Pub Date : 2019-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.04
D. Budianta, A. Napoleon, Akbar Paripurna, Ermatita Ermatita
The efforts to improve soybean growth and production in tidal lands include applying lime, supplying some nutrients, and using improved varieties. The objective of this study was to find the effect of lime and NK fertilizer application for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) growth in tidal land. The research was conducted at the greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty of Sriwijaya University. The pot experiments used a complete randomized design arranged factorially with two factors. The first factor was six levels of lime (i.e., 0 ton ha-1, 0.81 tons ha-1, 1.63 tons ha-1, 2.45 tons ha-1, 3.26 tons ha-1, and 4.07 tons ha-1),and the second factor was two levels of fertilizer (i.e., site-specific fertilizer and fertilizer calculated based on FAO criteria) and fertilizer recommended by South Sumatera Agricultural Research. Each treatment combination was made of three replications; the total number of treatment pots was 36. The measured variables were plant height, number of pods, number of nonempty pods, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and production. The results showed that liming significantly increased plant height, total number of pods, number of nonempty pods, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and soybean production, while fertilizer did not significantly affect all variables. The interaction between fertilizer and lime significantly affected plant height and the weight of 100 seeds. Lime application of 3.26 tons ha-1 gave the highest yield on lime treatment only with production at 2.853 tons ha-1 compared to other treatments.
改善潮地大豆生长和产量的努力包括施用石灰、提供一些养分和使用改良品种。本研究旨在探讨石灰和NK肥对大豆(Glycine max (L.))的影响。在潮地生长。这项研究是在斯里维加亚大学农业学院的温室里进行的。盆栽试验采用完全随机设计，有两个因子。第一个因素是6级石灰(即0吨ha-1、0.81吨ha-1、1.63吨ha-1、2.45吨ha-1、3.26吨ha-1和4.07吨ha-1)，第二个因素是2级肥料(即现场专用肥料和根据粮农组织标准计算的肥料)和南苏门答腊岛农业研究所推荐的肥料。每个治疗组合由3个重复组成;处理盆总数为36个。测量变量为株高、荚果数、非空荚果数、种子数、百粒重和产量。结果表明:石灰处理显著提高了大豆株高、总荚果数、非空荚果数、种子数、百粒重和大豆产量，而化肥对各指标影响不显著。肥石灰互作显著影响植株高度和百粒重。石灰用量为3.26 t hm -1时，石灰处理产量最高，产量为2.853 t hm -1。
{"title":"Growth and production of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) with different fertilizer strategies in a tidal soil from South Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"D. Budianta, A. Napoleon, Akbar Paripurna, Ermatita Ermatita","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The efforts to improve soybean growth and production in tidal lands include applying lime, supplying some nutrients, and using improved varieties. The objective of this study was to find the effect of lime and NK fertilizer application for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) growth in tidal land. The research was conducted at the greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty of Sriwijaya University. The pot experiments used a complete randomized design arranged factorially with two factors. The first factor was six levels of lime (i.e., 0 ton ha-1, 0.81 tons ha-1, 1.63 tons ha-1, 2.45 tons ha-1, 3.26 tons ha-1, and 4.07 tons ha-1),and the second factor was two levels of fertilizer (i.e., site-specific fertilizer and fertilizer calculated based on FAO criteria) and fertilizer recommended by South Sumatera Agricultural Research. Each treatment combination was made of three replications; the total number of treatment pots was 36. The measured variables were plant height, number of pods, number of nonempty pods, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and production. The results showed that liming significantly increased plant height, total number of pods, number of nonempty pods, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and soybean production, while fertilizer did not significantly affect all variables. The interaction between fertilizer and lime significantly affected plant height and the weight of 100 seeds. Lime application of 3.26 tons ha-1 gave the highest yield on lime treatment only with production at 2.853 tons ha-1 compared to other treatments.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43511045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.01
L. B. Salam, O. S. Obayori
Understanding the intricate link between the soil microbiota and their metabolic functions is important for agricultural and ecological processes and could be used as a biomarker of soil health. To understand the relationship between soil microbial community structure and functions, a soil microcosm designated 2S (agricultural soil) was set up. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the soil microcosm and sequenced using Miseq Illumina next generation sequencing and analysed for their structural and functional properties. Structural analysis of the soil microcosm by MG-RAST revealed 40 phyla, 78 classes, 157 orders, 273 families and 750 genera. Actinobacteria (54.0%) and Proteobacteria (17.5%) are the dominant phyla while Conexibacter (8.38%), Thermoleophilum (7.40%), and Streptomyces (4.14%) are the dominant genera. Further assignment of the metagenomics using Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), GhostKOALA, and NCBI’s CDD revealed diverse metabolic pathways utilized by the microbial community for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and resistance to antibiotics. Taxonomic analysis of the annotated genes also revealed the preponderance of members of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. This study has established that members of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are the key drivers of the majority of important metabolic activities in the soil ecosystem and are thus an integral part of the soil microbial community.
{"title":"Structural and functional metagenomic analyses of a tropical agricultural soil","authors":"L. B. Salam, O. S. Obayori","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.01","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the intricate link between the soil microbiota and their metabolic functions is important for agricultural and ecological processes and could be used as a biomarker of soil health. To understand the relationship between soil microbial community structure and functions, a soil microcosm designated 2S (agricultural soil) was set up. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the soil microcosm and sequenced using Miseq Illumina next generation sequencing and analysed for their structural and functional properties. Structural analysis of the soil microcosm by MG-RAST revealed 40 phyla, 78 classes, 157 orders, 273 families and 750 genera. Actinobacteria (54.0%) and Proteobacteria (17.5%) are the dominant phyla while Conexibacter (8.38%), Thermoleophilum (7.40%), and Streptomyces (4.14%) are the dominant genera. Further assignment of the metagenomics using Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), GhostKOALA, and NCBI’s CDD revealed diverse metabolic pathways utilized by the microbial community for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and resistance to antibiotics. Taxonomic analysis of the annotated genes also revealed the preponderance of members of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. This study has established that members of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are the key drivers of the majority of important metabolic activities in the soil ecosystem and are thus an integral part of the soil microbial community.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47339651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-14DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.02
Natalia R. Banegas, M. Maza, Emilce Viruel, José A. Nasca, Francisco Canteros, R. Corbella, D. A. D. Santos
Deforestation of Chacoan native forests and reorientation of land use are transforming the region into agricultural use. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of different land uses on soil quality in the semi-arid Chaco (Argentina). We assessed the behaviour of soil parameters over four years of experimental conditions: 1) Exclosure pasture (EP) used as reference level, 2) Grazed pasture (GP), 3) Grazed pasture transformed to agriculture with Zero tillage (ZT) and 4) Grazed pasture transformed to agriculture under Conventional tillage (CT). Soil organic carbon, particulate and heavy organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), C:N ratio, pH, electric conductivity and soil respiration were measured. Soil samples were taken yearly at 0-5, 5-20 and 20-40 cm of soil depth. Differences among treatments across time were assessed by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with time (years) as covariate factor, treatments as group factor and individual scores from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as responses. Correlated changes in the soil characteristics were detected, especially at the top soil layer. Both carbon and nitrogen contents increased in both GP and ZT systems. An opposite trend was found for CT, which also had a negative impact on salinity. Both land use change and management practices in the Chaco region represent the main human activities that modify the landscape; thus, they should be analysed by recognizing heterogeneity on farming practices and identifying their impacts on a specific site. The results of this work reinforce the utility of soil organic carbon as a single parameter for monitoring land management systems, especially for monitoring large region like Chaco that are subject to continuous transformation processes.
{"title":"Long-term impact of grazing and tillage on soil quality in the semi-arid Chaco (Argentina)","authors":"Natalia R. Banegas, M. Maza, Emilce Viruel, José A. Nasca, Francisco Canteros, R. Corbella, D. A. D. Santos","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2019.V9.N1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Deforestation of Chacoan native forests and reorientation of land use are transforming the region into agricultural use. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of different land uses on soil quality in the semi-arid Chaco (Argentina). We assessed the behaviour of soil parameters over four years of experimental conditions: 1) Exclosure pasture (EP) used as reference level, 2) Grazed pasture (GP), 3) Grazed pasture transformed to agriculture with Zero tillage (ZT) and 4) Grazed pasture transformed to agriculture under Conventional tillage (CT). Soil organic carbon, particulate and heavy organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), C:N ratio, pH, electric conductivity and soil respiration were measured. Soil samples were taken yearly at 0-5, 5-20 and 20-40 cm of soil depth. Differences among treatments across time were assessed by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with time (years) as covariate factor, treatments as group factor and individual scores from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as responses. Correlated changes in the soil characteristics were detected, especially at the top soil layer. Both carbon and nitrogen contents increased in both GP and ZT systems. An opposite trend was found for CT, which also had a negative impact on salinity. Both land use change and management practices in the Chaco region represent the main human activities that modify the landscape; thus, they should be analysed by recognizing heterogeneity on farming practices and identifying their impacts on a specific site. The results of this work reinforce the utility of soil organic carbon as a single parameter for monitoring land management systems, especially for monitoring large region like Chaco that are subject to continuous transformation processes.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47214312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.03
M. Raviña, Alexei Vazquez, A. Buján, Angela Martín Jiménez, T. C. Fernandez
The aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of two post-fire emergence rehabilitation techniques (seeding and mulching) for reducing soil erosion as well as their effects on the soil quality; therefore in the field, experimental plots of unburnt soil, burnt soil, burnt soil plus seeding and burnt soil plus mulching were established. Soil samples were collected from the A horizon and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological soil properties were analyzed to evaluate soil quality. The effect of fire on the vegetation cover was observed after one year and changes in soil properties persisted even after four years. The phospholipid fatty acids pattern showed that in the medium-term (8-48 months after the fire), the fire may modify the soil microbial communities by altering the plant community via plant-induced changes in the soil environment. No effect of seeding or mulching on the vegetation cover was observed. The mean efficiency in preventing soil erosion between 8 and 12 months after the fire and the application of the treatments was 11% for seeding and 65% for mulching. These stabilization treatments had a minor influence on the post-fire soil quality in the medium-term (48 months); therefore, taking into account its effectiveness for reducing soil erosion, the mulching treatment is recommended as the best post-fire stabilization technique.
{"title":"Medium-term impact of post-fire emergency rehabilitation techniques on a shrubland ecosystem in Galicia (NW Spain)","authors":"M. Raviña, Alexei Vazquez, A. Buján, Angela Martín Jiménez, T. C. Fernandez","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.03","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to study the effectiveness of two post-fire emergence rehabilitation techniques (seeding and mulching) for reducing soil erosion as well as their effects on the soil quality; therefore in the field, experimental plots of unburnt soil, burnt soil, burnt soil plus seeding and burnt soil plus mulching were established. Soil samples were collected from the A horizon and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological soil properties were analyzed to evaluate soil quality. The effect of fire on the vegetation cover was observed after one year and changes in soil properties persisted even after four years. The phospholipid fatty acids pattern showed that in the medium-term (8-48 months after the fire), the fire may modify the soil microbial communities by altering the plant community via plant-induced changes in the soil environment. No effect of seeding or mulching on the vegetation cover was observed. The mean efficiency in preventing soil erosion between 8 and 12 months after the fire and the application of the treatments was 11% for seeding and 65% for mulching. These stabilization treatments had a minor influence on the post-fire soil quality in the medium-term (48 months); therefore, taking into account its effectiveness for reducing soil erosion, the mulching treatment is recommended as the best post-fire stabilization technique.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44033941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.05
M. Moazallahi, M. Baghernejad, H. Naghavi
Soil phosphorous fertility can be significantly affected by the P transformation rate in soils. The present study was designed to evaluate the application of time-dependent P fertilizer in terms of its availability and chemical forms in 23 soils of a climotoposequence. The collected soil samples were incubated with 200 µg g-1 P as KH2PO4 for 1, 20, 60, 100, 150, and 200 days at 25 °C and after that, the available and chemical forms of P were determined for each incubation time. A rapid decrease in available P was observed within 20 days after application of P fertilizer. A 200-day application of P led to a decrease in the available P by 15% compared to the one-day application. In addition, the biphasic pattern of transformation rate of available P fitted well to parabolic and power function models. The results of sequential extraction methods showed that in treated and untreated soils, Ca-bound P, residual P, Fe- and Al-bound P were the highest fractions, while the exchangeable form was the lowest. At the end of incubation, on average, only 15% of total P (200 μg g-1) remained as exchangeable-P, while this amount was 40.6% and 28.5% at days 1 and 20, respectively. In addition, among all soil characteristics, mineralogical properties showed the most obvious effects on controlling the chemical forms of P over time.
{"title":"Effect of incubation time on transformation rate and chemical forms of phosphorous in calcareous soils along a climotoposequence","authors":"M. Moazallahi, M. Baghernejad, H. Naghavi","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Soil phosphorous fertility can be significantly affected by the P transformation rate in soils. The present study was designed to evaluate the application of time-dependent P fertilizer in terms of its availability and chemical forms in 23 soils of a climotoposequence. The collected soil samples were incubated with 200 µg g-1 P as KH2PO4 for 1, 20, 60, 100, 150, and 200 days at 25 °C and after that, the available and chemical forms of P were determined for each incubation time. A rapid decrease in available P was observed within 20 days after application of P fertilizer. A 200-day application of P led to a decrease in the available P by 15% compared to the one-day application. In addition, the biphasic pattern of transformation rate of available P fitted well to parabolic and power function models. The results of sequential extraction methods showed that in treated and untreated soils, Ca-bound P, residual P, Fe- and Al-bound P were the highest fractions, while the exchangeable form was the lowest. At the end of incubation, on average, only 15% of total P (200 μg g-1) remained as exchangeable-P, while this amount was 40.6% and 28.5% at days 1 and 20, respectively. In addition, among all soil characteristics, mineralogical properties showed the most obvious effects on controlling the chemical forms of P over time.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41642392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.02
R. Forján, A. R. Vila, Beatriz Cerqueira Cancelo, Mati Amano Geleto, Verónica Asensio Fandiño, E. Covelo
Abandoned mines pose potential risks to the environment and human health, and the reclamation of these areas is difficult. Soils from mining areas are usually characterised by degraded structure, high concentration of potentially toxic elements and deficiencies in nutrients. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in cylinders with the mine soil from the settling pond of the depleted copper mine of Touro (Galicia, Northwest Spain) amended with compost or technosol made from organic and inorganic wastes, and planted with Brassica juncea for 11 months. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of compost and technosol amendments on nutrient concentrations at different depths in a mine soil planted with Brassica juncea. The results revealed that at depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm, soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) and soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) treatments had higher pH than untreated mine soil S at the end of experimental. At depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm, SCP had the highest carbon total content. The nitrogen was only detected at depth 0–15 cm and only in the treated settling pond soil. STP and SCP had higher percentage of base saturation (V%) and lower percentage of aluminum saturation (Al%) than S and SS (sand). At depth 0-15 cm, soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) and soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) did not show generally significant differences on the nutrients values. At time 3, Brassica juncea plants cultivated in soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) had the highest biomass. Soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) treatment was the most effective increasing soil pH. Soil+compost+Brassica juncea treatment was the one that produced the greatest increase in total carbon. The treatments increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC) at depth 0-15 cm. Both treatments corrected the CEC by increasing the V% and decreasing the Al%. The application of technosol and Brassica juncea plants, or compost and Brassica juncea to a mine soil improved the soil quality.
{"title":"Assesment of compost and Technosol as amendments to increase nutrient contents in a mine soil vegetated with Brassica juncea","authors":"R. Forján, A. R. Vila, Beatriz Cerqueira Cancelo, Mati Amano Geleto, Verónica Asensio Fandiño, E. Covelo","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abandoned mines pose potential risks to the environment and human health, and the reclamation of these areas is difficult. Soils from mining areas are usually characterised by degraded structure, high concentration of potentially toxic elements and deficiencies in nutrients. A greenhouse experiment was carried out in cylinders with the mine soil from the settling pond of the depleted copper mine of Touro (Galicia, Northwest Spain) amended with compost or technosol made from organic and inorganic wastes, and planted with Brassica juncea for 11 months. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of compost and technosol amendments on nutrient concentrations at different depths in a mine soil planted with Brassica juncea. The results revealed that at depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm, soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) and soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) treatments had higher pH than untreated mine soil S at the end of experimental. At depths 0-15 and 15-30 cm, SCP had the highest carbon total content. The nitrogen was only detected at depth 0–15 cm and only in the treated settling pond soil. STP and SCP had higher percentage of base saturation (V%) and lower percentage of aluminum saturation (Al%) than S and SS (sand). At depth 0-15 cm, soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) and soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) did not show generally significant differences on the nutrients values. At time 3, Brassica juncea plants cultivated in soil+compost+Brassica juncea (SCP) had the highest biomass. Soil+technosol+Brassica juncea (STP) treatment was the most effective increasing soil pH. Soil+compost+Brassica juncea treatment was the one that produced the greatest increase in total carbon. The treatments increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC) at depth 0-15 cm. Both treatments corrected the CEC by increasing the V% and decreasing the Al%. The application of technosol and Brassica juncea plants, or compost and Brassica juncea to a mine soil improved the soil quality.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49068627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.07
Svetlana V. Khamnueva, A. Mieth, S. Dreibrodt, W. Out, M. Madella, H. Bork
In the context of geoarchaeological investigations on Easter Island several hundred human-made pits filled with reddish silty material were discovered in fluvial terraces of two valleys on the southern slope of Maunga Terevaka, the highest volcano of the island. Micromorphological analysis of one representative pit filling and comparison of its geochemical and physical properties with sediments in the surrounding terrace was performed in order to reconstruct the probable formation and use of the material in the pits. A hypothesis of pigment production by heating of minerogenic iron-rich substrate with grass fuel resulting in formation of hematite is suggested. It is assumed that the pits represented the places for production and storage of the pigments, which were used by Rapa Nui for cultural and ritual purposes. The ongoing interdisciplinary research will enhance the interpretation of the pits and their fillings and contribute to a better understanding of cultural development on Easter Island.
{"title":"Interpretation of prehistoric reddish pit fillings on Easter Island: A micromorphological perspective","authors":"Svetlana V. Khamnueva, A. Mieth, S. Dreibrodt, W. Out, M. Madella, H. Bork","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.07","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of geoarchaeological investigations on Easter Island several hundred human-made pits filled with reddish silty material were discovered in fluvial terraces of two valleys on the southern slope of Maunga Terevaka, the highest volcano of the island. Micromorphological analysis of one representative pit filling and comparison of its geochemical and physical properties with sediments in the surrounding terrace was performed in order to reconstruct the probable formation and use of the material in the pits. A hypothesis of pigment production by heating of minerogenic iron-rich substrate with grass fuel resulting in formation of hematite is suggested. It is assumed that the pits represented the places for production and storage of the pigments, which were used by Rapa Nui for cultural and ritual purposes. The ongoing interdisciplinary research will enhance the interpretation of the pits and their fillings and contribute to a better understanding of cultural development on Easter Island.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42791546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.05
B. Castillo, G. Bocco
In the semi-arid Mixteca Alta, Mexico, complex societies developed sophisticated terrace systems to control erosion and improve rain-fed agriculture. Knowledge regarding the agricultural systems has been crucial in understanding landscape construction through cultivation and social complexity. In this study six sequences on terrace systems were investigated. The samples were analyzed for bulk chemical, textural and micromorphological observations. Soils developed on terraces of the Yanhuitlán river (sequences Y04 and Y05) were dated, respectively, 5,300, 2,700 and 1,100 cal BP, suggesting a possible anthropic use since the early Formative period. These soils are composed of microstratified fine sediments of local origin, reflecting low energy during their deposition; they are weakly structured and developed in anoxic conditions due to saturation during terrace flooding. However, in these soils, a mixture of silt particles and charcoal fragments suggests the influence of anthropic use. On the other hand, sequences Y01 and Y02 are Pleistocene soils developed in an anoxic environment of a swampy landscape; their vertic properties may be related to dry seasonal periods. Knowledge of landscape genesis contributes to the assessment of anthropic impact in the area.
{"title":"Terraces and landscape in Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico: Micromorphological indicators","authors":"B. Castillo, G. Bocco","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.05","url":null,"abstract":"In the semi-arid Mixteca Alta, Mexico, complex societies developed sophisticated terrace systems to control erosion and improve rain-fed agriculture. Knowledge regarding the agricultural systems has been crucial in understanding landscape construction through cultivation and social complexity. In this study six sequences on terrace systems were investigated. The samples were analyzed for bulk chemical, textural and micromorphological observations. Soils developed on terraces of the Yanhuitlán river (sequences Y04 and Y05) were dated, respectively, 5,300, 2,700 and 1,100 cal BP, suggesting a possible anthropic use since the early Formative period. These soils are composed of microstratified fine sediments of local origin, reflecting low energy during their deposition; they are weakly structured and developed in anoxic conditions due to saturation during terrace flooding. However, in these soils, a mixture of silt particles and charcoal fragments suggests the influence of anthropic use. On the other hand, sequences Y01 and Y02 are Pleistocene soils developed in an anoxic environment of a swampy landscape; their vertic properties may be related to dry seasonal periods. Knowledge of landscape genesis contributes to the assessment of anthropic impact in the area.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49144885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.04
V. P. Belobrov, M. Lebedeva, K. Abrosimov, A. Grebennikov, E. Torochkov, A. I. Ryashko
This paper presents the results of the study of initial pedogenesis on phosphogypsum dump rocks under dry steppe bioclimatic conditions (Balakovo, Saratov Region, Russia). It was shown that a soil crust about 3 cm thick was formed at the dump surface as a result of natural pedogenic processes over a period of 20-30 years. Such soil crusts act to cement the surface and protect the dump material from deflation and water erosion. The crust was shown to consist of two parts that can be distinguished by morphological features: an upper part (about 2 cm thick) of a more firmly bound material more grey in colour and a lower part (about 1 cm thick) with a looser consistency and lighter colour. The structural organisation is primarily determined by the presence of live roots of grasses and mosses, which is characteristic of a biogenic crust. The two parts of the crust were characterized at both macro- and micro-scales, by use of thin sections and tomographic imagery. The presence of humification features and porosity observed within the crust allowed for the diagnostics of initial pedogenesis.
{"title":"Microdiagnostics of initial pedogenesis on a phosphogypsum dump","authors":"V. P. Belobrov, M. Lebedeva, K. Abrosimov, A. Grebennikov, E. Torochkov, A. I. Ryashko","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of the study of initial pedogenesis on phosphogypsum dump rocks under dry steppe bioclimatic conditions (Balakovo, Saratov Region, Russia). It was shown that a soil crust about 3 cm thick was formed at the dump surface as a result of natural pedogenic processes over a period of 20-30 years. Such soil crusts act to cement the surface and protect the dump material from deflation and water erosion. The crust was shown to consist of two parts that can be distinguished by morphological features: an upper part (about 2 cm thick) of a more firmly bound material more grey in colour and a lower part (about 1 cm thick) with a looser consistency and lighter colour. The structural organisation is primarily determined by the presence of live roots of grasses and mosses, which is characteristic of a biogenic crust. The two parts of the crust were characterized at both macro- and micro-scales, by use of thin sections and tomographic imagery. The presence of humification features and porosity observed within the crust allowed for the diagnostics of initial pedogenesis. ","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.01
Tamara Cruz-y-Cruz, Guadalupe Sánchez-Miranda, J. Carpenter, Alejandro Terrazas-Mata, Sergey Sedov, Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, Martha Elena Benavente-Sanvicente
La cubierta edafica del estado de Sonora, en el norte de Mexico, esta formada predominantemente por suelos rojos de desarrollo moderado, con procesos de intemperismo, humificacion, rubificacion, neoformacion de arcillas y carbonatacion, clasificados como Cambisoles segun la WRB, que constituyen una unidad edafica denominada Paleosuelo San Rafael (SRP). Sin embargo, en algunos sitios se han registrado suelos grises formados en cuencas semicerradas, con procesos de intemperismo, neoformacion de arcillas, reductomorfia y carbonatacion. Estos suelos se desarrollaron durante el Pleistoceno Superior bajo un clima semiarido y frio, un poco mas humedo que el actual, favorecido por las lluvias invernales y cambios estacionales marcados. Estos paleosuelos se encuentran asociados a restos de fauna pleistocenica rancholabreana de composicion diversa, asociada a climas tanto aridos como humedos, lo que muestra variaciones climaticas locales mucho mas complejas que en la actualidad. Con la intencion de establecer las caracteristicas particulares de los paleosuelos formados en cuencas semicerradas que pudieron permitir la acumulacion de agua y la formacion de estanques, se evaluaron las caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas y micromorfologicas de los paleosuelos localizados en los ranchos San Francisco y El Arenoso, en el norte de Sonora, en los cuales tambien se han hallado restos de megafauna pleistocenica. Los analisis permitieron evaluar las caracteristicas de los paleosuelos, identificar los procesos pedogeneticos principales y establecer las condiciones ambientales predominantes durante su formacion. Estos resultados se contrastaron con los estudios paleopedologicos previos y los antecedentes paleontologicos, lo que permitio enmarcarlos dentro de las tendencias paleoclimaticas regionales.
甲板edafica表示,在墨西哥北部州立温和的发展,这种主要组成红土壤,生产流程intemperismo humificacion rubificacion、粘土和carbonatacion neoformacion被分类为Cambisoles根据WRB,构成一支edafica称为Paleosuelo (San Rafael)的势力。然而，在一些地点，灰色土壤形成于半封闭的盆地，具有风化作用、粘土新形成、还原和碳化作用。这些土壤是在晚更新世半干旱和寒冷的气候下发展起来的，比现在的气候稍微湿润，受到冬季降雨和明显的季节变化的青睐。这些古土壤与更新世rancholabrean动物群的遗骸有关，这些动物群的组成不同，与干旱和潮湿的气候有关，显示出比今天复杂得多的当地气候变化。意图设立特殊caracteristicas paleosuelos组成semicerradas流域,他们允许acumulacion池塘水和编队飞行,评估物理caracteristicas、侥幸和牧场中的局部paleosuelos micromorfologicas旧金山北部和桑迪也表示,在其中发现了巨型动物的遗体pleistocenica。本研究的目的是评估古土壤的特征，确定土壤发生的主要过程，并确定其形成过程中的主要环境条件。这些结果与以前的古植物学研究和古生物学背景进行了对比，使它们符合区域古气候趋势。
{"title":"Paleosuelos pleistocénicos asociados a megafauna en el noroeste de México: inferencias paleoecológicas","authors":"Tamara Cruz-y-Cruz, Guadalupe Sánchez-Miranda, J. Carpenter, Alejandro Terrazas-Mata, Sergey Sedov, Elizabeth Solleiro-Rebolledo, Martha Elena Benavente-Sanvicente","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.01","url":null,"abstract":"La cubierta edafica del estado de Sonora, en el norte de Mexico, esta formada predominantemente por suelos rojos de desarrollo moderado, con procesos de intemperismo, humificacion, rubificacion, neoformacion de arcillas y carbonatacion, clasificados como Cambisoles segun la WRB, que constituyen una unidad edafica denominada Paleosuelo San Rafael (SRP). Sin embargo, en algunos sitios se han registrado suelos grises formados en cuencas semicerradas, con procesos de intemperismo, neoformacion de arcillas, reductomorfia y carbonatacion. Estos suelos se desarrollaron durante el Pleistoceno Superior bajo un clima semiarido y frio, un poco mas humedo que el actual, favorecido por las lluvias invernales y cambios estacionales marcados. Estos paleosuelos se encuentran asociados a restos de fauna pleistocenica rancholabreana de composicion diversa, asociada a climas tanto aridos como humedos, lo que muestra variaciones climaticas locales mucho mas complejas que en la actualidad. Con la intencion de establecer las caracteristicas particulares de los paleosuelos formados en cuencas semicerradas que pudieron permitir la acumulacion de agua y la formacion de estanques, se evaluaron las caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas y micromorfologicas de los paleosuelos localizados en los ranchos San Francisco y El Arenoso, en el norte de Sonora, en los cuales tambien se han hallado restos de megafauna pleistocenica. Los analisis permitieron evaluar las caracteristicas de los paleosuelos, identificar los procesos pedogeneticos principales y establecer las condiciones ambientales predominantes durante su formacion. Estos resultados se contrastaron con los estudios paleopedologicos previos y los antecedentes paleontologicos, lo que permitio enmarcarlos dentro de las tendencias paleoclimaticas regionales.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"130-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42716400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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