物种没有季节性变化，但FH/FS在一年中几乎不变，优势植物种类有季节性变化。在寒冷时期，FH对FS的贡献随着植物生长的减少而增加。线性回归分析表明，植物生物量是控制FH/FS比值季节变化的主导因素，而植物生物量动态遵循土壤含水量、地下水位深度和土壤温度的动态。我们的研究结果表明，chinmpa生态系统土壤对总通量贡献的季节变化是局部分化的。这些差异与覆被生产力的季节动态差异有关，而覆被生产力与土壤含水量的定位有关。这一发现对评估chinampa生态系统对全球碳预算的贡献具有重要意义。
{"title":"Soil contribution to CO2 fluxes in Chinampa ecosystems, Mexico","authors":"E. N. Ikkonen, N. García-Calderón, Ervin Stephan-Otto, E. Fuentes-Romero, A. Ibáñez-Huerta, P. Krasilnikov","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Since soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux is a key component of ecosystem carbon balance, quantifying its contribution to the ecosystem carbon flux and understanding the factors that underlie its temporal variation is crucial for a better comprehension of ecosystem carbon dynamics under climate change and for optimal ecosystem use and management. Our objectives were to quantify the contributions of total soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<em>F</em><sub>S</sub>) to ecosystem respiration (<em>R</em><sub>E</sub>) and heterotrophic soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (<em>F</em><sub>H</sub>) to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> in two <em>chinampa</em> ecosystems with different natural grass covers. We also aimed to identify the main environmental drivers of seasonal variability of these contributions. The CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes were measured on each site about every 14 days from September 2008 to August 2009 in the Xochimilco Ecological Park in Mexico City using dark chamber techniques. For two studied sites, <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>,<em> F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> were estimated on average as 94.1 ± 8.5, 34.7 ± 3.5 and 16.5 ± 1.7 (± S.E.) mg C-CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. On average over the study period and sites, the annual cumulative <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>, <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> fluxes were 824 ± 74, 304 ± 31 and 145 ± 15 g C m<sup>-2</sup> year, respectively. The <em>R</em><sub>E</sub>, <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> varied between the winter and summer seasons; this variation was explained mostly by seasonal variations of soil temperature, soil water content and shoot plant biomass. Temperature sensitivity of CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes depended on vegetation type and plant growth differences among the sites and decreased in the following order: <em>R</em><sub>E</sub> > <em>R</em><sub>s</sub> > <em>R</em><sub>H</sub>. The contribution of <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> to <em>R</em><sub>E</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub> to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> for the two studied sites and period averaged about 38% and 50%, respectively regardless of the site vegetation type, but the degree of <em>F</em><sub>S</sub>/<em>R</em><sub>E</sub> and <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> variability depended on the differences in seasonal dynamics of plant cover. The contribution of <em>F</em><sub>H </sub>to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> varied from 37% in summer to 73% in winter at the site without a seasonal shift in dominant plant species, but <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> was close to constant during the year at the site with a seasonal change in dominant plant species. During the cold period, the contribution of <em>F</em><sub>H </sub>to <em>F</em><sub>S</sub> increased following plant growth decrease. The linear regression analysis showed that plant biomass was the dominant factor controlling the seasonal variation of <em>F</em><sub>H</sub>/<em>F</em><sub>S</sub> ratios, whereas the plant biomass dyn","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42658527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-03DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.04
C. Azuka, A. M. Igué
The spatial distribution of soil properties especially saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), Bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (Avail.P) is fundamental to sustainable management of soil resources. About 291 surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were collected across three land use types (maize-sorghum (MS), rice field and fallow shrub-grassland (FSG) in Koupendri, north-west Benin using a grid sampling of 25 m x 25 m supplemented with samplings at 5 m x 5 m. Data obtained were subjected to classical and spatial statistics, Pearson’s correlation and analysis of variance using GENSTAT. The soil properties showed normal and non-normal distribution, variation was high (75-126.7 %) for Ksat, moderate (29-45 %) for SOC, C/N and Avail.P, and low (7-15) for BD and TN across the land use. Land use had significant (P < 0.05) effect on all the soil properties evaluated except C/N. The highest values of Ksat (151.6 cm/d), SOC (1.26 %), BD (1.79 g/cm3), TN (0.105 %), Avail.P (4.66 ppm) and C/N (12.14) were obtained under the MS cropland whereas porosity was highest (43.7 %) in the rice field. High significant correlation (P < 0.01) was observed among the soil properties irrespective of land use. The correlation length (65-300 m) and nugget effect ratio indicates high variation and strong spatially dependent soil properties. However, TN, BD, Avail.P and C/N were weakly spatially dependent. The variograms were fitted with mostly exponential and spherical models. The interpolation map could help in delineating different management zones and for making good agronomic decisions.
{"title":"Spatial variability of soil properties under different landuse in Koupendri catchment, Benin","authors":"C. Azuka, A. M. Igué","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The spatial distribution of soil properties especially saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), Bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (Avail.P) is fundamental to sustainable management of soil resources. About 291 surface soil (0-20 cm) samples were collected across three land use types (maize-sorghum (MS), rice field and fallow shrub-grassland (FSG) in Koupendri, north-west Benin using a grid sampling of 25 m x 25 m supplemented with samplings at 5 m x 5 m. Data obtained were subjected to classical and spatial statistics, Pearson’s correlation and analysis of variance using GENSTAT. The soil properties showed normal and non-normal distribution, variation was high (75-126.7 %) for Ksat, moderate (29-45 %) for SOC, C/N and Avail.P, and low (7-15) for BD and TN across the land use. Land use had significant (P < 0.05) effect on all the soil properties evaluated except C/N. The highest values of Ksat (151.6 cm/d), SOC (1.26 %), BD (1.79 g/cm3), TN (0.105 %), Avail.P (4.66 ppm) and C/N (12.14) were obtained under the MS cropland whereas porosity was highest (43.7 %) in the rice field. High significant correlation (P < 0.01) was observed among the soil properties irrespective of land use. The correlation length (65-300 m) and nugget effect ratio indicates high variation and strong spatially dependent soil properties. However, TN, BD, Avail.P and C/N were weakly spatially dependent. The variograms were fitted with mostly exponential and spherical models. The interpolation map could help in delineating different management zones and for making good agronomic decisions.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49642409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-25DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.06
Diego Arán, José Ramón Verde, J. Antelo, F. Macías
espanolLa actividad minera contribuye a diferentes impactos ambientales. Tras el cierre es esencial una evaluacion holistica del estado de los principales componentes del ecosistema y de sus riesgos medioambientales, a modo de establecer y gestionar un programa de rehabilitacion sostenible y especifico a la situacion ambiental existente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad quimica de los suelos y aguas de escorrentia de la mina de uranio, mina Fe (Saelices el Chico, Espana), con el fin de obtener un diagnostico de la problematica ambiental existente y de las potenciales intervenciones de recuperacion a aplicar. Los suelos localizados dentro del area minera y los suelos naturales de la zona adyacente fueron muestreados, analizados fisicoquimicamente y clasificados segun la World Reference Base. Ademas, fueron recogidas muestras de aguas de escorrentia de las escombreras, para evaluacion quimica y termodinamica, asi como, en el periodo seco, eflorescencias de sales de la superficie de los materiales para analisis quimica y mineralogica. Los suelos naturales (clasificados como Leptosoles liticos, haplicos y esqueletales, Cambisoles lepticos y haplicos, Acrisoles plinticos y Fluvisoles haplicos y gleicos) presentan baja fertilidad (evaluada por la concentracion de nutrientes y materia organica) y una fuerte tendencia erosiva lo que, junto con las condiciones climaticas de la zona, conllevan a un escaso desarrollo de la cobertura vegetal. Asimismo, estos suelos solo se mantienen, de forma muy incipiente, en las areas donde existe una cobertura vegetal permanente. La mayoria de los suelos de mina estan desarrollados sobre diferentes mezclas de material de partida y residuos de mina ricos en sulfuros, clasificandose como Tecnosoles espolicos, sulfuricos o salicos, dependiendo de sus propiedades y/o condiciones especificas. Estas mezclas de materiales disminuyen el efecto negativo de los materiales de escombrera, ya que las concentraciones totales de los elementos potencialmente toxicos son similares (excepto para el Pb) a las determinadas en los suelos naturales. Sin embargo, estos suelos tienen elevado riesgo ambiental debido a la generacion de drenajes hiperacidos (pH ≈ 2,8), hiperoxidantes (Eh ≈ 759 mV), hiperconductoras (CE ≈ 12,8 dS m-1) con altos contenidos en elementos potencialmente toxicos (ej. Al, Fe y Mn) y sulfatos (22,9-33,9 g L-1). En el periodo seco, la ascension por capilaridad de este drenaje contribuye a la formacion de sales evaporiticas sobre los materiales las cuales fueron identificadas, principalmente, como sulfatos de Al y Mg (epsomita y halotricita). Estas fases solidas son unicamente sumideros temporales de sulfato y metales, pues se redisuelven con las lluvias liberando nuevamente los elementos al medio. Ademas, la baja fertilidad y capacidad de cambio, acidez, pedregosidad y salinidad de los suelos de mina limitan la colonizacion natural y el desarrollo vegetativo. Teniendo en cuenta el riego ambiental y las ca
采矿活动对环境有不同的影响。在关闭后，必须对生态系统的主要组成部分及其环境风险进行全面评估，以便建立和管理针对现有环境情况的可持续恢复方案。这项工作的目的是评估铀矿Fe矿(Saelices El Chico，西班牙)的土壤和径流水的化学质量，以获得现有环境问题的诊断和潜在的恢复干预措施。对位于矿区内的土壤和邻近地区的天然土壤进行了取样、物理化学分析，并根据世界参考基础进行了分类。此外，还采集了垃圾填埋场径流水的样品，用于化学和热力学评价，以及在干旱时期，材料表面的盐爆发，用于化学和矿物学分析。自然土壤分类(例如Leptosoles liticos haplicos、esqueletales Cambisoles lepticos和haplicos Acrisoles plinticos和Fluvisoles haplicos gleicos)表现出低生育率(由养分浓度锻炼,并且评估organica)和势头强劲运移条件,加上climaticas发展地区,带来一个低植被覆盖。此外，这些土壤只在有永久植被覆盖的地区维持得非常初级。大多数矿山土壤是在富含硫化物的原料和矿山废料的不同混合物上开发的，根据其性质和/或具体条件，可分为开采、硫磺或硝石技术土壤。这些材料的混合减少了垃圾材料的负面影响，因为潜在有毒元素的总浓度(铅除外)与天然土壤中测定的浓度相似。然而，由于产生高酸性(pH≈2.8)、高氧化性(Eh≈759 mV)、高导电(ec≈12.8 dS m-1)、高潜在有毒元素(如铝、铁、锰)和硫酸盐(22.9 - 33.9 g L-1)的排水，这些土壤具有较高的环境风险。在旱季，毛细管作用的上升有助于蒸发盐的形成，主要是Al和Mg硫酸盐(epsomite和halotriite)。这些固相只是硫酸盐和金属的临时汇，因为它们会随着雨水重新溶解，将元素释放回环境中。此外，矿质土壤的低肥力和变化能力、酸度、石质和盐度限制了自然定植和营养发育。考虑到灌溉环境和土壤条件/ caracteristicas米娜,recuperacion矿信仰过程应主要焦点在minimizacion oxidacion提高生育率为硫化物,因此,建立一个覆盖edafogenesis和biogeoquimicos biodiversa和流程。采矿活动导致一些环境影响。关闭后，必须对主要生态系统组成部分及其环境风险进行全面评估，以便确定和管理针对当前环境情况的可持续恢复方案。这项工作的目的是评估Fe矿(Saelices el Chico，西班牙)铀矿土壤和渗水的化学质量，以便对现有的环境问题和可能采取的回收行动作出诊断。对矿区内的土壤和邻近地区的天然土壤进行了取样、分类，并对其物理化学性质进行了分析。此外，还收集了用于化学和热力学评价的流动水样品，以及用于化学和矿物学分析的表面材料的盐开花情况。The自然土壤(classified as Lithic、Haplic and Skeletic Leptosols, Leptic and Haplic Cambisols, Plinthic Acrisols, Haplic及Gleyic Fluvisols)已经low fertlity (evaluated by多元化nutrients和有机事项)and a强劲erosive tendency which与climatic conditions of The area, lead to a poor植被cover发展。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(0.964平方公里)水。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该镇总面积为，其中土地和(1.1%)水。 这些材料的混合物减少了矿山废物的负面影响，因为潜在有毒元素的总浓度在矿山土壤和自然土壤之间是相似的(铅除外)。然而，由于这些矿山土壤产生的渗滤液具有超酸性(pH≈2.8)、超氧化剂(Eh≈759 mV)和超导体(EC≈12.8 dS m-1)的特征，并且具有潜在的高毒性元素(如Al、Fe和Mn)和硫酸盐(22.9-33.9 g L-1)，因此具有很高的环境风险。在干旱期，富元素土壤溶液的上升导致蒸发盐在物质上形成，主要鉴定为Al和Mg硫酸盐(epsomite和halotrichite)。这些固相只是硫酸盐和金属的暂时储存库，因为它们会随着雨水重新溶解，将这些元素释放到环境中。此外，矿山土壤的低肥力和阳离子交换能力、高酸性、石质和盐度限制了自然定植和植物发育。考虑到矿山土壤的环境风险和特点/条件，铁矿山的恢复过程应主要侧重于减少硫化物氧化和提高肥力，以促进生物多样性植物覆盖的建立以及成土和生物地球化学过程。
{"title":"Calidad ambiental de suelos y aguas de la Mina Fé: situación inicial y alternativas de recuperación","authors":"Diego Arán, José Ramón Verde, J. Antelo, F. Macías","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.06","url":null,"abstract":"espanolLa actividad minera contribuye a diferentes impactos ambientales. Tras el cierre es esencial una evaluacion holistica del estado de los principales componentes del ecosistema y de sus riesgos medioambientales, a modo de establecer y gestionar un programa de rehabilitacion sostenible y especifico a la situacion ambiental existente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad quimica de los suelos y aguas de escorrentia de la mina de uranio, mina Fe (Saelices el Chico, Espana), con el fin de obtener un diagnostico de la problematica ambiental existente y de las potenciales intervenciones de recuperacion a aplicar. Los suelos localizados dentro del area minera y los suelos naturales de la zona adyacente fueron muestreados, analizados fisicoquimicamente y clasificados segun la World Reference Base. Ademas, fueron recogidas muestras de aguas de escorrentia de las escombreras, para evaluacion quimica y termodinamica, asi como, en el periodo seco, eflorescencias de sales de la superficie de los materiales para analisis quimica y mineralogica. Los suelos naturales (clasificados como Leptosoles liticos, haplicos y esqueletales, Cambisoles lepticos y haplicos, Acrisoles plinticos y Fluvisoles haplicos y gleicos) presentan baja fertilidad (evaluada por la concentracion de nutrientes y materia organica) y una fuerte tendencia erosiva lo que, junto con las condiciones climaticas de la zona, conllevan a un escaso desarrollo de la cobertura vegetal. Asimismo, estos suelos solo se mantienen, de forma muy incipiente, en las areas donde existe una cobertura vegetal permanente. La mayoria de los suelos de mina estan desarrollados sobre diferentes mezclas de material de partida y residuos de mina ricos en sulfuros, clasificandose como Tecnosoles espolicos, sulfuricos o salicos, dependiendo de sus propiedades y/o condiciones especificas. Estas mezclas de materiales disminuyen el efecto negativo de los materiales de escombrera, ya que las concentraciones totales de los elementos potencialmente toxicos son similares (excepto para el Pb) a las determinadas en los suelos naturales. Sin embargo, estos suelos tienen elevado riesgo ambiental debido a la generacion de drenajes hiperacidos (pH ≈ 2,8), hiperoxidantes (Eh ≈ 759 mV), hiperconductoras (CE ≈ 12,8 dS m-1) con altos contenidos en elementos potencialmente toxicos (ej. Al, Fe y Mn) y sulfatos (22,9-33,9 g L-1). En el periodo seco, la ascension por capilaridad de este drenaje contribuye a la formacion de sales evaporiticas sobre los materiales las cuales fueron identificadas, principalmente, como sulfatos de Al y Mg (epsomita y halotricita). Estas fases solidas son unicamente sumideros temporales de sulfato y metales, pues se redisuelven con las lluvias liberando nuevamente los elementos al medio. Ademas, la baja fertilidad y capacidad de cambio, acidez, pedregosidad y salinidad de los suelos de mina limitan la colonizacion natural y el desarrollo vegetativo. Teniendo en cuenta el riego ambiental y las ca","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"81-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48192621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-12DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.05
J. Rodrigo‐Comino, Alexandre Marco da Silva, E. Moradi, E. Terol, A. Cerdà
The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) was initially designed to assess soil mobilisation rates in vineyards; however, other grafted crops such as citrus orchards could also be successfully used. The results obtained from ISUM have been used for several goals, but have not yet been applied for computing the LS factor (length and slope) as a part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which could give useful information to improve soil management system plans. This investigation was conducted in an 8-year old clementine field located in Canals (Valencia, Spain) and values of the LS factor were calculated by means of two pre-established algorithms, which allowed us to calculate a Transect Length Index (TLI). Our results demonstrated that the micro-topographical changes can show frequent irregularities. For the values of the Transect Length Index (TLI), the mean values were 1.02% for the left side and 1.04% for the right one. The difference among the areas predicted at the moment of furrow construction and the moment of data survey permitted us to estimate a total volume of 56.9 m3 of soil mobilized in 19 years. Taking into account the studied area (360 m2), the volume of mobilised soil, and the bulk density for the local soil (1.3 g cm-3), we estimated a total soil mobilisation of 8.3 mm yr-1 or 10.4 kg m-2 yr-1. We did not observe any evidence or indicator of rill and inter-rill erosion by natural rainfall events, suggesting that the runoff homogenizes the sediment distribution during heavy rains (corroborated by the TLI data) or tillage practices. The data created following the ISUM was suitable to be used to calculate the LS-factor values. The amount of soil mobilised as predicted by USLE was always lower than the ones predicted by ISUM.
改良库存发掘法（ISUM）最初旨在评估葡萄园的土壤动员率；然而，柑橘园等其他嫁接作物也可以成功使用。ISUM获得的结果已用于多个目标，但尚未作为通用土壤损失方程（USLE）的一部分用于计算LS因子（长度和坡度），该方程可为改进土壤管理系统计划提供有用信息。这项调查是在位于Canals（西班牙巴伦西亚）的一块8年前的克莱门汀田中进行的，LS因子的值是通过两种预先建立的算法计算的，这使我们能够计算横断面长度指数（TLI）。我们的研究结果表明，微观地形变化可以显示出频繁的不规则性。对于横断面长度指数（TLI）的值，左侧和右侧的平均值分别为1.02%和1.04%。犁沟施工时和数据调查时预测的面积之间的差异使我们能够估计19年内动员的土壤总量为56.9 m3。考虑到研究面积（360 m2）、活动土壤的体积和当地土壤的堆积密度（1.3 g cm-3），我们估计总土壤活动量为8.3 mm yr-1或10.4 kg m-2 yr-1。我们没有观察到任何自然降雨事件造成细沟和细沟间侵蚀的证据或指标，这表明径流使暴雨期间的沉积物分布均匀化（TLI数据证实了这一点）或耕作实践。ISUM之后创建的数据适合用于计算LS系数值。USLE预测的土壤动员量总是低于ISUM预测的土壤。
{"title":"Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) as a tool to determine the value of alternative topographic factors in estimating inter-row soil mobilisation in citrus orchards","authors":"J. Rodrigo‐Comino, Alexandre Marco da Silva, E. Moradi, E. Terol, A. Cerdà","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.05","url":null,"abstract":"The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) was initially designed to assess soil mobilisation rates in vineyards; however, other grafted crops such as citrus orchards could also be successfully used. The results obtained from ISUM have been used for several goals, but have not yet been applied for computing the LS factor (length and slope) as a part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which could give useful information to improve soil management system plans. This investigation was conducted in an 8-year old clementine field located in Canals (Valencia, Spain) and values of the LS factor were calculated by means of two pre-established algorithms, which allowed us to calculate a Transect Length Index (TLI). Our results demonstrated that the micro-topographical changes can show frequent irregularities. For the values of the Transect Length Index (TLI), the mean values were 1.02% for the left side and 1.04% for the right one. The difference among the areas predicted at the moment of furrow construction and the moment of data survey permitted us to estimate a total volume of 56.9 m3 of soil mobilized in 19 years. Taking into account the studied area (360 m2), the volume of mobilised soil, and the bulk density for the local soil (1.3 g cm-3), we estimated a total soil mobilisation of 8.3 mm yr-1 or 10.4 kg m-2 yr-1. We did not observe any evidence or indicator of rill and inter-rill erosion by natural rainfall events, suggesting that the runoff homogenizes the sediment distribution during heavy rains (corroborated by the TLI data) or tillage practices. The data created following the ISUM was suitable to be used to calculate the LS-factor values. The amount of soil mobilised as predicted by USLE was always lower than the ones predicted by ISUM.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42208851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-12DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.01
M. F. Alvarez, Eugenia Levy, R. Poch, M. Osterrieth
The soil is a complex three-dimensional habitat and any changes in its structure and porosity are likely to affect the type and abundance of soil biota. Oribatid mites play an important role in the decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter and their abundance depends on diverse soil parameters, including soil texture, organic matter content, pH, moisture, and the pore system. The aim of the present work is to analyze some of the edaphic variables that condition the habitat of oribatid mites in Luvic Phaeozems under Pinus radiata (site P) and Eucalyptus globulus (site E) plantations, in the Southeast of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bulk density, penetration resistance, pH, moisture, pore system parameters, and oribatid abundance and species composition were analyzed. Site E had a greater total porosity than site P. The high tortuosity of the pores in both sites generates a complex habitat architecture for the development of oribatid mites. In both sites, oribatids of 70-400 μm in size predominated and were more abundant in site E. A positive correlation between the abundance of oribatids and the pore size in both sites was observed. In site E this correlation was lower for 70-600 µm (R = 0.13) or negative for 70-400 µm (R = -0.78). Therefore, the oribatid abundance could be explained by a greater complexity of the structure of the organic horizon, lower bulk density and lower penetration resistance. These conditions favor the mineralization of organic matter, and therefore food availability. On the other hand, in site P, oribatid abundance is mainly influenced by the porous system, which conditions the access to food, competition between organisms and refuge from predators. Two new species were registered for Argentina: Mesotritia elegantula and Acrogalumna longipluma.
{"title":"Edaphic variables conditioning the habitat of oribatid mites in Luvic Phaeozems under forest plantations (Buenos Aires, Argentina)","authors":"M. F. Alvarez, Eugenia Levy, R. Poch, M. Osterrieth","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The soil is a complex three-dimensional habitat and any changes in its structure and porosity are likely to affect the type and abundance of soil biota. Oribatid mites play an important role in the decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter and their abundance depends on diverse soil parameters, including soil texture, organic matter content, pH, moisture, and the pore system. The aim of the present work is to analyze some of the edaphic variables that condition the habitat of oribatid mites in Luvic Phaeozems under Pinus radiata (site P) and Eucalyptus globulus (site E) plantations, in the Southeast of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bulk density, penetration resistance, pH, moisture, pore system parameters, and oribatid abundance and species composition were analyzed. Site E had a greater total porosity than site P. The high tortuosity of the pores in both sites generates a complex habitat architecture for the development of oribatid mites. In both sites, oribatids of 70-400 μm in size predominated and were more abundant in site E. A positive correlation between the abundance of oribatids and the pore size in both sites was observed. In site E this correlation was lower for 70-600 µm (R = 0.13) or negative for 70-400 µm (R = -0.78). Therefore, the oribatid abundance could be explained by a greater complexity of the structure of the organic horizon, lower bulk density and lower penetration resistance. These conditions favor the mineralization of organic matter, and therefore food availability. On the other hand, in site P, oribatid abundance is mainly influenced by the porous system, which conditions the access to food, competition between organisms and refuge from predators. Two new species were registered for Argentina: Mesotritia elegantula and Acrogalumna longipluma.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43655040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-11DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.03
R. Suleymanov, I. Yaparov, I. Saifullin, I. Vildanov, P. Shirokikh, A. Suleymanov, M. Komissarov, P. Liebelt, A. Nigmatullin, R. Khamidullin
This paper presents the results of the state of postagrogenic ecosystems (18-20 years after the land was taken out of crop rotation) in the northern forest-steppe zone, Republic of Bashkortostan (South Ural) where soil cover is represented by postagrogenic gray-humus soils (Regosols). Probably, the unfavorable physical and agrochemical soil properties were a limiting factor in obtaining a profitable crop yield, and it was a reason for the withdrawal of land from agricultural use. Eighteen to twenty years since agricultural fields were taken out of crop rotation, a diverse vegetation cover has formed on postagrogenic soils. Analysis of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) showed that more than 50% of the territory is covered by average and high vegetation development (low-grass meadows and forest communities). The active renewal of natural vegetation is conducted in the studied territory, which develops under the influence of zonal type vegetation and is in the transition stage from ruderal communities to low-grass meadows and different-aged secondary forests with domination of broad-leaved and light-coniferous tree species. The low content of organic carbon and basic nutrients in postagrogenic soils, at this stage of restoration, does not influence the formation and diversity of vegetation cover. However, vegetation continues to suffer the consequences of long-term agricultural use (mainly mechanical impact), resulting in a well-defined mosaic of vegetation communities, the poverty of the floristic composition and the presence of perennial weed species occurring in high abundance. It is better to maintain the land abandoned to further improve soil properties and reduce erosion.
{"title":"The current state of abandoned lands in the northern forest-steppe zone at the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Ural, Russia)","authors":"R. Suleymanov, I. Yaparov, I. Saifullin, I. Vildanov, P. Shirokikh, A. Suleymanov, M. Komissarov, P. Liebelt, A. Nigmatullin, R. Khamidullin","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N1.03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of the state of postagrogenic ecosystems (18-20 years after the land was taken out of crop rotation) in the northern forest-steppe zone, Republic of Bashkortostan (South Ural) where soil cover is represented by postagrogenic gray-humus soils (Regosols). Probably, the unfavorable physical and agrochemical soil properties were a limiting factor in obtaining a profitable crop yield, and it was a reason for the withdrawal of land from agricultural use. Eighteen to twenty years since agricultural fields were taken out of crop rotation, a diverse vegetation cover has formed on postagrogenic soils. Analysis of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) showed that more than 50% of the territory is covered by average and high vegetation development (low-grass meadows and forest communities). The active renewal of natural vegetation is conducted in the studied territory, which develops under the influence of zonal type vegetation and is in the transition stage from ruderal communities to low-grass meadows and different-aged secondary forests with domination of broad-leaved and light-coniferous tree species. The low content of organic carbon and basic nutrients in postagrogenic soils, at this stage of restoration, does not influence the formation and diversity of vegetation cover. However, vegetation continues to suffer the consequences of long-term agricultural use (mainly mechanical impact), resulting in a well-defined mosaic of vegetation communities, the poverty of the floristic composition and the presence of perennial weed species occurring in high abundance. It is better to maintain the land abandoned to further improve soil properties and reduce erosion.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48066942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.01
J. Ibáñez, R. Pérez-Gómez, C. Oyonarte, A. Zinck
Plant and soil landscapes across bioclimatic belts and drainage basins were studied using georeferenced databases in arid lands of SE Spain, the driest area of Europe. The syntaxonomic system was used to analyze phytocenoses and bioclimatic belts, as well as the concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV), a common approach in many countries of continental Europe. Soil types included in pedological databases were classified using the World Reference Base for Soil Resources international system (FAO 1998). Both bioclimatic belts and drainage basins effectively discriminate soil and plant assemblages in the study area of the Almeria province. The syntaxonomic perspective permits distinguishing between PNV dependent on (i) climate (climatophylous), (ii) climate and lithology, and (iii) soils (edaphophylous). Richness-area relationships of plant and soil assemblages fit well to power law distributions, showing few idiosyncratic differences. PNV, lithological associations, and soil richness are clearly correlated with the area of each climatic beltand watershed. PNV and pedotaxa richness (understood as a number of taxa at a given hierarchical level) increases from the mountain tops to the coastal lands. Around 59% of the PNV units are edaphophylous and 87% of these are edaphohygrophylous that require water supply or tolerate water excess in riverbed ramblas (dry watercourses). Edaphohygrophylous PNV are distributed in small patches within a very arid matrix. They can be considered as plant “biodiversity islands”, a concept different from that of “fertility islands” used by ecologists in arid land studies. The spatial dispersion of these phytocenoses prevents adequate preservation in the frame of conservation biology policies. At landscape level, the extent of plant communities is as follows: PNV climate dependent > PNV climate-lithology dependent > PNV soil dependent. The diversity of plant communities follows an opposite trend: PNV soil dependent > PNV climate-lithology dependent > PNV climate dependent. The PNV most conditioned by soil properties are located along the streambeds of ramblas. These fluvial sediments are not reported as soil materials in soil maps. PNV, soils and lithological associations by drainage basins conform to the predictions of the statistical tool termed nested subsets theory. However, lithological associations by climatic belts depart from this spatial pattern.
{"title":"Biogeodiversity and pedodiversity islands in arid lands of Europe (Almería Province, Spain)","authors":"J. Ibáñez, R. Pérez-Gómez, C. Oyonarte, A. Zinck","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Plant and soil landscapes across bioclimatic belts and drainage basins were studied using georeferenced databases in arid lands of SE Spain, the driest area of Europe. The syntaxonomic system was used to analyze phytocenoses and bioclimatic belts, as well as the concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV), a common approach in many countries of continental Europe. Soil types included in pedological databases were classified using the World Reference Base for Soil Resources international system (FAO 1998). Both bioclimatic belts and drainage basins effectively discriminate soil and plant assemblages in the study area of the Almeria province. The syntaxonomic perspective permits distinguishing between PNV dependent on (i) climate (climatophylous), (ii) climate and lithology, and (iii) soils (edaphophylous). Richness-area relationships of plant and soil assemblages fit well to power law distributions, showing few idiosyncratic differences. PNV, lithological associations, and soil richness are clearly correlated with the area of each climatic beltand watershed. PNV and pedotaxa richness (understood as a number of taxa at a given hierarchical level) increases from the mountain tops to the coastal lands. Around 59% of the PNV units are edaphophylous and 87% of these are edaphohygrophylous that require water supply or tolerate water excess in riverbed ramblas (dry watercourses). Edaphohygrophylous PNV are distributed in small patches within a very arid matrix. They can be considered as plant “biodiversity islands”, a concept different from that of “fertility islands” used by ecologists in arid land studies. The spatial dispersion of these phytocenoses prevents adequate preservation in the frame of conservation biology policies. At landscape level, the extent of plant communities is as follows: PNV climate dependent > PNV climate-lithology dependent > PNV soil dependent. The diversity of plant communities follows an opposite trend: PNV soil dependent > PNV climate-lithology dependent > PNV climate dependent. The PNV most conditioned by soil properties are located along the streambeds of ramblas. These fluvial sediments are not reported as soil materials in soil maps. PNV, soils and lithological associations by drainage basins conform to the predictions of the statistical tool termed nested subsets theory. However, lithological associations by climatic belts depart from this spatial pattern. ","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48035913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.03
I. Virto, Bosco Imbert, J. Peralta, I. S. D. Soto, Iñaki González-Tejedor, Rodrigo Antón, I. López-Goñi, Maite Martínez, I. Arias, A. Enrique
The study of soils in secondary education is a topic of debate because it remains little considered in official curricula and programs at pre-university education, despite the increasing concern about soil in environmental studies. In this work, we present the results of a case-study conducted with a class of the 4th grade of compulsory secondary education (10th school year), where a didactic sequence was used that included actual data obtained in an afforestation chronosequence. The afforestation was part of the activities conducted by the network of schools to which the school belonged, with the aim of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from their annual fund-raising event. In a first step, a series of indicators related to soil and vegetation were determined in the afforested soil using a space-for-time approach with a nearby cultivated soil (corresponding to the original situation of the afforested soil) and a mature forest (similar to the target situation of the afforested land). Plant biodiversity, soil microbial biomass C and total organic C, and organic matter decomposition indicators were determined and observed to be in an intermediate situation in the afforested land between the cultivated soil and the mature forest, seven years after afforestation. In particular, an effective atmospheric C sequestration was verified from a difference of 12.41 ± 1.06 Mg of organic C per hectare in the afforested soil compared to the cultivated control. Data issued from this analysis were used to prepare a collaborative jigsawactivity that was integrated into the didactic sequence designed to introduce the concepts of ecosystem successions and the carbon cycle. This project had a special focus on the role of soil both as a component of the ecosystem and within the carbon cycle. The success of the implementation of this sequence was tested using an initial and final test. The results of these tests showed a general improvement (42.8 points in the final test vs 23.3 in the initial test) in relation to the concepts tested. However, differences were observed in relation to the progression done by the students, which was better for ecosystems than for soil, likely as a consequence of the poor previous knowledge. From those results, we conclude that the development of educational tools that allow secondary school students to address real cases in which the soil is considered as a key component of the ecosystem can be effective in moving towards meaningful learning about soils and soil properties, since these seem still poorly understood by secondary school students.
{"title":"Oinez Basoa: Using school-managed afforested land for soil education in Navarre, Spain","authors":"I. Virto, Bosco Imbert, J. Peralta, I. S. D. Soto, Iñaki González-Tejedor, Rodrigo Antón, I. López-Goñi, Maite Martínez, I. Arias, A. Enrique","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N3.03","url":null,"abstract":"The study of soils in secondary education is a topic of debate because it remains little considered in official curricula and programs at pre-university education, despite the increasing concern about soil in environmental studies. In this work, we present the results of a case-study conducted with a class of the 4th grade of compulsory secondary education (10th school year), where a didactic sequence was used that included actual data obtained in an afforestation chronosequence. The afforestation was part of the activities conducted by the network of schools to which the school belonged, with the aim of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions resulting from their annual fund-raising event. In a first step, a series of indicators related to soil and vegetation were determined in the afforested soil using a space-for-time approach with a nearby cultivated soil (corresponding to the original situation of the afforested soil) and a mature forest (similar to the target situation of the afforested land). Plant biodiversity, soil microbial biomass C and total organic C, and organic matter decomposition indicators were determined and observed to be in an intermediate situation in the afforested land between the cultivated soil and the mature forest, seven years after afforestation. In particular, an effective atmospheric C sequestration was verified from a difference of 12.41 ± 1.06 Mg of organic C per hectare in the afforested soil compared to the cultivated control. Data issued from this analysis were used to prepare a collaborative jigsawactivity that was integrated into the didactic sequence designed to introduce the concepts of ecosystem successions and the carbon cycle. This project had a special focus on the role of soil both as a component of the ecosystem and within the carbon cycle. The success of the implementation of this sequence was tested using an initial and final test. The results of these tests showed a general improvement (42.8 points in the final test vs 23.3 in the initial test) in relation to the concepts tested. However, differences were observed in relation to the progression done by the students, which was better for ecosystems than for soil, likely as a consequence of the poor previous knowledge. From those results, we conclude that the development of educational tools that allow secondary school students to address real cases in which the soil is considered as a key component of the ecosystem can be effective in moving towards meaningful learning about soils and soil properties, since these seem still poorly understood by secondary school students.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44619551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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