Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.04
F. Fonseca, T. Figueiredo
The organic and mineral horizons of soils are of great importance in C and N storage in forest areas. However, knowledge of the effects of forest species on the stocks of these elements is still scarce, especially in Portugal. In order to contribute to this knowledge, a study was carried out in forest stands of Pinus pinaster Aiton (PP), Pinus nigra Arnold (PN), Pseudotsuga menziesii (PM) and Castanea sativa Miller (CS), installed in the 1950s in northern Portugal. Sampling areas with similar topography, lithology and climate were selected, in order to better identify hypothesized differences in C and N storage due to forest species effect. In each stand, 15 sites were selected randomly and the forest floor (organic layers) was collected in a 0.49 m2 area. The layers H, L and F of the forest floor were identified and, for L and F, their components were separated in leaves, pine cones/chestnut husks and branches. At the same sites, soil samples were also collected at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. At these depths, undisturbed samples were also collected for bulk density determination. The concentrations of C and N were determined in forest floor and mineral components of the soil, and converted in mass per unit area. The quantity of C storage per unit area followed the sequence PN > PM > CS > PP, while for N the sequence was CS > PM > PN > PP, OM and PP keeping the same relative position in the sequence in both C and N concentrations. The PM and CS species store similar amounts of C and N, and about 90% of these elements is found in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil. In PN and PP species, the contribution of forest floor to the storage of these elements is more expressive than in the other species, but lower than 30% in all cases.
土壤的有机层和无机层在森林地区的碳和氮储存中具有重要意义。然而，关于森林物种对这些元素种群的影响的知识仍然很少，尤其是在葡萄牙。为了对这一知识做出贡献，对20世纪50年代在葡萄牙北部种植的pinaster Aiton（PP）、Pinus nigra Arnold（PN）、Pseudotsuga menziesii（PM）和Castanea sativa Miller（CS）的林分进行了研究。选择了地形、岩性和气候相似的采样区，以更好地识别由于森林物种效应而导致的碳和氮储量的假设差异。在每个林分中，随机选择15个地点，并在0.49m2的面积内收集森林地面（有机层）。对森林地面的H、L和F层进行了鉴定，对于L和F，它们的成分在树叶、松果/栗子壳和树枝中被分离。在同一地点，还在0-10和10-20厘米的深度采集了土壤样本。在这些深度处，还采集了未扰动样品，用于测定体积密度。测定了森林地面和土壤矿物成分中的C和N浓度，并将其换算为单位面积质量。单位面积的C储存量遵循PN>PM>CS>PP的顺序，而N的顺序为CS>PM>PN>PP，在C和N浓度下，OM和PP在序列中保持相同的相对位置。PM和CS物种储存了相似量的C和N，其中约90%的元素存在于矿物土壤的上部20厘米中。在PN和PP物种中，森林地面对这些元素储存的贡献比其他物种更具表现力，但在所有情况下都低于30%。
{"title":"Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under four forest species in the Mediterranean region","authors":"F. Fonseca, T. Figueiredo","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The organic and mineral horizons of soils are of great importance in C and N storage in forest areas. However, knowledge of the effects of forest species on the stocks of these elements is still scarce, especially in Portugal. In order to contribute to this knowledge, a study was carried out in forest stands of Pinus pinaster Aiton (PP), Pinus nigra Arnold (PN), Pseudotsuga menziesii (PM) and Castanea sativa Miller (CS), installed in the 1950s in northern Portugal. Sampling areas with similar topography, lithology and climate were selected, in order to better identify hypothesized differences in C and N storage due to forest species effect. In each stand, 15 sites were selected randomly and the forest floor (organic layers) was collected in a 0.49 m2 area. The layers H, L and F of the forest floor were identified and, for L and F, their components were separated in leaves, pine cones/chestnut husks and branches. At the same sites, soil samples were also collected at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. At these depths, undisturbed samples were also collected for bulk density determination. The concentrations of C and N were determined in forest floor and mineral components of the soil, and converted in mass per unit area. The quantity of C storage per unit area followed the sequence PN > PM > CS > PP, while for N the sequence was CS > PM > PN > PP, OM and PP keeping the same relative position in the sequence in both C and N concentrations. The PM and CS species store similar amounts of C and N, and about 90% of these elements is found in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil. In PN and PP species, the contribution of forest floor to the storage of these elements is more expressive than in the other species, but lower than 30% in all cases.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.02
A. Tomaz, M. Patanita, I. Guerreiro, J. Dôres, L. Boteta, J. Palma
In the region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal, as a consequence of the implementation of the Alqueva global irrigation system, agriculture intensification is challenging the sustainability of the farming systems. The demand for water and for fertilizers is increasing but so is the demand for water use efficiency (WUE) and for nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Increasing resource-use efficiency while reducing yield gaps can be addressed by suitable agricultural management practices, as in the case of crop rotations. Based on a demonstration project carried out in two farms located in Baixo Alentejo, within the Alqueva irrigation network, soil fertility parameters, WUE and NUE (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were studied in three maize-based cropping systems: a maize monoculture (M-M) and two rotations, barley+maize-barley (BM-B) and sunflower-barley+maize (S-BM). The total soil organic matter content increased in the two rotations, an important observation especially in soils with low organic content. The final balance of extractable phosphorus and potassium was positive in the BM-B rotation. Water use efficiency values point to a less balanced performance of the S-BM rotation. The WUE and the nitrogen NUE in the different crops and rotations followed a similar pattern. The M-M and BM-B crop successions showed the best indicators of NUE for nitrogen and phosphorus. In all the cropping systems, the potassium NUE was low, suggesting the need to carefully equate the additions of this nutrient by fertilization.
{"title":"Efficient use of water and nutrients in irrigated cropping systems in the Alqueva region","authors":"A. Tomaz, M. Patanita, I. Guerreiro, J. Dôres, L. Boteta, J. Palma","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.02","url":null,"abstract":"In the region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal, as a consequence of the implementation of the Alqueva global irrigation system, agriculture intensification is challenging the sustainability of the farming systems. The demand for water and for fertilizers is increasing but so is the demand for water use efficiency (WUE) and for nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Increasing resource-use efficiency while reducing yield gaps can be addressed by suitable agricultural management practices, as in the case of crop rotations. Based on a demonstration project carried out in two farms located in Baixo Alentejo, within the Alqueva irrigation network, soil fertility parameters, WUE and NUE (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) were studied in three maize-based cropping systems: a maize monoculture (M-M) and two rotations, barley+maize-barley (BM-B) and sunflower-barley+maize (S-BM). The total soil organic matter content increased in the two rotations, an important observation especially in soils with low organic content. The final balance of extractable phosphorus and potassium was positive in the BM-B rotation. Water use efficiency values point to a less balanced performance of the S-BM rotation. The WUE and the nitrogen NUE in the different crops and rotations followed a similar pattern. The M-M and BM-B crop successions showed the best indicators of NUE for nitrogen and phosphorus. In all the cropping systems, the potassium NUE was low, suggesting the need to carefully equate the additions of this nutrient by fertilization.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44853606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.03
M. Montero, F. Fonseca, T. D. Figueiredo, Á. Bellón
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of four soils with distinct uses and managements (pasture, cereal, chestnut and oak) to check whether their use is appropriate and propose improvements. The investigation took place at Vilar de Ossos, a sector of Montesinho Natural Park in northeast Portugal. Results were obtained from field work and laboratory analyses of more than 25 parameters (textural analysis, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents, cation exchange capacity and cation saturation percentage, pH, organic matter, stoniness, useful soil depth, drainage, etc.). An estimation of erosion was also made following the universal soil loss equation. Pasture and oak registered low values on soil erosion while cereal and chestnut had medium values in the same parameter. With the data obtained, we made soil evaluations according to the Agrologic Classes and the Riquier Bramao and Cornet systems. Results indicate that only chestnut soil had low qualities for farming, and that cereal soils needed a change of use. Finally, based on the assessments, recommendations to improve soil quality have been made. For the pasture soil, the proposal is to put the focus on the nutritional values. In the cereal soil, conservation tillage is proposed. In the chestnut soil, stopping the current plowing technique is suggested and, in the oak soil, which is a natural soil, the proposal is to leave it in its current state.
本研究的主要目的是评估四种不同用途和管理的土壤（牧场、谷物、栗子和橡树）的质量，以检查其用途是否合适，并提出改进建议。调查发生在葡萄牙东北部蒙特辛霍自然公园的Vilar de Ossos。通过对25个以上参数（质地分析、氮、磷、钾含量、阳离子交换能力和阳离子饱和百分比、pH、有机质、石质、有用土壤深度、排水量等）的实地工作和实验室分析得出了结果。牧场和橡树在土壤侵蚀方面的数值较低，而谷物和栗子在相同参数下的数值中等。根据获得的数据，我们根据农学分类和Riquier-Bramao和Cornet系统对土壤进行了评估。结果表明，只有栗土的耕作质量较低，谷物土需要改变用途。最后，根据评估结果，提出了改善土壤质量的建议。对于牧场土壤，建议将重点放在营养价值上。在谷类土壤中，建议采用保护性耕作。在栗子土中，建议停止目前的耕作技术，而在橡树土中，这是一种天然土壤，建议保持目前的状态。
{"title":"Evaluación y propuestas de mejora de suelos dedicados a diferentes usos en un sector del Parque Natural de Montesinho, Portugal","authors":"M. Montero, F. Fonseca, T. D. Figueiredo, Á. Bellón","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of four soils with distinct uses and managements (pasture, cereal, chestnut and oak) to check whether their use is appropriate and propose improvements. The investigation took place at Vilar de Ossos, a sector of Montesinho Natural Park in northeast Portugal. Results were obtained from field work and laboratory analyses of more than 25 parameters (textural analysis, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents, cation exchange capacity and cation saturation percentage, pH, organic matter, stoniness, useful soil depth, drainage, etc.). An estimation of erosion was also made following the universal soil loss equation. Pasture and oak registered low values on soil erosion while cereal and chestnut had medium values in the same parameter. With the data obtained, we made soil evaluations according to the Agrologic Classes and the Riquier Bramao and Cornet systems. Results indicate that only chestnut soil had low qualities for farming, and that cereal soils needed a change of use. Finally, based on the assessments, recommendations to improve soil quality have been made. For the pasture soil, the proposal is to put the focus on the nutritional values. In the cereal soil, conservation tillage is proposed. In the chestnut soil, stopping the current plowing technique is suggested and, in the oak soil, which is a natural soil, the proposal is to leave it in its current state.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"24-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41980771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.01
M. S. Sinegani, A. Sinegani, M. Hadipour
Due to widespread and fast-growing urban developments, large amounts of industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastewaters are produced which can change ecosystem functions after being released into rivers and lakes. The distributions of organic carbon (OC) and total phosphorus (TP) of soil were studied in the salt affected soils in the Meyghan Playa, Iran, to show the impacts of human activities on these soils and sediment properties in this arid region of the world. Samples were taken from 250 points and were analyzed geostatistically for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TP, and OC. Although EC had the highest coefficient of variation (CV = 2.4) compared to CVs of the other soil properties, the sill/nugget ratio for EC in the geostatistical analysis was the highest one. Therefore, EC had the strongest spatial dependence compared to OC, TP, and pH with lower sill/nugget ratios and moderate spatial dependence. The maximum amount of OC was more than 2% which was observed near the entrance of municipal wastewater to the Meyghan Lake, and the highest soil TP was more than 400 kg mg-1 near the entrance of municipal wastewater and also at river mouths, which can be attributed to leaching and runoff fertilizers from farmlands. Enrichment of OC in the entrance of municipal wastewater toward the lake is related to eutrophication and higher plant production.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of total phosphorus and organic carbon in the salt-affected soils in the Meyghan Playa, Iran","authors":"M. S. Sinegani, A. Sinegani, M. Hadipour","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Due to widespread and fast-growing urban developments, large amounts of industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastewaters are produced which can change ecosystem functions after being released into rivers and lakes. The distributions of organic carbon (OC) and total phosphorus (TP) of soil were studied in the salt affected soils in the Meyghan Playa, Iran, to show the impacts of human activities on these soils and sediment properties in this arid region of the world. Samples were taken from 250 points and were analyzed geostatistically for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TP, and OC. Although EC had the highest coefficient of variation (CV = 2.4) compared to CVs of the other soil properties, the sill/nugget ratio for EC in the geostatistical analysis was the highest one. Therefore, EC had the strongest spatial dependence compared to OC, TP, and pH with lower sill/nugget ratios and moderate spatial dependence. The maximum amount of OC was more than 2% which was observed near the entrance of municipal wastewater to the Meyghan Lake, and the highest soil TP was more than 400 kg mg-1 near the entrance of municipal wastewater and also at river mouths, which can be attributed to leaching and runoff fertilizers from farmlands. Enrichment of OC in the entrance of municipal wastewater toward the lake is related to eutrophication and higher plant production.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42288552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.02
G. Mohamed, A. Hirche, Emilia Fernández-Ondoño, F. Martín-Peinado, M. Salamani, F. Belala
Land degradation is one of the most important environmental threats facing the international community. In North Africa, many semiarid and arid regions are suffering significant land degradation, which can be an impediment to sustainable development. Therefore; land degradation is monitored in a regional context for a better understanding of its causes and consequences. One of the main consequences is a notable increase in sand encroachment with negative environmental implications. For this reason, the dynamics of sands between south-eastern Morocco and the wilaya of Nâama, south-western Algeria, was studied. Sand samples gathered from six distinctive areas were subjected to physicochemical, colorimetric (redness index), morphoscopic (circularity), and geochemical analysis, and studied statistically using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), wind direction data, ternary plots and a hierarchical cluster of trace elements (K, Rb, Fe, Ti, Ca and Sr). In all areas, a clear dominance of the sand fraction appeared showing percentages ranging from 89 to 96%. Sampled areas were all carbonated, and the pH was alkaline, with close values ranging from 8.4 to 9. The mean circularity values ranged from 0.67 in Merzouga (Morocco) to 0.80 in El Aguer (Algeria). The lowest value of the redness index was noted in Merzouga with a mean value of 4. The Algerian areas showed an almost similar redness index with a value of 6 but the highest value was noted in Saadana with a value of 11. Geochemical approaches, based on ternary plots and dendrogram cluster indicating the abundance of major elements (Fe, Ca and K), were used as indicators of wind transport. Results suggested the existence of a Regional Wind Action System (RWAS) implicated in the transport of sand from south-eastern Morocco and its redistribution towards south-western Algeria. Merzouga was connected to all areas but particularly to nearby Saadana and Kasdir in the Algerian territory.
{"title":"Land degradation and sand dynamics in a steppe region (Nâama, south-western Algeria)","authors":"G. Mohamed, A. Hirche, Emilia Fernández-Ondoño, F. Martín-Peinado, M. Salamani, F. Belala","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation is one of the most important environmental threats facing the international community. In North Africa, many semiarid and arid regions are suffering significant land degradation, which can be an impediment to sustainable development. Therefore; land degradation is monitored in a regional context for a better understanding of its causes and consequences. One of the main consequences is a notable increase in sand encroachment with negative environmental implications. For this reason, the dynamics of sands between south-eastern Morocco and the wilaya of Nâama, south-western Algeria, was studied. Sand samples gathered from six distinctive areas were subjected to physicochemical, colorimetric (redness index), morphoscopic (circularity), and geochemical analysis, and studied statistically using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), wind direction data, ternary plots and a hierarchical cluster of trace elements (K, Rb, Fe, Ti, Ca and Sr). In all areas, a clear dominance of the sand fraction appeared showing percentages ranging from 89 to 96%. Sampled areas were all carbonated, and the pH was alkaline, with close values ranging from 8.4 to 9. The mean circularity values ranged from 0.67 in Merzouga (Morocco) to 0.80 in El Aguer (Algeria). The lowest value of the redness index was noted in Merzouga with a mean value of 4. The Algerian areas showed an almost similar redness index with a value of 6 but the highest value was noted in Saadana with a value of 11. Geochemical approaches, based on ternary plots and dendrogram cluster indicating the abundance of major elements (Fe, Ca and K), were used as indicators of wind transport. Results suggested the existence of a Regional Wind Action System (RWAS) implicated in the transport of sand from south-eastern Morocco and its redistribution towards south-western Algeria. Merzouga was connected to all areas but particularly to nearby Saadana and Kasdir in the Algerian territory.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49258554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.03
R. Moreno, A. Irigoyen, M. Monterubbianesi, G. Studdert
Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. The complex relationships among the components of C cycle makes difficult the modelling of SOC variation. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are models capable to determine interrelationships based on information. The objective was to develop and evaluate models based on the ANN technique to estimate the SOC in Mollisols of the Southeastern of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (SEBA). Data from three long term experiments was used. Management and meteorological variables were selected as input. Management information included numerical variables (initial SOC (SOCI); number of years from the beginning of the experiment (Year), proportion of soybean in the crop sequence; (Prop soybean); crop yields (Yield), proportion of cropping in the crop rotation (Prop agri), and categorical variables (Crop, Tillage). In addition, two meteorological inputs (minimum (Tmin) and mean air temperature (Tmed)), were selected. The ANNs were adequate to estimate SOC in the upper 0.20 m of Mollisols of the SEBA. The model with the best performance included six management variables (SOCI, Year, Prop soybean, Tillage, Yield, Prop agri) and one meteorological variable (Tmin), all of them easily available and with low level of uncertainty. Soil organic C changes related to soil use in the SEBA could be satisfactorily estimated using an ANN developed with simple and easily available input variables. Artificial neural network technique appears as a valuable tool to develop robust models to help predicting SOC changes.
{"title":"Application of artificial neural networks to estimate soil organic carbon in a high-organic-matter Mollisol","authors":"R. Moreno, A. Irigoyen, M. Monterubbianesi, G. Studdert","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.03","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon (SOC) has a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. The complex relationships among the components of C cycle makes difficult the modelling of SOC variation. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are models capable to determine interrelationships based on information. The objective was to develop and evaluate models based on the ANN technique to estimate the SOC in Mollisols of the Southeastern of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (SEBA). Data from three long term experiments was used. Management and meteorological variables were selected as input. Management information included numerical variables (initial SOC (SOCI); number of years from the beginning of the experiment (Year), proportion of soybean in the crop sequence; (Prop soybean); crop yields (Yield), proportion of cropping in the crop rotation (Prop agri), and categorical variables (Crop, Tillage). In addition, two meteorological inputs (minimum (Tmin) and mean air temperature (Tmed)), were selected. The ANNs were adequate to estimate SOC in the upper 0.20 m of Mollisols of the SEBA. The model with the best performance included six management variables (SOCI, Year, Prop soybean, Tillage, Yield, Prop agri) and one meteorological variable (Tmin), all of them easily available and with low level of uncertainty. Soil organic C changes related to soil use in the SEBA could be satisfactorily estimated using an ANN developed with simple and easily available input variables. Artificial neural network technique appears as a valuable tool to develop robust models to help predicting SOC changes.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46856066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.05
J. M. Rojas, Silvia Yanina Goytía, María Florencia Roldán, N. Mórtola, R. Romaniuk, Noelia Lorena Casco
Soil quality (SQ) assessment is an important tool for monitoring the sustainability of production systems. The National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) selected a minimum dataset of indicators (MDS) with the objective of generating a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of soils subject to land use changes. The MDS is composed of: total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, bulk density and the wind erodible fraction. The objective of this work was to use the MDS and the Soil Quality Index (SQI) derived from it to describe the state of the soils intended for Cucurbit production in Chaco. The MDS was sufficiently sensitive to describe the state of the soils. The low and moderate SQ highlighted the need to incorporate soil conservation practices, given the low levels of organic matter and physical degradation. These practices would also contribute to the control of wind erosion, a process that is poorly managed in the area.
{"title":"Índice de calidad de suelos aplicado a la producción de Cucurbitáceas (Chaco, Argentina)","authors":"J. M. Rojas, Silvia Yanina Goytía, María Florencia Roldán, N. Mórtola, R. Romaniuk, Noelia Lorena Casco","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Soil quality (SQ) assessment is an important tool for monitoring the sustainability of production systems. The National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) selected a minimum dataset of indicators (MDS) with the objective of generating a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of soils subject to land use changes. The MDS is composed of: total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, bulk density and the wind erodible fraction. The objective of this work was to use the MDS and the Soil Quality Index (SQI) derived from it to describe the state of the soils intended for Cucurbit production in Chaco. The MDS was sufficiently sensitive to describe the state of the soils. The low and moderate SQ highlighted the need to incorporate soil conservation practices, given the low levels of organic matter and physical degradation. These practices would also contribute to the control of wind erosion, a process that is poorly managed in the area.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"222-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69584653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The production of potatoes and cereals in Tenerife (Spain) is concentrated in the middle zone of the island. The system of traditional agricultural production is based on the rotation of potatoes with winter wheat in dry conditions. To increase the productivity of these crops, it is necessary to know the availability and distribution pattern of the nutrients, in order to measure the factors that contribute to determine the predictive rate of fertility levels. The objective of this study is to determine the quantitative characteristics, relations and parameters of the fertility model, using predictive variables estimated by Landsat-8 OLI satellite images and field data for specific conditions of the soils analyzed. The results allow the establishment of a multiple linear regression model to estimate fertility, depending on pH, aluminum and boron variables. Auxiliary geographical information is presented with the distribution of pH, aluminum and boron. Using analytical tools (overlay) of Geographic Information Systems, a digital map of the fertility ranges (adequate, limited, conditioned and unfit) was developed. The study reveals that 57% of the surface has soil with limited fertility. These maps can be used in future inspection of soils and in agricultural management.
{"title":"Estimación de la fertilidad en suelos volcánicos (Tenerife, España) para el cultivo de trigo por medio de teledetección y SIG","authors":"Mariana Hernández González, Desiderio Francisco-Bethencourt","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N3.04","url":null,"abstract":"The production of potatoes and cereals in Tenerife (Spain) is concentrated in the middle zone of the island. The system of traditional agricultural production is based on the rotation of potatoes with winter wheat in dry conditions. To increase the productivity of these crops, it is necessary to know the availability and distribution pattern of the nutrients, in order to measure the factors that contribute to determine the predictive rate of fertility levels. The objective of this study is to determine the quantitative characteristics, relations and parameters of the fertility model, using predictive variables estimated by Landsat-8 OLI satellite images and field data for specific conditions of the soils analyzed. The results allow the establishment of a multiple linear regression model to estimate fertility, depending on pH, aluminum and boron variables. Auxiliary geographical information is presented with the distribution of pH, aluminum and boron. Using analytical tools (overlay) of Geographic Information Systems, a digital map of the fertility ranges (adequate, limited, conditioned and unfit) was developed. The study reveals that 57% of the surface has soil with limited fertility. These maps can be used in future inspection of soils and in agricultural management.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"201-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44969053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-14DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.02
L. A. Iturri, G. G. Hevia, M. Raviña, D. Buschiazzo
Stable and labile soil organic compounds play different roles in the soil. It is a question of how far soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different labilities vary as a function of climatic and management conditions. In order to answer this question stable (organic C -C-, total N -N-, organic P -Po-), and labile SOM fractions (total carbohydrates -CHt- and hot water soluble carbohydrates -CHw-) were measured monthly for two years in the 10-cm soil top-layer of an Entic Haplustoll, under conventional tillage (CT), vertical tillage (VT) and no-till (NT). Results showed that contents of all analyzed organic fractions were higher in NT than in VT and CT in almost all sampling dates. All organic compounds were less variable with time in NT and VT than in CT, in agreement with the smaller soil disturbance of NT and VT compared to CT. The more labile fractions varied as a function of short term changes in the climatic conditions, mainly temperature. Under soil disturbing tillage systems, the most stable fractions tended to decrease and the more labile to increase with time. This was attributed to the transformation of the more stable into the more labile fractions, possibly due to the disruption of aggregates produced by tillage that favored SOM mineralization. Po was the less variable compound, even under the most disturbing tillage conditions. The quotients C/N, CHt/C and CHw/C evolved similarly in all tillage systems, indicating that that tillage systems change the amount but not the quality of SOM.
稳定型和不稳定型土壤有机化合物在土壤中发挥着不同的作用。不同土壤有机质组分随气候和管理条件的变化而变化的程度是一个问题。为了回答这一问题，我们在常规耕作(CT)、垂直耕作(VT)和免耕(NT)下，每月测量一个月的固定(有机碳-C-、全氮-N-、有机磷- po -)和不稳定的SOM组分(总碳水化合物- cht -和热水可溶性碳水化合物- chw -)。结果表明，在几乎所有的采样日期，所有分析的有机组分中NT的含量都高于VT和CT。所有有机化合物随时间的变化在NT和VT中比在CT中更小，这与NT和VT比CT对土壤的干扰更小一致。较不稳定的组分随气候条件(主要是温度)的短期变化而变化。在土壤扰动耕作制度下，随着时间的推移，最稳定组分呈减少趋势，最不稳定组分呈增加趋势。这是由于更稳定的组分转变为更不稳定的组分，可能是由于耕作产生的团聚体的破坏，有利于SOM矿化。即使在最令人不安的耕作条件下，Po也是变化较小的化合物。C/N、CHt/C和CHw/C在所有耕作制度下的演变相似，表明耕作制度改变了SOM的数量，但没有改变其质量。
{"title":"Temporal variations of organic matter fractions of different lability in an Entic Haplustoll","authors":"L. A. Iturri, G. G. Hevia, M. Raviña, D. Buschiazzo","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Stable and labile soil organic compounds play different roles in the soil. It is a question of how far soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different labilities vary as a function of climatic and management conditions. In order to answer this question stable (organic C -C-, total N -N-, organic P -Po-), and labile SOM fractions (total carbohydrates -CHt- and hot water soluble carbohydrates -CHw-) were measured monthly for two years in the 10-cm soil top-layer of an Entic Haplustoll, under conventional tillage (CT), vertical tillage (VT) and no-till (NT). Results showed that contents of all analyzed organic fractions were higher in NT than in VT and CT in almost all sampling dates. All organic compounds were less variable with time in NT and VT than in CT, in agreement with the smaller soil disturbance of NT and VT compared to CT. The more labile fractions varied as a function of short term changes in the climatic conditions, mainly temperature. Under soil disturbing tillage systems, the most stable fractions tended to decrease and the more labile to increase with time. This was attributed to the transformation of the more stable into the more labile fractions, possibly due to the disruption of aggregates produced by tillage that favored SOM mineralization. Po was the less variable compound, even under the most disturbing tillage conditions. The quotients C/N, CHt/C and CHw/C evolved similarly in all tillage systems, indicating that that tillage systems change the amount but not the quality of SOM.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48964375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-11DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.06
E. Pereira, M. Duval, J. Galantini
Cover crop (CC) residues protect the soil from erosion and their permanence on the surface is largely influenced by their biochemical constituents. We performed a study under controlled conditions to investigate the dynamics of legume and non-legume CC residues decomposition and the transformations of the soil labile organic carbon fractions in the surface layer (0-15 cm). The experiment was carried out on a Typic Argiudoll (clay loam, 27.4 g kg-1 soil organic matter, 14 mg kg-1 extractable phosphorus and 6.5 pH) placed in undisturbed pots (1570 cm3) in a greenhouse under controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 1 °C). We evaluated three CC species (oat, Avena sativa L.; vetch, Vicia sativa L.; Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum L.) and a no-CC control (fallow). Shoot residues were applied on the soil surface at 5.4, 5.4 and 2.7 g dry matter (equivalent to 6, 6 and 3 Mg ha-1 for oat, vetch and clover, respectively) and incubated for 362-days (eight sampling times). The water content in the pots was maintained periodically by weight at 60% of soil water-holding capacity. The soil samples were analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC), and total and soluble carbohydrates (CHt and CHs, respectively). Oat and vetch residues decomposed faster than clover, with the decomposition rate constant (k) values of 1.3, 1.4 and 1.9 year-1, respectively. At the end of the experiment, POC concentration was lower in vetch (1.83 g kg-1) and clover (1.96 g kg-1) than in oat (2.21 g kg-1) and fallow (3.00 g kg-1), indicating a loss of 45-64% from their initial values. Soil CHt was influenced by residue quality, where the periods of greatest residue decay (vetch 21-59 days and oat 93-130 days) corresponded to higher soil CHt. Hence, this organic carbon fraction is sensitive to residue decomposition and can be indicators of changes in soil organic matter over short periods of time.
覆盖作物（CC）残留物保护土壤免受侵蚀，其在表面的持久性在很大程度上受到其生化成分的影响。我们在受控条件下进行了一项研究，以研究豆类和非豆类CC残留物的分解动力学以及表层（0-15cm）土壤不稳定有机碳组分的转化。实验在一个典型的Argiudoll（粘壤土，27.4 g kg-1土壤有机质，14 mg kg-1可提取磷和6.5 pH）上进行，该Argiudolle放置在温室中的未扰动花盆（1570 cm3）中，温度受控（25±1°C）。我们评估了三种CC物种（燕麦、燕麦、豌豆、波斯三叶草、三叶草）和无CC对照（休耕）。在土壤表面施用5.4、5.4和2.7g干物质（燕麦、豌豆和三叶草分别相当于6、6和3mg ha-1）的芽残留物，并孵育362天（8次取样）。花盆中的含水量按重量定期保持在土壤持水量的60%。分析土壤样品的颗粒有机碳（POC）、总碳水化合物和可溶性碳水化合物（分别为CHt和CHs）。燕麦和野豌豆残留物的分解速度快于三叶草，分解速率常数（k）值分别为1.3、1.4和1.9年-1。在实验结束时，豌豆（1.83 g kg-1）和三叶草（1.96 g kg-1。土壤CHt受残留物质量的影响，其中残留物衰减最大的时期（vetch 21-59天和oat 93-130天）对应于较高的土壤CHt。因此，这种有机碳分数对残留物分解很敏感，可以作为短期内土壤有机质变化的指标。
{"title":"Decomposition from legume and non-legume crop residues: Effects on soil organic carbon fractions under controlled conditions","authors":"E. Pereira, M. Duval, J. Galantini","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Cover crop (CC) residues protect the soil from erosion and their permanence on the surface is largely influenced by their biochemical constituents. We performed a study under controlled conditions to investigate the dynamics of legume and non-legume CC residues decomposition and the transformations of the soil labile organic carbon fractions in the surface layer (0-15 cm). The experiment was carried out on a Typic Argiudoll (clay loam, 27.4 g kg-1 soil organic matter, 14 mg kg-1 extractable phosphorus and 6.5 pH) placed in undisturbed pots (1570 cm3) in a greenhouse under controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 1 °C). We evaluated three CC species (oat, Avena sativa L.; vetch, Vicia sativa L.; Persian clover, Trifolium resupinatum L.) and a no-CC control (fallow). Shoot residues were applied on the soil surface at 5.4, 5.4 and 2.7 g dry matter (equivalent to 6, 6 and 3 Mg ha-1 for oat, vetch and clover, respectively) and incubated for 362-days (eight sampling times). The water content in the pots was maintained periodically by weight at 60% of soil water-holding capacity. The soil samples were analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC), and total and soluble carbohydrates (CHt and CHs, respectively). Oat and vetch residues decomposed faster than clover, with the decomposition rate constant (k) values of 1.3, 1.4 and 1.9 year-1, respectively. At the end of the experiment, POC concentration was lower in vetch (1.83 g kg-1) and clover (1.96 g kg-1) than in oat (2.21 g kg-1) and fallow (3.00 g kg-1), indicating a loss of 45-64% from their initial values. Soil CHt was influenced by residue quality, where the periods of greatest residue decay (vetch 21-59 days and oat 93-130 days) corresponded to higher soil CHt. Hence, this organic carbon fraction is sensitive to residue decomposition and can be indicators of changes in soil organic matter over short periods of time.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47665132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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