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The “Mythological Machine” of Antisemitism: The Recycling of False Accusations against Jews in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction 反犹主义的“神话机器”:在机械复制时代对犹太人的虚假指控的循环
4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0923204051
Manuela Consonni
The French political theorist George Sorel repeatedly prophesied that Europe would provide the future soil of armed cataclysms.1 Furthermore, he claimed that the catalyzing factors for the conflicts of political power that lay behind such eruptions of violence and anarchy were myths, conceived not in the anthropological sense but as a series of images formed into a dramatic narrative capable of mobilizing social movements and inspiring violence to change the status quo. Thomas Mann lent weight to such an analysis when he predicted that “in the era of the masses, parliamentary discussion would necessarily prove utterly inadequate as a means of shaping political will.” Thus, “in the future what was needed in its place were mythic fictions, which would be fed to the masses as the primitive battle cries necessary for unleashing and activating political energies.” Henceforth “popular myths, or better, myths trimmed for the masses, would be the vehicle of political action—fables, chimeras, phantasms that needed to have nothing whatever to do with truth, reason, or science in order to be productive nonetheless.”
法国政治理论家乔治·索雷尔反复预言,欧洲将为未来的武装灾难提供土壤此外,他声称,隐藏在这种暴力和无政府状态爆发背后的政治权力冲突的催化因素是神话,不是从人类学的意义上构思的,而是作为一系列图像形成的戏剧性叙事,能够动员社会运动和激发暴力来改变现状。托马斯·曼(Thomas Mann)对这种分析给予了重视,他预测:“在群众的时代,议会讨论作为塑造政治意愿的手段,必然是完全不够的。”因此,“在未来,取而代之的是神话小说,它将作为释放和激活政治能量所必需的原始战斗口号,被灌输给大众。”从此以后,“流行的神话,或者更好的说法是,为大众剪裁的神话,将成为政治行动寓言、幻想和幻想的载体,这些神话与真理、理性或科学毫无关系,但却要富有成效。”
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引用次数: 0
Xi Jinping’s Political Model and the Typology of Communist Regimes: An Ideological Approach
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0623203134
A. Lukin
Significant political changes are taking place in contemporary China. The current Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, has decisively changed the system for the succession of power established by Deng Xiaoping, the architect of Chinese reforms. Xi has eliminated the two-term limit on the presidency that was introduced to the Chinese constitution in 1982. He has centralized the system of governance significantly, reinforced the role of Party bodies in relation to state bodies, and transferred the main decision-making function from the traditional ministries and the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee departments to numerous governing groups, most of which he personally heads. In foreign policy, Xi has effectively abandoned the principle of “keeping a low profile and biding your time” (tao guang yang hui) put forward by Deng Xiaoping. According to official Chinese ideology, the new theory of government is one of the foundations of the “Xi Jinping thought” that, along with the provisions of the founders of Marxism and some other Chinese leaders, should guide the people of China. This provision was enshrined in the country’s constitution in 2018. However, the most important change, from the point of view of the Chinese authorities, was the implementation of a multifaceted government reform that foreign observers dubbed the “fifth modernization.”1
当代中国正在发生重大的政治变革。他大大集中了治理体系,加强了党机构相对于国家机构的作用,并将主要决策职能从传统的部委和中共中央部门转移到许多管理小组,其中大部分由他亲自领导。这一规定于2018年被写入该国宪法。然而,从中国当局的角度来看,最重要的变化是实施了被外国观察家称为“第五次现代化”的多方面的政府改革
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引用次数: 0
Loving Hong Kong: Unity and Solidarity in the Politics of Belonging 爱香港:归属感政治中的团结与团结
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0323202043
C. Shih
Introduction This paper employs Confucianism to illustrate a kind of differential or benevolent love, which people give in accordance with their relations and roles. In this sense, Confucian benevolent love is more of a duty to create mutual belonging than an emotion of solidarity.1 This benevolent love contrasts with the universal love of liberalism and the resultant solidarity that those who express this form of love feel for one another—these people often being the distant and unacquainted—whose presence would puzzle Confucian leaders in terms of their roles and duties. Confucian roles are, in comparison, contextual, evolving, and reciprocal in order to cope with encountered strangeness. The liberal belief in everyone being ontologically equal and free de-emphasizes the relevance of experiencing the other’s strangeness. As a result of this, a Confucian’s and liberal’s love for one another may ironically cause, in both, a moral outrage qua deprived belonging.2
本文以儒家思想为例,阐述了一种不同的或仁慈的爱,即人们根据自己的关系和角色给予的爱。从这个意义上说,儒家的仁爱与其说是一种团结的情感,不如说是一种创造相互归属的责任这种仁慈的爱与自由主义的普遍之爱形成鲜明对比,而表达这种爱的人彼此之间的团结一致——这些人往往是遥远的、不相识的——他们的存在会让儒家领袖在角色和责任方面感到困惑。相比之下,儒家的角色是情境化的、演进的、互惠的,以应对遇到的陌生感。自由主义相信每个人在本体论上都是平等和自由的,不强调体验他人的陌生感的相关性。因此,具有讽刺意味的是,一个儒家和一个自由主义者对彼此的爱,可能会在两者身上引起一种道德上的愤怒,即被剥夺了归属感
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引用次数: 0
Horizontality vs. Verticality: New Readings in the Understanding of Religion and the Organizing of Politics 水平与垂直:理解宗教与政治组织的新解读
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0623203109
Aryeh Botwinick
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are each in their own way monotheistic religions–and I would argue that this unifying factor that links together all three Western religions has profound repercussions upon the conceptualization of God and the allowable limits to political behavior in the name of God that each of these religions would be theologically entitled/permitted to advocate. Plato in his dialogue Parmenides forms a significant part of the pedigree to the emergence of monotheism–and, if not a “pedigree,” because there are conflicting views among historians as to when the texts of Genesis and Exodus actually appeared,1 then a cogent presentation of the same theme. Plato’s version is theologically and logically connected to the simultaneous introduction in the Parmenides of the tenets of negative theology, that we can only say what the One is not, but not what He is. Because negative formulations are inextricably grammatically and logically linked to positive formulations (they can always be rephrased in positive form), Plato’s concession to the intelligibility of negative theology is largely rhetorical, and not substantive.
犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教都以各自的方式成为一神论宗教——我认为,将这三种西方宗教联系在一起的统一因素对上帝的概念化和以上帝之名的政治行为的允许限制产生了深远的影响,这些宗教在神学上都有资格/被允许提倡。柏拉图在巴门尼德的对话录中构成了一神论出现谱系的重要组成部分,如果不是“谱系”,因为历史学家对《创世纪》和《出埃及记》的文本实际出现的时间有不同的看法,那么这是对同一主题的令人信服的呈现。柏拉图的版本在神学和逻辑上都与巴门尼德同时引入的否定神学的信条有关,即我们只能说“一”不是什么,而不能说“他”是什么。因为否定的表述在语法和逻辑上都与肯定的表述不可分割地联系在一起(它们总是可以以肯定的形式重新表述),柏拉图对否定神学的可理解性的让步很大程度上是修辞上的,而不是实质性的。
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引用次数: 0
Nationality of Food: Cultural Politics on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Food Museums 《食品民族性:联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产和食品博物馆名录上的文化政治》
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0323202021
E. Hwang, Jin Suk Park
1. Introduction In 2020, when the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certified Chinese salted pickled vegetables from Sichuan called pao cai, hina’s media, including the state-run Global Times newspaper, reported the news as if China had won the international standard for kimchi making,1 although the ISO clearly stated in the certification document that the certification did not apply to kimchi.2 This reporting provoked Koreans, and it quickly became a cultural dispute between the two countries, at least in the media and social media outlets.
1. 2020年,当国际标准化组织(ISO)认证中国产的四川泡菜“包菜”时,包括官方媒体《环球时报》在内的中国媒体报道了这一消息,仿佛中国获得了泡菜制作的国际标准,尽管ISO在认证文件中明确表示,该认证不适用于泡菜这篇报道激怒了韩国人,并迅速成为两国之间的文化纠纷,至少在媒体和社交媒体上是这样。
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引用次数: 0
In Memoriam: Fred Siegel 纪念:弗雷德·西格尔
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0623203177
D. Pan
Fred Siegel’s passing on May 7th of this year was a profound loss for us all. A frequent guest and participant at our events, he contributed to Telos from the 1980s to the 2020 publication of his last book, The Crisis of Liberalism: Prelude to Trump. His ideas had a defining impact on Paul Piccone and the journal’s development, laying the foundations for what would become the Telos populist critique of liberalism. With a keen ear for the right turn of phrase to describe a complex idea, he titled his seminal essay for Telos “Is Archie Bunker Fit to Rule? Or: How Immanuel Kant Became One of the Founding Fathers.”1 Setting Archie Bunker as the representative of democracy against the intellectual Immanuel Kant, Siegel succinctly crystallized what was at stake as well as the audacity of his argument, especially for a Telos readership that was inclined to support German philosophy over American pop culture. In making his case for Archie Bunker, Siegel attacked with eloquence and perspicacity the intellectual foundations of liberal thinking.
弗雷德·西格尔于今年5月7日去世,这对我们所有人来说都是一个巨大的损失。他是我们活动的常客和参与者,从20世纪80年代到2020年出版他的最后一本书《自由主义的危机:特朗普的前奏》(the Crisis of Liberalism: Prelude to Trump),他一直为Telos撰稿。他的思想对保罗·皮科内(Paul Piccone)和《华尔街日报》的发展产生了决定性的影响,为后来泰罗斯民粹主义对自由主义的批判奠定了基础。他善于用恰当的措辞来描述一个复杂的想法,他为泰罗斯撰写的开创性文章的标题是《阿奇·邦克适合统治吗?》或者:伊曼努尔·康德如何成为开国元勋之一。1西格尔将阿奇·邦克(Archie Bunker)设定为民主的代表人物,与知识分子伊曼努尔·康德(Immanuel Kant)对抗,简明扼要地阐明了其中的利害关系,以及他的观点的大胆之处,尤其是对于倾向于支持德国哲学而非美国流行文化的《泰罗斯》读者而言。在为阿奇·邦克辩护时,西格尔以雄辩和敏锐的眼光攻击了自由主义思想的知识基础。
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引用次数: 0
Human Rights Practice and Natural Law 人权实践与自然法
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0623203047
Aaron A. Rhodes
The University of Notre Dame Kellogg Institute’s 2021 conference on “Inalienable Rights and the Traditions of Constitutionalism” was, for me, a breath of oxygen because it brought together many who understand that human rights are more than simply reflections of particular political preferences of some societies at particular times, and that to understand human rights that way reduces them to the level of arbitrary positive law. Human rights are based in human nature, and in nature itself, not simply in international legislation. Today, the idea of human rights serves many masters: utilitarianism, consequentialism, communitarianism, socialism, postmodernism, intersectionality—not to mention numerous regimes that defend human rights violations with human rights rhetoric. But the conferees seemed to generally agree that human rights are principles, rooted in human nature, that can protect our moral and political freedom.
圣母大学凯洛格研究所(University of Notre Dame Kellogg Institute) 2021年关于“不可剥夺的权利和宪政传统”的会议对我来说是一次呼吸,因为它汇集了许多人,他们明白人权不仅仅是某些社会在特定时期的特定政治偏好的反映,而且以这种方式理解人权会将其降低到武断的成文法的水平。人权的基础是人性和自然本身,而不仅仅是国际立法。今天,人权观念为许多大师服务:功利主义、结果主义、社群主义、社会主义、后现代主义、交叉性——更不用说许多用人权修辞为侵犯人权辩护的政权。但与会者似乎普遍同意,人权是根植于人性的原则,可以保护我们的道德和政治自由。
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引用次数: 0
The Savage Savants 野蛮的学者
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0323202145
R. D'amico
David Graeber and David Wengrow, The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. Pp. 704. The Dawn of Everything is not just a massive book in terms of its total number of pages but also in the amount of archaeological evidence discussed concerning human “prehistory.” The authors range over current disputes within their disciplines as well as discussing in some detail political philosophies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In spite of its size and range, the book has been widely reviewed and has had a publication success rarely seen with academic works. Attention to it may be in part due to the publishing career of its co-author David Graeber, who tragically died in 2020 just before the book appeared in print. The reason I mention this point is that Graeber’s work had both an academic and non-academic audience, in such books as Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, Debt: The First 5,000 Years, and The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement. He also had a public profile during the Occupy Wall Street movement beginning in 2011, which highlighted his advocacy of anarchism. Graeber’s political philosophy plays a significant role in this book.
大卫·格雷伯和大卫·温格罗,《万物的黎明:人类的新历史》。纽约:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021。704页。《万物的黎明》不仅在总页数上是一本巨著,而且在关于人类“史前”的考古证据的数量上也是一本巨著。作者在各自学科的范围内讨论了当前的争论,并详细讨论了17世纪和18世纪的政治哲学。尽管它的规模和范围,这本书得到了广泛的评论,并取得了出版成功罕见的学术著作。这本书受到关注的部分原因可能是它的合著者大卫·格雷伯(David Graeber)的出版生涯,他在2020年该书出版前不幸去世。我提到这一点的原因是,格雷伯的作品既有学术读者,也有非学术读者,比如《胡扯的工作:一种理论》、《债务:最初的5000年》和《民主工程:一段历史、一场危机、一场运动》。在2011年开始的占领华尔街运动期间,他也有了公众形象,这突显了他对无政府主义的支持。格雷伯的政治哲学在本书中发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Human Rights and Nation-State Sovereignty 人权与民族国家主权
IF 0.1 4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0623203099
D. Pan
Human rights organizations for the past few decades have generally attempted to promote international law against the principle of state sovereignty in order to establish human rights norms worldwide. This approach presumes the universality of human rights is in fundamental opposition to the principle of sovereignty because this principle can be used by governments to shield themselves from outside criticism. By contrast, the U.S. State Department’s Report of the Commission on Unalienable Rights has outlined an approach that emphasizes not just the compatibility between universal human rights and state sovereignty but even their dependence on each other.1 We see the results of this clash in the response to the Report by Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch and one of the expert witnesses during the commission’s proceedings.2 He sees in the Report’s foregrounding of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights “a frontal assault on international human rights law” because it shifts attention away from international law and toward more informal documents such as the Universal Declaration, which lays out a set of goals rather than legally binding commitments.
在过去的几十年里,人权组织普遍试图推动反对国家主权原则的国际法,以建立世界范围内的人权准则。这种方法假定人权的普遍性从根本上反对主权原则,因为这一原则可以被政府用来保护自己免受外界的批评。相比之下,美国国务院的《不可剥夺权利委员会报告》概述了一种方法,不仅强调普遍人权与国家主权之间的兼容性,而且强调它们之间的相互依赖性我们从肯尼斯·罗斯(Kenneth Roth)对报告的回应中看到了这种冲突的结果,他是人权观察组织的执行主任,也是委员会会议期间的专家证人之一他认为,报告把《世界人权宣言》放在前台是“对国际人权法的正面攻击”,因为它把人们的注意力从国际法转移到《世界人权宣言》等更非正式的文件上,这些文件列出了一系列目标,而不是具有法律约束力的承诺。
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引用次数: 0
Imbuing Liberalism with Lost Spirit: Timothy Stacey 《迷失精神的自由主义》:蒂莫西·斯泰西
4区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3817/0923204175
Andrew M. Wender
Timothy Stacey, Saving Liberalism from Itself: The Spirit of Political Participation. Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2022. Pp. vii + 196.
蒂莫西·斯泰西:《拯救自由主义:政治参与的精神》。布里斯托尔:布里斯托大学出版社,2022。第vii + 196页。
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引用次数: 0
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