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Rituales de terminación y consumo en el Palacio 6J2 de La Blanca: una perspectiva zooarqueológica del Clásico Terminal en el Petén guatemalteco 拉布兰卡6J2宫的终止仪式和消费:危地马拉peten经典终端的动物考古学视角
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18654
Nayeli G. Jiménez Cano, C. V. Lorenzo
La Blanca is an urban settlement located in the department of Petén, Guatemala. The site played an important role due to its strategic location alongside the Mopán River basin. This paper presents results of the zooarchaeological studies conducted on this archaeological site during the Classic Terminal period (850-1000 A.D.), a time of social upheaval in which the elite of La Blanca left the city and new inhabitants occupied the rooms of its monumental palaces. The animal remains analyzed came from the excavation of the south wing of Palace 6J2 at the Acropolis and represent a unique opportunity to understand the faunal use and management in a period of social and economic crisis. The animals deposited in these rooms pointed to the ritual character of the assemblage as well as the importance of the nearby environment as a means of providing resources for subsistence. The study of the archaeofaunal assemblages represents a first approach to provide clues about the economic importance of the animals and their role in ritual activities during a so debated period in Maya history as the Terminal Classic in the Lowlands.
拉布兰卡是位于危地马拉佩特海姆省的一个城市定居点。由于其毗邻Mopán河流域的战略位置,该场地发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了在古典终末时期(公元850-1000年)对这个考古遗址进行的动物考古学研究的结果,这是一个社会动荡的时期,拉布兰卡的精英离开了城市,新的居民占据了其纪念性宫殿的房间。被分析的动物遗骸来自于雅典卫城6J2宫南翼的挖掘,为了解社会和经济危机时期的动物利用和管理提供了一个独特的机会。放置在这些房间里的动物表明了聚集的仪式特征,以及附近环境作为提供生存资源的手段的重要性。对考古动物群的研究是提供线索的第一个途径,可以了解这些动物在经济上的重要性,以及它们在玛雅历史上一个备受争议的时期——低地地区的终极经典——的仪式活动中所扮演的角色。
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引用次数: 1
Conocimiento y aprovechamiento tradicional de vertebrados silvestres en la comunidad maya de Zavala, municipio de Sotuta, Yucatán, México 墨西哥尤卡坦州索图塔市扎瓦拉玛雅社区野生脊椎动物的传统知识和利用
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18660
Pedro E. Nahuat, Indira Angélica Estrada Riaño, Flor Peraza Romero, Michael Oswaldo Uitzil Colli, Rommel Adán Basora Dorantes, Soemy de los Ángeles Buenfil Morales
The relationship between Mexican ethnic groups and wildlife is known by its use for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Particularly, in the Maya culture ornamental and ceremonial uses have been attributed to the fauna. Similarly, different beliefs, stories and legends have been developed around it. The studies conducted to document these relationships in the state of Yucatan are scarce; therefore this work was raised to determine the uses and beliefs of the wildlife in the Maya town of Zavala. 174 semi-structured interviews were conducted among men and women of different ages. The significant species were then divided into seven categories of use: food, medicine, pets, ornamental, ceremonial, mythical, and ominous. 54 species related with the worldview of the residents were identified, and divided into three classes, 20 orders, 38 families, and 54 genera. The birds were the most represented with 30 species, followed by Mammalia class with 19, and Reptilia with 5. Mammals were the group with the highest general use index. With this work, it was concluded that the inhabitants of Zavala preserve in their daily activities the ancestral uses and knowledge of the wildlife. Likewise, the information collected contributes to the knowledge of ethnozoology in Yucatán.
墨西哥民族和野生动物之间的关系因其用于营养和药用目的而闻名。特别是,在玛雅文化中,动物群在装饰和仪式上都有使用。同样,不同的信仰、故事和传说也围绕着它发展起来。在尤卡坦州,为记录这些关系而进行的研究很少;因此,这项工作是为了确定扎瓦拉玛雅镇野生动物的用途和信仰。对不同年龄的男性和女性进行了174次半结构化访谈。然后将重要物种分为七类:食物、药物、宠物、装饰性、仪式性、神话性和不祥。共鉴定出54种与居民世界观相关的物种,分为3纲,20目,38科,54属。鸟类最多,有30种,其次是哺乳纲,有19种,爬行纲有5种。哺乳动物是一般使用指数最高的群体。通过这项工作,得出的结论是,扎瓦拉的居民在日常活动中保留了野生动物的祖先用途和知识。同样,收集到的信息有助于了解尤卡坦的民族动物学。
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引用次数: 3
Cambios en el sistema de residencia, los grupos domésticos y la familia en Lacanjá Chansayab desde la teoría de control cultural 从文化控制理论看拉坎贾昌萨亚布居住制度、家庭群体和家庭的变化
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18659
Fredy Alfonso Ochoa Fonseca, Eduardo Bello Baltazar, E. E. Lugo, C. Z. Lomelí, Gloria Mariel Suárez Gutiérrez
The matrilocal system of residence of the Lacandons of Lacanjá Chansayab, Chiapas, has been described by several authors as a fundamental cultural element that is still conserved. This system is associated to the social reproduction of the ethnic group and the sustainability of the Lacandon jungle. This form of organization transcends the residence group and combines the domestic group and the family. Through ethnography, this research shows how this form of organization, called vejo’ovex, has changed towards ambilocality. The article aims to discuss the causes and implications of such change which is framed in the theory of cultural control, focused on the material elements associated with territory and home. Three triggers of change are identified, the sedentary and subsequent land titling in the 70s, the immigration of Lacandons from other areas, and the conformation of family businesses dedicated to ecotourism. Among the conclusions found, the elements: territory, vejo’ovex and work, transit between appropriated culture to alienated culture, linked with transformations in the concepts of inheritance, property, residence, and family.
几位作者将恰帕斯州拉坎贾·昌萨亚布的拉坎顿人的母系居住制度描述为一种至今仍在保留的基本文化元素。这个系统与族群的社会再生产和拉坎顿丛林的可持续性有关。这种组织形式超越了居住群体,结合了家庭群体和家庭。通过民族志,这项研究显示了这种被称为vejo'ovex的组织形式是如何向双地方性转变的。本文旨在讨论文化控制理论中这种变化的原因和影响,重点是与领土和家园相关的物质因素。确定了三个变化的触发因素,即70年代的定居和随后的土地所有权,拉坎顿人从其他地区移民,以及致力于生态旅游的家族企业的形成。在发现的结论中,这些因素包括:领土、vejo'ovex和工作,从被侵占的文化到被异化的文化之间的过渡,与继承、财产、住所和家庭概念的转变有关。
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引用次数: 1
In Memoriam María del Carmen Valverde Valdés (1962-2020) 纪念玛丽亚·德尔·卡门·巴尔韦德·巴尔德斯(1962-2020)
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18663
Martha Ilia Nájera Coronado
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引用次数: 0
Artes gráficas mayas precolombinas: consideraciones semióticas sobre el continuo escritura-imagen 哥伦布前玛雅图形艺术:关于连续写作的符号学思考-图像
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18656
Cédric Becquey
The writing-image association is one of the fundamental characteristics of art in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. This combination was particularly developed and used by the Maya for almost 20 centuries. Far from constituting only an artistic process, the joint use of these two modes of visual communication allowed the transcription of a very complex symbolic thought and was one of the main tools of the propaganda of the (political) power of the Maya elites. In this article, the main principles that govern the pre-Hispanic Maya scriptural and iconological systems will be exposed, especially insisting on the continuum comprised by text and image in their artistic expressions. Here will be particularly examined and discussed the swinging and mixing games between iconic or non-iconic figurativeness and symbolism in the construction of the signs used to generate meanings with which they entertain relationships of different kinds, often metaphorical, based on cultural conventions, rich of teachings for our understanding of the ancient Maya.
书写意象联想是前哥伦布时代中美洲艺术的基本特征之一。这种组合被玛雅人特别开发和使用了近20个世纪。这两种视觉交流模式的共同使用不仅构成了一个艺术过程,还允许转录一种非常复杂的象征思想,是宣传玛雅精英(政治)权力的主要工具之一。在这篇文章中,将揭示支配前西班牙裔玛雅圣经和图像学系统的主要原则,特别是在其艺术表达中坚持文本和图像组成的连续体。在这里,我们将特别研究和讨论标志性或非标志性象征性与象征主义之间的摇摆和混合游戏,这些标志用于产生意义,它们以不同类型的关系为基础,通常是隐喻性的,基于文化习俗,为我们理解古玛雅人提供了丰富的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Maíz y balché. Una revisión de la iconografía de los murales de Tulum 玉米和balche。对图卢姆壁画肖像学的回顾
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18655
E. Heredia, Péter Bíró, Sylviane Boucher Le Landais
In this paper we present a review about the murals located in the Temples of the Descending God (Temple 5) and the Frescos (Temple 16) at the pre-Columbian city of Tulum, Quintana Roo. We first study some of the characters dressed as gods, as Chahk, K’awil, Quetzalcóatl, and Xólotl. Secondly, we analyze the ritual paraphernalia, mostly composed of ceramic objects in the form of effigy urns, incense burners, idols, containers with offerings of corn in different preparations, and large jars used to contain liquids, presenting correspondences with the archaeological record. Afterwards, we analyze the intertwined serpents, as well as the vegetal elements that we identify with the flower and fruits of balché tree. Finally, these data are integrated in order to interpret the meaning of the Tulum murals in relation to the practice of bending over the maize stalks in the autumn, and also to the first fruits harvest, which coincides with the flowering of the balché tree and the beginning of the harvest of tajonal honey in Yucatán.
在本文中,我们对位于金塔纳罗奥州图伦市前哥伦布时期的降下神神庙(神庙5)和壁画(神庙16)的壁画进行了回顾。我们首先研究了一些装扮成神的角色,如Chahk, K 'awil, Quetzalcóatl和Xólotl。其次,我们分析了仪式用具,主要是由陶制物品组成的雕像瓮,香炉,偶像,装有不同准备的玉米的容器,以及用于盛放液体的大罐子,与考古记录相对应。然后,我们分析了缠绕在一起的蛇,以及我们认同的植物元素,balch树的花和果实。最后,将这些数据整合起来,以解释图卢姆壁画的含义,这些壁画与秋天弯腰弯腰的玉米秸秆有关,也与第一次收获的果实有关,这与balch树的开花和Yucatán的tajonal蜂蜜的收获开始相吻合。
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引用次数: 2
Gabriela Eugenia Rodríguez Ceja (editora). Pueblos mayas en el siglo XXI. Desigualdades, transformaciones y retos. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, 2019, 314 pp. ISBN: 978-607-30-1696-4. Gabriela Eugenia rodriguez Ceja(编辑)。21世纪的玛雅人。不平等、转型和挑战。墨西哥:Universidad Nacional autonoma de mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones filologicas, 2019,314 pp. ISBN: 978-607-30-1696-4。
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.19130/IIFL.ECM.57.2021.18661
José Alejos García
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引用次数: 0
Elucidating the Visual Language of the Venus Table in the Dresden Codex: A Visual Semiotics Approach 解读德累斯顿法典中Venus表的视觉语言:视觉符号学方法
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.19130/iifl.ecm.2020.56.2.0004
M. J. Nájera, Mariana Castellanos
The visual language of the paintings has undergone a theoretical and pragmatic process, which is different than that of textual linguistics. In this paper we propose a method of analysis based on semiotics to elucidate and compare the visual response of six paintings of the pre-Columbian Maya Dresden Codex. The Venus table was chosen because it presents a calendrical-astronomical message through a visual language that makes its interpretation complex. We consider that the visual semiotics of the Quebec School represented by Saint-Martin and Shannon´s entropic comparison of the Venus table paintings may be applied to both classical and contemporary pictorial works to support the work of art historians.
绘画的视觉语言经历了一个不同于文本语言学的理论和语用过程。本文提出了一种基于符号学的分析方法来解释和比较前哥伦布时期玛雅德累斯顿手抄本的六幅画的视觉反应。之所以选择金星表,是因为它通过一种视觉语言呈现了一种历法天文学信息,这使得它的解释变得复杂。我们认为,以圣马丁和香农对维纳斯桌画的熵比较为代表的魁北克学派的视觉符号学可以应用于古典和当代绘画作品,以支持艺术史学家的工作。
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引用次数: 0
Emociones, Semillas Nativas y Cambio Climático: El Movimiento de Soberanía de las Semillas en Chiapas, México 情感、本土种子与气候变化:墨西哥恰帕斯的种子主权运动
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.19130/iifl.ecm.2020.56.2.0009
C. Rodríguez, Hugo Rafael Perales Rivera, Daniel Jaffee
What role do emotions play in the creation of interpretive frameworks that allow communities to respond effectively to the challenges posed by climate change? This article explores this question empirically from the perspective of small indigenous peasant communities in the central region of Chiapas, Mexico. The study shows that the spiritual, cultural and material meanings that indigenous communities assign to the traditional milpa agroecosystem and to their native seeds, particularly maize, converge in a conjunction of emotions that enables these communities to recognize the risks posed by environmental degradation and climate change, and to mobilize politically around the frame of seed sovereignty. Particularly important is the informal system by which children inherit maize seed from their parents, which imposes on new generations the moral and social obligation of reproducing the milpa. This reproduction is necessary to keep alive the spirits of their ancestors and deities, which are thought to be embodied in the seeds, and to preserve the environmental conditions needed for future generations to live from the maize and the land. The regional social movement around seed sovereignty embraces and amplifies the emotions that underlie this moral and cultural commitment, at the same time as it emphasizes the risks posed by conventional agricultural practices (agrochemical use, deforestation, and quasi-monoculture) and environmental deterioration to the sustenance of the milpa and seeds. Three key foci comprise the agenda of this movement: agroecology, agrobiodiversity conservation, and adaptation of the milpa to climate change.
情感在创建解释框架方面发挥了什么作用,使社区能够有效应对气候变化带来的挑战?本文从墨西哥恰帕斯州中部地区的小型土著农民社区的角度对这一问题进行了实证研究。研究表明,土著社区赋予传统米尔帕农业生态系统及其原生种子,特别是玉米的精神、文化和物质意义融合在一起,使这些社区能够认识到环境退化和气候变化带来的风险,并围绕种子主权框架进行政治动员。特别重要的是,儿童从父母那里继承玉米种子的非正式制度,这给新一代强加了繁殖玉米的道德和社会义务。这种繁殖是必要的,以保持他们祖先和神的精神,这些精神被认为体现在种子中,并保护后代在玉米和土地上生活所需的环境条件。围绕种子主权的区域社会运动拥抱并放大了这种道德和文化承诺背后的情感,同时强调了传统农业做法(农用化学品的使用、森林砍伐和准单一种植)和环境恶化对milpa和种子的维持所带来的风险。这场运动的议程包括三个关键重点:农业生态学、农业生物多样性保护和milpa对气候变化的适应。
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引用次数: 4
Pablo Alberto Mumary Farto, Los señores de la serpiente. Poder y organización de la dinastía Kaan. México: Palabra de Clío, 2019, 332 pp. ISBN 978-607-98296-5-0. 巴勃罗·阿尔贝托·穆马里·法托,蛇之王。Kaan王朝的权力和组织。墨西哥:Palabra de Clio,2019年,332页。ISBN 978-607-98296-5-0。
IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.19130/iifl.ecm.2020.56.2.0012
Lynneth S. Lowe
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引用次数: 0
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Estudios de Cultura Maya
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