Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.09
Georgina Ibarra – Arzave, E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo, Emmanuel Ayala, H. Cabadas, R. López‐Martínez
In this work we present a detailed micromorphological analysis of a sequence of palaeosols and sedimentary units at La Playa archaeological site. This sequence is from the Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotopic Stage 2) to the Late Holocene. Complementing the micromorphological study, a geomorphological analysis is provided, in order to establish the origin of the landscape units. The results show that according to the geomorphology, La Playa constitutes an alluvial fan, formed by a complex, braided channel. The older unit, the San Rafael Palaeosol (SRP) is the most developed and has a set of features associated with the changing paleoenvironmental conditions such as weathering of the primary minerals, clay illuviation (evidencing humid conditions of the Terminal Pleistocene), pedogenic carbonate accumulation in the A horizon (related to dry environments of Altithermal). The SRP is buried by fluvial sediments, which include different facies interpreted as: floodplain, sandbars, and channels. These sedimentation events are associated with the end of the Altithermal period and evidence more active geomorphic processes, probably due to strong storms causing flooding and the migration of the main tributary. Above the sedimentary unit, the Boquillas Palaeosol (BOP), formed during the Late Holocene, is derived from fluvial-alluvial deposits causing a syn-sedimentary soil, with a more incipient development as indicated by micromorphological features.
在这项工作中，我们对La Playa考古遗址的古土壤和沉积单元序列进行了详细的微观形态分析。该序列为更新世晚期（海洋同位素第2阶段）至全新世晚期。作为微观形态研究的补充，提供了地貌分析，以确定景观单元的起源。结果表明，从地貌上看，拉普拉亚是一个由复杂的辫状河道形成的冲积扇。较老的单元San Rafael Paleosol（SRP）最为发育，具有一系列与古环境条件变化有关的特征，如原生矿物的风化、粘土沉积（证明了更新世晚期的潮湿条件）、a层中的成土碳酸盐堆积（与Altitherm的干燥环境有关）。SRP被河流沉积物掩埋，河流沉积物包括不同的相，解释为：泛滥平原、沙洲和河道。这些沉积事件与Altitherma期的结束有关，并证明地貌过程更加活跃，可能是由于强烈的风暴导致洪水和主要支流的迁移。在沉积单元之上，形成于全新世晚期的Boquillas Paleosol（BOP）源自河流冲积沉积物，形成了同沉积土壤，微观形态特征表明其发育更为初期。
{"title":"Pedosedimentary records of Holocene paleoenvironments in a dryland alluvial fan system in Sonora, NW-Mexico","authors":"Georgina Ibarra – Arzave, E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo, Emmanuel Ayala, H. Cabadas, R. López‐Martínez","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.09","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we present a detailed micromorphological analysis of a sequence of palaeosols and sedimentary units at La Playa archaeological site. This sequence is from the Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotopic Stage 2) to the Late Holocene. Complementing the micromorphological study, a geomorphological analysis is provided, in order to establish the origin of the landscape units. The results show that according to the geomorphology, La Playa constitutes an alluvial fan, formed by a complex, braided channel. The older unit, the San Rafael Palaeosol (SRP) is the most developed and has a set of features associated with the changing paleoenvironmental conditions such as weathering of the primary minerals, clay illuviation (evidencing humid conditions of the Terminal Pleistocene), pedogenic carbonate accumulation in the A horizon (related to dry environments of Altithermal). The SRP is buried by fluvial sediments, which include different facies interpreted as: floodplain, sandbars, and channels. These sedimentation events are associated with the end of the Altithermal period and evidence more active geomorphic processes, probably due to strong storms causing flooding and the migration of the main tributary. Above the sedimentary unit, the Boquillas Palaeosol (BOP), formed during the Late Holocene, is derived from fluvial-alluvial deposits causing a syn-sedimentary soil, with a more incipient development as indicated by micromorphological features.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43373855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.03
M. Lebedeva, M. Konyushkova, S. Khokhlov
Over the past 40 years, a clear trend towards an increasing humidity and a rising groundwater table has been observed in the south-eastern semidesert part of European Russia. According to the published data, two clear periods of climate are distinguished: 1950s-1970s and 1970s-2000s. The thin sections of a Solonetz sampled in different periods of time (1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1982, 2002 and 2013) at the Dzhanybek research station were studied micromorphologically to observe how these natural changes influenced soil pedofeatures. A comparison of thin sections showed no significant changes in soil properties between 1950s and 1982, when the hydrological (ground water table) and climatic parameters remained relatively stable. However, between 1982 and 2013, due to a significant increase in climatic moisture and rising groundwater, the following changes in soil microfeatures took place: the activation of humus accumulation and biogenic structuring, the eluviation of the silty clay-humus matter, the development of solodic features, gleyization of the soil mass, and the accumulation of opaque black organic grains about 2-3 µm formed in the topsoil due to the long stagnation during the springtime after snow melting. The water table rise leads to the consequent rise of the upper boundary of the accumulation of gypsum and carbonates.
{"title":"Monitoring of micromorphological changes in a virgin Solonetz under regional changes in hydrology and climate (Northern Caspian Lowland, Russia)","authors":"M. Lebedeva, M. Konyushkova, S. Khokhlov","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 40 years, a clear trend towards an increasing humidity and a rising groundwater table has been observed in the south-eastern semidesert part of European Russia. According to the published data, two clear periods of climate are distinguished: 1950s-1970s and 1970s-2000s. The thin sections of a Solonetz sampled in different periods of time (1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1982, 2002 and 2013) at the Dzhanybek research station were studied micromorphologically to observe how these natural changes influenced soil pedofeatures. A comparison of thin sections showed no significant changes in soil properties between 1950s and 1982, when the hydrological (ground water table) and climatic parameters remained relatively stable. However, between 1982 and 2013, due to a significant increase in climatic moisture and rising groundwater, the following changes in soil microfeatures took place: the activation of humus accumulation and biogenic structuring, the eluviation of the silty clay-humus matter, the development of solodic features, gleyization of the soil mass, and the accumulation of opaque black organic grains about 2-3 µm formed in the topsoil due to the long stagnation during the springtime after snow melting. The water table rise leads to the consequent rise of the upper boundary of the accumulation of gypsum and carbonates.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45784717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.06
F. Kraemer, H. Morrás
Soil macropores are dominant pathways of water flow and their impact on hydraulic properties is directly related to their geometrical and topological characteristics. A number of field and micromorphological analysis have shown that agriculture management under no-tillage promotes the development of a microstructure characterized by platy aggregates and horizontal planes in the topsoil, together with a densification at a subjacent layer, thus raising questions about physical properties and water dynamics under this system of cultivation. Moreover, scarce information is available about the evolution of pore architecture and physical parameters in soils under no-till with different cropping intensity. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil porosity in a silty loam A horizon of a Typic Argiudoll (Monte Buey series) of northern Pampa Region (Argentina) under two no-tilled contrasting managements: Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) –highly intensified cropping sequence including corn and wheat in addition to soybean-, Poor Agricultural Practices (PAP) -simplified crop sequence, with predominance of soybean- and a Natural Environment (NE) as reference. Topsoil porosity was assessed by micromorphology, micromorphometry and water retention curves approach, and the values obtained were related to some physical and chemical variables. Results of the morphological analysis revealed important differences between both agricultural treatments. In the surface layer in GAP, platy aggregates are thick and result from the cohesion of rounded microaggregates of biological origin; in PAP they are thin and dense, resulting mostly from compaction of individual soil particles and small microaggregates. A soil densification is evident in both agricultural treatments at 5-10 cm depth, although the morphology and size of aggregates and pores also differ between them. Micromorphometric analyses have shown differences in total macroporosity as well as in the size, morphology and orientation of macropores between both treatments. Macroporosity values obtained by digital methods were coincidently reflected by the pressure plate method. Porosity variables measured by digital analysis, in particular elongated pores and pore orientation, appear more sensitive than other soil properties (total carbon, aggregate stability, bulk density) in discriminating treatments. Although no-till cultivation led to the formation of platy microstructures and a decrease of soil porosity compared to NE, both agricultural treatments presented optimal values of Ks and water movement was not impaired. As expected, all morphological and analytical soil variables were better in the NE treatment. In addition, it was interesting to verify that the values of several parameters were close or similar between GAP and NE. Even when more intensified crop sequence (GAP) increases machinery traffic, morphological, physical and chemical soil properties were here improved compared to PAP. In this case, the
{"title":"Macroporosity of a Typic Argiudoll with different cropping intensity under no-tillage","authors":"F. Kraemer, H. Morrás","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Soil macropores are dominant pathways of water flow and their impact on hydraulic properties is directly related to their geometrical and topological characteristics. A number of field and micromorphological analysis have shown that agriculture management under no-tillage promotes the development of a microstructure characterized by platy aggregates and horizontal planes in the topsoil, together with a densification at a subjacent layer, thus raising questions about physical properties and water dynamics under this system of cultivation. Moreover, scarce information is available about the evolution of pore architecture and physical parameters in soils under no-till with different cropping intensity. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil porosity in a silty loam A horizon of a Typic Argiudoll (Monte Buey series) of northern Pampa Region (Argentina) under two no-tilled contrasting managements: Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) –highly intensified cropping sequence including corn and wheat in addition to soybean-, Poor Agricultural Practices (PAP) -simplified crop sequence, with predominance of soybean- and a Natural Environment (NE) as reference. Topsoil porosity was assessed by micromorphology, micromorphometry and water retention curves approach, and the values obtained were related to some physical and chemical variables. Results of the morphological analysis revealed important differences between both agricultural treatments. In the surface layer in GAP, platy aggregates are thick and result from the cohesion of rounded microaggregates of biological origin; in PAP they are thin and dense, resulting mostly from compaction of individual soil particles and small microaggregates. A soil densification is evident in both agricultural treatments at 5-10 cm depth, although the morphology and size of aggregates and pores also differ between them. Micromorphometric analyses have shown differences in total macroporosity as well as in the size, morphology and orientation of macropores between both treatments. Macroporosity values obtained by digital methods were coincidently reflected by the pressure plate method. Porosity variables measured by digital analysis, in particular elongated pores and pore orientation, appear more sensitive than other soil properties (total carbon, aggregate stability, bulk density) in discriminating treatments. Although no-till cultivation led to the formation of platy microstructures and a decrease of soil porosity compared to NE, both agricultural treatments presented optimal values of Ks and water movement was not impaired. As expected, all morphological and analytical soil variables were better in the NE treatment. In addition, it was interesting to verify that the values of several parameters were close or similar between GAP and NE. Even when more intensified crop sequence (GAP) increases machinery traffic, morphological, physical and chemical soil properties were here improved compared to PAP. In this case, the","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47935463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-13DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.02
F. Watteau, G. Séré, H. Huot, F. Rees, C. Schwartz, J. Morel
Technosols are characterized by the presence of mineral and organic parent materials of technogenic origin (e.g. agricultural or urban wastes, industrial by-products, building materials, transported natural materials). In view of the continual increase of such man-made soils, there is a true need of understanding their functioning and evolution. Micropedology, i.e. morphological and analytical characterization of pedofeatures on soil sections, appears as a relevant approach to take into account the diversity and the specificity of Technosols in the knowledge of their pedogenetic processes. Micropedology was investigated at microscopic and submicroscopic scale on four Technosols. Therefore, it determined specific features of anthropogenic constituents allowing in situ monitoring until the early stages of Technosol pedogenesis. Organic matter dynamics, soil porosity evolution, impact of faunal activity or hydric conditions on Technosol structure were investigated. Moreover, as Technosol components and deposition modes are diverse, one can expect numerous interfaces. In that way, micropedology appeared particularly well adapted to study these local interfaces as sites of favoured pedogenesis. Supplemented with overall physico-chemical soil analyses, characterization of Technosol pedogenic features using micropedology improves the understanding of their functioning and evolution. In addition, according to the environmental context, such data also give useful information for the Technosol management.
{"title":"Micropedology to reveal pedogenetic processes in Technosols","authors":"F. Watteau, G. Séré, H. Huot, F. Rees, C. Schwartz, J. Morel","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Technosols are characterized by the presence of mineral and organic parent materials of technogenic origin (e.g. agricultural or urban wastes, industrial by-products, building materials, transported natural materials). In view of the continual increase of such man-made soils, there is a true need of understanding their functioning and evolution. Micropedology, i.e. morphological and analytical characterization of pedofeatures on soil sections, appears as a relevant approach to take into account the diversity and the specificity of Technosols in the knowledge of their pedogenetic processes. Micropedology was investigated at microscopic and submicroscopic scale on four Technosols. Therefore, it determined specific features of anthropogenic constituents allowing in situ monitoring until the early stages of Technosol pedogenesis. Organic matter dynamics, soil porosity evolution, impact of faunal activity or hydric conditions on Technosol structure were investigated. Moreover, as Technosol components and deposition modes are diverse, one can expect numerous interfaces. In that way, micropedology appeared particularly well adapted to study these local interfaces as sites of favoured pedogenesis. Supplemented with overall physico-chemical soil analyses, characterization of Technosol pedogenic features using micropedology improves the understanding of their functioning and evolution. In addition, according to the environmental context, such data also give useful information for the Technosol management.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41896082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-26DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.01
Nelson Virgilio Piraneque Gambasica, Sonia Esperanza Aguirre Forero, A. R. Lucheta
Vegetative soil cover mitigates climatic variability and enhances the balance between mineralization and humification processes. Under aerobic conditions, most of the carbon that enters the soil is labile, but a small fraction (1%) is humified and stable, contributing to the soil carbon reserve; therefore, it is important to assess the carbon content captured after green manure cultivation and decomposition. During two consecutive semesters, July to December 2016 and January to June 2017, green manure plots (Zea mays L., Andropogon sorghum subsp. sudanensis and Crotalaria longirostrata) were cultivated individually, in a consortium or amended with palm oil agro-industrial biosolids in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments. Once decomposed, the different carbon fractions (organic, oxidizable, non-oxidizable, removable and total) were determined. The results showed high total and organic carbon contents under the sorghum treatment, at 30 and 28 Mg ha-1, respectively, followed by those under the fallow + biosolid treatment, at 29.8 Mg ha-1 and 27.5 Mg ha-1, respectively. Despite the short experiment duration and the possible contributions of previous management on recalcitrant carbon soil stocks, these findings suggest the importance of maintaining plant cover and utilizing green manure in the Colombian Caribbean region. Long-term experiments may be conducted to confirm the full potential of cover crops on carbon sequestration under tropical semiarid conditions.
{"title":"Green manure: Alternative to carbon sequestration in a Typic Ustipsamment under semiarid conditions","authors":"Nelson Virgilio Piraneque Gambasica, Sonia Esperanza Aguirre Forero, A. R. Lucheta","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetative soil cover mitigates climatic variability and enhances the balance between mineralization and humification processes. Under aerobic conditions, most of the carbon that enters the soil is labile, but a small fraction (1%) is humified and stable, contributing to the soil carbon reserve; therefore, it is important to assess the carbon content captured after green manure cultivation and decomposition. During two consecutive semesters, July to December 2016 and January to June 2017, green manure plots (Zea mays L., Andropogon sorghum subsp. sudanensis and Crotalaria longirostrata) were cultivated individually, in a consortium or amended with palm oil agro-industrial biosolids in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments. Once decomposed, the different carbon fractions (organic, oxidizable, non-oxidizable, removable and total) were determined. The results showed high total and organic carbon contents under the sorghum treatment, at 30 and 28 Mg ha-1, respectively, followed by those under the fallow + biosolid treatment, at 29.8 Mg ha-1 and 27.5 Mg ha-1, respectively. Despite the short experiment duration and the possible contributions of previous management on recalcitrant carbon soil stocks, these findings suggest the importance of maintaining plant cover and utilizing green manure in the Colombian Caribbean region. Long-term experiments may be conducted to confirm the full potential of cover crops on carbon sequestration under tropical semiarid conditions.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44694073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.07
C. Alexandre, T. Borralho, A. Durão
Due to its high land productivity, irrigated agriculture has an increasing role in food production. In the Alentejo region (southern Portugal) the irrigated area has grown since the completion of the Alqueva dam in 2002. Climatic change patterns foreseen for the Mediterranean region (more heat extremes, less precipitation and river flow, increasing risk of droughts and decrease in crop yields) are prone to soil salinization and sodification in irrigated areas in the region. The Roxo dam has some of the higher records of water salinity and sodicity in Portugal, which makes the Roxo irrigated area (RIA) a very interesting case study. This paper aimed at two main objectives for the RIA: (i) evaluate soil salinization and sodification, and make spatial predictions of soils susceptibility to these degradation types; (ii) monitor current salinity and sodicity of the water, and simulate the effect of empirical based scenarios of water salinity and sodicity. The RIA (8250 ha) extends ~20 km along the Roxo river (northern Aljustrel), in Cenozoic sedimentary formations. Main soils mapped are: Luvisols (~40%), Fluvisols and Regosols (~20%), Gleysols and Planosols (~20%) and Vertisols (~10%). However, there are only five soil profiles with detailed analytical data from a more recent soil survey with 83 profile descriptions in the RIA and surrounding area. Irrigation water of the Roxo dam and drainage water of the Roxo river were monitored almost monthly during Jul/2014-Nov/2015 and Jun/2016-Jan/2017, for determination of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and other parameters. Soil salinity was not a significant problem in the RIA but a potential abundance of sodic soils was found that need future confirmation. A qualitative soil salinity index applied to the RIA suggests that soils most susceptible to salinity occur to a much smaller extent when this index is obtained from the soil profile data (approach B) than when it is based on information of the soil map (approach A). During the monitoring periods, both the water of the Roxo dam and of the Roxo river were slight to moderate saline for crop growth, with no restrictions for soil infiltration. The Roxo dam received water from the Alqueva dam for the first time between June and September 2016, and a small, though regular, decrease of the water EC (0.99 to 0.76 dS m-1) was observed during the same period. Three scenarios of irrigation water, identified by Low/High EC-SAR (L-L, H-H, L-H) were simulated with the Watsuit model. Low EC water (L-L and L-H) represent wet years and show no risk of soil salinity in the rootzone. However, the risk of waterlogging increases in sodic soils, especially with the scenario (L-H). High EC water (H-H) represents dryer years and results in severe saline conditions in the rootzone. In all three scenarios, prosodic and sodic soils are most sensible to degradation by salinization, sodification or both.
{"title":"Evaluation of salinization and sodification in irrigated areas with limited soil data: Case study in southern Portugal","authors":"C. Alexandre, T. Borralho, A. Durão","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.07","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its high land productivity, irrigated agriculture has an increasing role in food production. In the Alentejo region (southern Portugal) the irrigated area has grown since the completion of the Alqueva dam in 2002. Climatic change patterns foreseen for the Mediterranean region (more heat extremes, less precipitation and river flow, increasing risk of droughts and decrease in crop yields) are prone to soil salinization and sodification in irrigated areas in the region. The Roxo dam has some of the higher records of water salinity and sodicity in Portugal, which makes the Roxo irrigated area (RIA) a very interesting case study. This paper aimed at two main objectives for the RIA: (i) evaluate soil salinization and sodification, and make spatial predictions of soils susceptibility to these degradation types; (ii) monitor current salinity and sodicity of the water, and simulate the effect of empirical based scenarios of water salinity and sodicity. The RIA (8250 ha) extends ~20 km along the Roxo river (northern Aljustrel), in Cenozoic sedimentary formations. Main soils mapped are: Luvisols (~40%), Fluvisols and Regosols (~20%), Gleysols and Planosols (~20%) and Vertisols (~10%). However, there are only five soil profiles with detailed analytical data from a more recent soil survey with 83 profile descriptions in the RIA and surrounding area. Irrigation water of the Roxo dam and drainage water of the Roxo river were monitored almost monthly during Jul/2014-Nov/2015 and Jun/2016-Jan/2017, for determination of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and other parameters. Soil salinity was not a significant problem in the RIA but a potential abundance of sodic soils was found that need future confirmation. A qualitative soil salinity index applied to the RIA suggests that soils most susceptible to salinity occur to a much smaller extent when this index is obtained from the soil profile data (approach B) than when it is based on information of the soil map (approach A). During the monitoring periods, both the water of the Roxo dam and of the Roxo river were slight to moderate saline for crop growth, with no restrictions for soil infiltration. The Roxo dam received water from the Alqueva dam for the first time between June and September 2016, and a small, though regular, decrease of the water EC (0.99 to 0.76 dS m-1) was observed during the same period. Three scenarios of irrigation water, identified by Low/High EC-SAR (L-L, H-H, L-H) were simulated with the Watsuit model. Low EC water (L-L and L-H) represent wet years and show no risk of soil salinity in the rootzone. However, the risk of waterlogging increases in sodic soils, especially with the scenario (L-H). High EC water (H-H) represents dryer years and results in severe saline conditions in the rootzone. In all three scenarios, prosodic and sodic soils are most sensible to degradation by salinization, sodification or both.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"56 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41276588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.06
R. Bienes, M. R. Rastrero, J. G. Fernández, A. García‐Díaz, B. Sastre, Ángela Gumuzzio Such
The present work proposes a methodology to select the most suitable areas for olive cultivation under rainfed conditions in the Madrid Region (Central Spain). This methodology is based on an analysis of the significant edaphoclimatic parameters that characterize the study region matched with the crop requirements of the olive tree, in the framework of the Land Suitability Classification system. A key component of the proposed methodology is the selection and rating of edaphic and climatic parameters as limitations associated with olive crop requirements in rainfed conditions. The climatic parameters considered are: average temperature of the absolute minimum of the coldest month (during dormancy and growth periods), average temperature of the minimum in the phenological stages of flowering, growth and ripening, mean relative humidity in spring and autumn, and average annual sunshine hours. The edaphic parameters considered (both extrinsic and intrinsic to soil profiles) include: slope, stoniness and rockiness, drainage, presence of perched water table, infiltration rate, effective depth, available water retention capacity (AWC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, base saturation, active lime, salinity, Ca/K antagonism and organic matter content. For each of these parameters, five levels of severity have been established, from "very unfavorable" (excluded) to "very favorable" (optimal), establishing specific limits within each of these ranges to compare them with the requirements of olive trees. The final phase of the evaluation is the allocation of Suitability Categories to certain areas of interest for olive growing, established according to soil and climate criteria, on the basis of Land Mapping Units defined on the studied territory. The interest of an edaphoclimatic assessment in this geographical area lies in its marginal location with respect to the main olive groves in the Iberian Peninsula, and in the variety of existing climatic and edaphic conditions, some of them generally considered as limiting the cultivation of the olive grove, as well as in an evident current expansion of this crop. The most relevant edaphic limitations derive especially from a low available water capacity, and locally, by factors such as acid pH, Ca/K antagonism or high active lime. The exclusionary limitations derive, to a great extent, from climatic characteristics, associated with low temperatures combined with high relative air humidity. This methodology is expected to serve as a basis for the delimitation of new areas on which the implantation of the olive grove may be foreseen within a period, like the present one, of remarkable expansion of this crop.
{"title":"Methodology for edaphoclimatic assessment of olive cultivation: Application to the area of the quality mark “Olive Oil Madrid” (Spain)OLIVE OIL MADRID” (SPAIN)","authors":"R. Bienes, M. R. Rastrero, J. G. Fernández, A. García‐Díaz, B. Sastre, Ángela Gumuzzio Such","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.06","url":null,"abstract":"The present work proposes a methodology to select the most suitable areas for olive cultivation under rainfed conditions in the Madrid Region (Central Spain). This methodology is based on an analysis of the significant edaphoclimatic parameters that characterize the study region matched with the crop requirements of the olive tree, in the framework of the Land Suitability Classification system. A key component of the proposed methodology is the selection and rating of edaphic and climatic parameters as limitations associated with olive crop requirements in rainfed conditions. The climatic parameters considered are: average temperature of the absolute minimum of the coldest month (during dormancy and growth periods), average temperature of the minimum in the phenological stages of flowering, growth and ripening, mean relative humidity in spring and autumn, and average annual sunshine hours. The edaphic parameters considered (both extrinsic and intrinsic to soil profiles) include: slope, stoniness and rockiness, drainage, presence of perched water table, infiltration rate, effective depth, available water retention capacity (AWC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, base saturation, active lime, salinity, Ca/K antagonism and organic matter content. For each of these parameters, five levels of severity have been established, from \"very unfavorable\" (excluded) to \"very favorable\" (optimal), establishing specific limits within each of these ranges to compare them with the requirements of olive trees. The final phase of the evaluation is the allocation of Suitability Categories to certain areas of interest for olive growing, established according to soil and climate criteria, on the basis of Land Mapping Units defined on the studied territory. The interest of an edaphoclimatic assessment in this geographical area lies in its marginal location with respect to the main olive groves in the Iberian Peninsula, and in the variety of existing climatic and edaphic conditions, some of them generally considered as limiting the cultivation of the olive grove, as well as in an evident current expansion of this crop. The most relevant edaphic limitations derive especially from a low available water capacity, and locally, by factors such as acid pH, Ca/K antagonism or high active lime. The exclusionary limitations derive, to a great extent, from climatic characteristics, associated with low temperatures combined with high relative air humidity. This methodology is expected to serve as a basis for the delimitation of new areas on which the implantation of the olive grove may be foreseen within a period, like the present one, of remarkable expansion of this crop.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45071577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/sjss.2018.v8.n1.08
J. Salinas, Inés García, F. Torres, M. S. Torres
Agriculture and mining are the most important economic activities in the province of Almería (SE Spain) and generate large amounts of waste. Almería is one of the driest regions in Europe, and its water resources come mainly from groundwater. The high water consumption of greenhouses (between 5000 and 6000 m3 ha-1 y-1) has resulted in a sharp decline of water table levels and a worsening of water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to implement actions that lead to the more efficient use of irrigation water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two waste types (marble sludge and biochar from greenhouse plant debris) on the soil water holding capacity. Three treatments were performed in pots using two of the most common soils in greenhouses. A lettuce seedling was planted in each pot, and the volumetric water content was periodically controlled. The first treatment contained 600 g of soil, the second treatment contained 200 g of marble sludge at the bottom and 400 g of soil on the surface, and the third treatment contained 150 g of marble sludge at the bottom, 50 g of biochar in the middle and 400 g of soil on the surface. The results showed that the use of marble sludge, biochar and the combination of both waste types increased water holding capacity. The volumetric water content was relatively high for a longer time, allowing for a reduction in watering frequency and enabling more efficient water use. The waste applications were most effective in the soil with a thicker texture and lower evaporation rate.
{"title":"Use of marble sludge and biochar to improve soil water retention capacity","authors":"J. Salinas, Inés García, F. Torres, M. S. Torres","doi":"10.3232/sjss.2018.v8.n1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/sjss.2018.v8.n1.08","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture and mining are the most important economic activities in the province of Almería (SE Spain) and generate large amounts of waste. Almería is one of the driest regions in Europe, and its water resources come mainly from groundwater. The high water consumption of greenhouses (between 5000 and 6000 m3 ha-1 y-1) has resulted in a sharp decline of water table levels and a worsening of water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to implement actions that lead to the more efficient use of irrigation water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two waste types (marble sludge and biochar from greenhouse plant debris) on the soil water holding capacity. Three treatments were performed in pots using two of the most common soils in greenhouses. A lettuce seedling was planted in each pot, and the volumetric water content was periodically controlled. The first treatment contained 600 g of soil, the second treatment contained 200 g of marble sludge at the bottom and 400 g of soil on the surface, and the third treatment contained 150 g of marble sludge at the bottom, 50 g of biochar in the middle and 400 g of soil on the surface. The results showed that the use of marble sludge, biochar and the combination of both waste types increased water holding capacity. The volumetric water content was relatively high for a longer time, allowing for a reduction in watering frequency and enabling more efficient water use. The waste applications were most effective in the soil with a thicker texture and lower evaporation rate.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69584665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.05
Antía Gómez Armesto, Lucía Bibián-Núñez, C. Campillo-Cora, X. Pontevedra-Pombal, M. Arias-Estévez, J. Nóvoa-Muñoz
This study determined the distribution of total Hg (HgT) among aggregate size fractions in the A, E, Bh and Bs horizons of a representative temperate forest podzol. The aggregate distribution was dominated by the coarse sand size fraction (average of 55%) followed by fine sand (29%), fine silt (10%), coarse silt (4%) and clay (2%). In general, HgT mean values increased as the aggregate size become smaller: clay (170 ng g-1) > fine silt (130 ng g-1) > coarse silt (80 ng g-1) > fine sand (32 ng g-1) > coarse sand (14 ng g-1). Total Hg enrichment in clay-sized aggregates ranged from 2 to 11 times higher than the values shown by the bulk soil (< 2 mm). The accumulation of HgT in the finer size aggregates was closely related to total organic C, Na-pyrophosphate extracted C, metal (Al, Fe)-humus complexes and Al and Fe oxyhydroxides. Indeed, these parameters varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the aggregate size and their highest values were found in the finer fractions. This suggested the role of these soil compounds in the increase of the specific surface area per mass unit and negative charges in the smallest aggregates, favouring Hg retention. Mercury accumulation factor (HgAF) values reached up to 10.8 in the clay size aggregates, being close to 1 in sand size fractions. Regarding Hg enrichment factors (HgEF), they were < 4 (“moderate pollution” category) in most of the horizons and aggregate sizes. Grain size mass loading (GSFHg) revealed that finer fractions had a higher Hg loading than their mass fractions, with a notable contribution of fine silt which made up > 50% of HgT in Bh and Bs horizons. The potential ecological risk index (PERIHg) increased as the aggregate size decreased, with the highest values in the illuvial horizons (45-903) and lowest in the E horizon (3-363). Heterogeneous distribution of Hg in the soil aggregate size fractions must be considered for Hg determination for purposes such as critical loads, background values or environmental risk indices. In addition, Hg accumulation in finer aggregates could be of concern due to its potential mobility in forest soils, either transferred by leaching to groundwater and freshwaters or mobilized by runoff in surface horizons.
本研究确定了一种具有代表性的温带森林恶唑的A、E、Bh和Bs层中总汞（HgT）在团聚体粒级中的分布。骨料分布以粗砂粒级（平均55%）为主，其次是细砂（29%）、细粉土（10%）、粗粉土（4%）和粘土（2%）。一般来说，HgT平均值随着骨料粒径的减小而增加：粘土（170 ng g-1）>细粉土（130 ng g-1。粘土大小的团聚体中的总汞富集度是大块土壤（<2 mm）所示值的2至11倍。HgT在细粒团聚体中的积累与总有机碳、焦磷酸钠提取的碳、金属（Al，Fe）-腐殖质复合物以及Al和Fe的氢氧化物密切相关。事实上，这些参数随骨料粒径的变化而显著（p＜0.05），其最高值出现在较细的颗粒中。这表明这些土壤化合物在增加每质量单位的比表面积和最小团聚体中的负电荷方面发挥了作用，有利于汞的保留。粘土粒级骨料中的汞累积因子（HgAF）值高达10.8，砂级骨料中接近1。关于汞富集因子（HgEF），在大多数层位和骨料尺寸中，它们均<4（“中度污染”类别）。粒度质量负荷（GSFHg）表明，较细的组分比其质量组分具有更高的Hg负荷，其中细粉土的显著贡献占Bh和Bs层HgT的50%以上。潜在生态风险指数（PERIHg）随着骨料尺寸的减小而增加，其中冲积层的值最高（45-903），E层的值最低（3-363）。为了临界负荷、背景值或环境风险指数等目的，在测定汞时，必须考虑土壤团聚体粒级中汞的不均匀分布。此外，由于汞在森林土壤中的潜在流动性，无论是通过浸出转移到地下水和淡水中，还是通过地表径流转移，细骨料中的汞积累都可能引起关注。
{"title":"Total mercury distribution among soil aggregate size fractions in a temperate forest podzol","authors":"Antía Gómez Armesto, Lucía Bibián-Núñez, C. Campillo-Cora, X. Pontevedra-Pombal, M. Arias-Estévez, J. Nóvoa-Muñoz","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study determined the distribution of total Hg (HgT) among aggregate size fractions in the A, E, Bh and Bs horizons of a representative temperate forest podzol. The aggregate distribution was dominated by the coarse sand size fraction (average of 55%) followed by fine sand (29%), fine silt (10%), coarse silt (4%) and clay (2%). In general, HgT mean values increased as the aggregate size become smaller: clay (170 ng g-1) > fine silt (130 ng g-1) > coarse silt (80 ng g-1) > fine sand (32 ng g-1) > coarse sand (14 ng g-1). Total Hg enrichment in clay-sized aggregates ranged from 2 to 11 times higher than the values shown by the bulk soil (< 2 mm). The accumulation of HgT in the finer size aggregates was closely related to total organic C, Na-pyrophosphate extracted C, metal (Al, Fe)-humus complexes and Al and Fe oxyhydroxides. Indeed, these parameters varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the aggregate size and their highest values were found in the finer fractions. This suggested the role of these soil compounds in the increase of the specific surface area per mass unit and negative charges in the smallest aggregates, favouring Hg retention. Mercury accumulation factor (HgAF) values reached up to 10.8 in the clay size aggregates, being close to 1 in sand size fractions. Regarding Hg enrichment factors (HgEF), they were < 4 (“moderate pollution” category) in most of the horizons and aggregate sizes. Grain size mass loading (GSFHg) revealed that finer fractions had a higher Hg loading than their mass fractions, with a notable contribution of fine silt which made up > 50% of HgT in Bh and Bs horizons. The potential ecological risk index (PERIHg) increased as the aggregate size decreased, with the highest values in the illuvial horizons (45-903) and lowest in the E horizon (3-363). Heterogeneous distribution of Hg in the soil aggregate size fractions must be considered for Hg determination for purposes such as critical loads, background values or environmental risk indices. In addition, Hg accumulation in finer aggregates could be of concern due to its potential mobility in forest soils, either transferred by leaching to groundwater and freshwaters or mobilized by runoff in surface horizons.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45153909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-15DOI: 10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.01
Vanesa Santás Miguel, Laura C. Barreiro, J. Muñoz, M. A. Estevez, M. Raviña, M. F. Sanjurjo, E. A. Rodríguez, Avelino Núñez-Delgado, David Fernández Calviño
In the present work, the effect of two by-products (pine bark and crushed mussel shell) on microbial biomass and community structure was studied in a soil from a mine tailing located in a copper mine. In a laboratory experiment, different doses (0, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 Mg ha-1) of pine bark, crushed mussel shell or mixtures of both by-products were added to the soil. The amended soil samples were incubated for one year at 60% of water holding capacity, and then 33 phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were extracted from these samples and quantified. The PLFAs concentrations were used for different microbial biomass estimations: total biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, gram-positive (G+) biomass and gram-negative (G-) biomass. The addition of crushed mussel had no significant effects on the total soil microbial biomass, either bacterial of fungal biomass. However, the addition of pine bark increased the total microbial biomass in the soil (up to 40%), mainly due to increases in the fungal biomass (it increased 1600%). No synergistic effects were observed when the soil was amended with both, pine bark and crushed mussel shell. The main community structure changes were due to the addition of pine bark to the soil, and were also due to modifications in fungal communities. Our results suggest that the microbial biomass was mainly limited in the mine soil by low organic matter concentrations, and therefore, practices increasing the amount of soil organic matter should be priorities for soil reclamation.
{"title":"By-products as an amendment of a mine soil: effects on microbial biomass determined using phospholipid fatty acids","authors":"Vanesa Santás Miguel, Laura C. Barreiro, J. Muñoz, M. A. Estevez, M. Raviña, M. F. Sanjurjo, E. A. Rodríguez, Avelino Núñez-Delgado, David Fernández Calviño","doi":"10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2018.V8.N1.01","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, the effect of two by-products (pine bark and crushed mussel shell) on microbial biomass and community structure was studied in a soil from a mine tailing located in a copper mine. In a laboratory experiment, different doses (0, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 Mg ha-1) of pine bark, crushed mussel shell or mixtures of both by-products were added to the soil. The amended soil samples were incubated for one year at 60% of water holding capacity, and then 33 phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were extracted from these samples and quantified. The PLFAs concentrations were used for different microbial biomass estimations: total biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, gram-positive (G+) biomass and gram-negative (G-) biomass. The addition of crushed mussel had no significant effects on the total soil microbial biomass, either bacterial of fungal biomass. However, the addition of pine bark increased the total microbial biomass in the soil (up to 40%), mainly due to increases in the fungal biomass (it increased 1600%). No synergistic effects were observed when the soil was amended with both, pine bark and crushed mussel shell. The main community structure changes were due to the addition of pine bark to the soil, and were also due to modifications in fungal communities. Our results suggest that the microbial biomass was mainly limited in the mine soil by low organic matter concentrations, and therefore, practices increasing the amount of soil organic matter should be priorities for soil reclamation.","PeriodicalId":43464,"journal":{"name":"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49116336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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