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Life lessons from The Truman Show: parenting, adolescence and the therapeutic process 《楚门的世界》中的人生教训:养育子女、青春期和治疗过程
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2037105
S. Kegerreis
ABSTRACT In this paper, the 1998 film The Truman Show is considered as a parable about parenting, adolescence, and patients’ struggle to break free of defensive structures. The central conceit of the film is that Truman lives in a world entirely created by, and under the control of the show's director, Christof, with all the other characters in his life being actors playing semi-scripted parts. The paper explores how this resonates with the problems faced by all parents when it comes to allowing their children freedom to develop independently and to face the realities of life; the difficulties faced by all adolescents leaving latency behind to encounter themselves more fully; and the therapeutic task with all patients of relinquishing the relative safety created by symptoms and projective mechanisms.
本文以1998年上映的电影《楚门的世界》为研究对象,将其视为一个关于育儿、青春期和患者如何努力摆脱自我防御结构的寓言。这部电影的核心构想是,杜鲁门生活在一个完全由导演克里斯托弗创造并控制的世界里,他生活中的所有其他角色都是演员,扮演着半剧本的角色。本文探讨了这与所有父母在允许孩子自由独立发展和面对生活现实时所面临的问题是如何产生共鸣的;所有青少年所面临的困难,将潜伏期抛在脑后,以便更充分地面对自己;所有病人的治疗任务是放弃由症状和投射机制产生的相对安全性。
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引用次数: 0
The body and the consulting room's materiality as a path for developing intersubjective psychophysical space 身体和咨询室的物质性作为发展主体间心理物理空间的路径
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2052935
T. Pollak
ABSTRACT The paper explores the therapeutic importance of some structural aspects of the body and the consulting room for integrating primal psychophysical spatiality with children suffering from severe developmental deficiency (mainly autism, but not exclusively). The dominant dimension of those children available for the therapist is their non-communicative corporal organisation and behavioural involvement with physical aspects of the consulting room. The paper introduces the idea of ‘an envelope with openings’, seeing it as an innate multidimensional psychophysical schema. Such a structure fits with the child and the therapist’s body, and characterises the physical aspects of the consulting room. This structural resemblance has the potential of functioning as an intuitive pre-reflective common source for therapeutic communication. It might support the therapist’s somatic openness, crystallise into a countertransference-based corporal communication, functioning as a ‘constitutive intervention’, and thus give organised existence to the primal layer of the child’s experience. This type of intervention invites the therapist to use his body and/or some physical aspect of the room to structure fragmented psychophysical elements into this spatial-temporal embodied schema. Clinical case material from two therapies with children with ASD, and one adult therapy, illustrate this potential, gradually revealing the consulting room as a goldmine inhabited by subjective objects, ready for intersubjective meaning.
摘要本文探讨了身体某些结构方面的治疗重要性,以及咨询室对患有严重发育缺陷(主要是自闭症,但不完全是自闭症)的儿童整合原始心理物理空间的重要性。这些儿童可供治疗师使用的主要方面是他们的非沟通性身体组织和行为参与咨询室的身体方面。本文介绍了“有开口的信封”的概念,将其视为一种天生的多维心理物理图式。这种结构适合孩子和治疗师的身体,并体现了诊室的物理方面。这种结构上的相似性有可能成为治疗沟通的直观、预反射的共同来源。它可能支持治疗师的身体开放性,具体化为基于反移情的身体交流,起到“构成性干预”的作用,从而使孩子体验的原始层有组织地存在。这种类型的干预邀请治疗师使用他的身体和/或房间的某些物理方面,将碎片化的心理物理元素构建成这种时空具体化的图式。来自两种ASD儿童治疗和一种成人治疗的临床案例材料说明了这一潜力,逐渐揭示了诊室是一座由主观对象居住的金矿,为主体间意义做好了准备。
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引用次数: 1
‘I caught you!’ Part 1: maturing separateness within the area of mutuality “我抓到你了!”第1部分:在互惠领域内成熟的分离性
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2037104
S. Levi
ABSTRACT This paper, the first of two parts, aims to highlight the unique contribution that intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy can make with complex cases where, in the absence of an engagement with another mind, self and ego development have been severely arrested. Intensive therapy with a boy aged four who was diagnosed with autism at the age of two is examined, to illustrate how the mind is both internally driven and relationally responsive. This work illustrates how the experience of analytic mutuality enables the development of the child's mental capacity for representation and symbolic thought, as well as relationality. Autistic encapsulation is understood as a psycho-physical protective reaction, rather than a psychodynamic defence mechanism. Clinical vignettes demonstrate how the therapist gradually emerges in the child's mind as an object to relate to and be made use of, alleviating arrested development and enabling the child to evolve from an almost mute, ‘undrawn’, confused and confusing child, into a latency boy with social, academic and behavioural skills.
摘要本文是两部分中的第一部分,旨在强调强化精神分析心理治疗在复杂情况下所能做出的独特贡献,在这些情况下,在没有与另一种思维接触的情况下,自我和自我发展受到严重阻碍。对一名两岁时被诊断为自闭症的四岁男孩进行强化治疗,以说明大脑是如何受到内部驱动和关系反应的。这项工作说明了分析相互性的体验如何使孩子的心理表征能力、象征思维能力以及关系性得到发展。自闭症封装被理解为一种心理-生理保护反应,而不是一种心理动力防御机制。临床小插曲展示了治疗师是如何在孩子的脑海中逐渐成为一个与之相关并被利用的对象的,缓解了发育停滞,使孩子从一个几乎沉默、“未被吸引”、困惑和困惑的孩子进化成一个具有社交、学术和行为技能的潜伏男孩。
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引用次数: 0
The only way: virtual experience becomes emotional reality 唯一的方法是:虚拟体验变成情感现实
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417x.2022.2043413
Stella Acquarone
ABSTRACT The pandemic has seen tele-therapy become ‘the only way’ for all of us, but the author has been using it since 2004 in her parent infant work. While she acknowledges and enumerates some of the frustrations inherent in tele-therapy, associated with its deviation from the classical psychoanalytic method, she also poses several questions: does it broaden the scope of psychoanalysis? Is it consistent with Freud’s ‘hope’ that ‘the increasing experience’ of psychoanalysts will include adaptations on behalf of patients, for instance those who cannot attend sessions in person? [Freud, S. (1912). Recommendations to physicians practising psycho-analysis, section (f). SE, XII, p. 120]. Also, are there aspects of tele-therapy that actually aid rather than hinder the aims, for example, the lessening of inhibition in virtual space? In the discussion, the author focuses on the screen as the defining aspect of tele-therapy. The screen becomes an intermediary point in the therapist–client interaction and relationship, which facilitates new aspects of mental functioning. These new aspects can include assimilating facial expressions (Darwin, 1872), the construction of a virtual space that activates internal objects, the speed needed to handle face-to-face psychoanalytic dialogue, and the surprise felt when internal obstacles or trauma are repositioned, lessened or neutralised in tele-therapy sessions where clients don’t expect their repressed unconscious conflicts to be noticed. In conclusion, the author puts forward a notion that tele-therapy can foster a ‘virtual space that becomes real’, in other words, a virtual experience that can become an emotionally-felt reality.
摘要疫情已经使远程治疗成为我们所有人的“唯一途径”,但作者自2004年以来一直在母婴工作中使用远程治疗。虽然她承认并列举了远程治疗中固有的一些挫折,这些挫折与传统精神分析方法的偏离有关,但她也提出了几个问题:它是否扩大了精神分析的范围?这是否符合弗洛伊德的“希望”,即精神分析学家的“日益增长的经验”将包括代表患者的适应,例如那些不能亲自参加会议的患者?[弗洛伊德,S.(1912)。对从事心理分析的医生的建议,第(f)节。SE,XII,第120页]。此外,远程治疗的某些方面是否真的有助于而不是阻碍目标,例如,减少虚拟空间中的抑制?在讨论中,作者将屏幕作为远程治疗的定义方面。屏幕成为治疗师与客户互动和关系的中间点,促进了心理功能的新方面。这些新的方面可以包括同化面部表情(Darwin,1872),构建一个激活内部物体的虚拟空间,处理面对面的精神分析对话所需的速度,以及当内部障碍或创伤被重新定位时所感受到的惊喜,在远程治疗过程中,客户不希望他们压抑的无意识冲突被注意到。最后,作者提出了一个概念,即远程治疗可以培养一个“变得真实的虚拟空间”,换句话说,一种可以成为情感现实的虚拟体验。
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引用次数: 0
Living through trauma: to bear the unbearable, to speak the unspeakable 经历创伤:忍受无法忍受的,说出无法言说的
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2047762
Sofia Anassontzi, Ira Kollia
ABSTRACT A traumatic situation can be both cataclysmic and disorganising, while putting the whole existence of the individual to the test. Every trauma causes either minor or major rifts in the psyche, thus putting a strain on the patient’s present, past and future. Specifically, when the traumatic experience remains without adequate mentalization, in an instinctive form, it can severely affect the patient, both psychologically and socially. In this paper, we discuss the dual dimension of the traumatic experience. Firstly, since the psyche cannot elaborate the traumatic event or situation psychologically, only minor symbolic or mental representations are available, and the traumatic content cannot find its place in the patient’s psychic history. Since the trauma cannot be worked through psychologically, it usually comprises a massive experience of deadly anxieties, mixed with somatic and sensorial memories. Secondly, the consequences of the trauma have a social dimension. Individuals may feel disconnected and disengaged from their social existence and identity, alone and unprotected, as trauma can lead to them questioning their social identity. The unearthing of the previous psychic traumas explains why the therapy of traumatised patients demands in-depth, individual therapeutic work. Trauma therefore attacks in a dual manner, setting out to test all the aspects of the individual’s functioning. The therapeutic challenges for working with traumatised children and adolescents are considerable, as the clinical vignettes illustrate.
摘要一个创伤的情况可能是灾难性的,也可能是无序的,同时也会考验个人的整体存在。每一次创伤都会在心理上造成轻微或重大的裂痕,从而给患者的现在、过去和未来带来压力。具体而言,当创伤经历仍然没有以本能的形式得到充分的心理化时,它会严重影响患者的心理和社会。在本文中,我们讨论了创伤经历的双重维度。首先,由于心理无法从心理上阐述创伤事件或情况,因此只有轻微的象征或心理表征可用,创伤内容无法在患者的心理史中找到位置。由于创伤无法从心理上解决,它通常包括大量致命焦虑的经历,夹杂着身体和感官记忆。第二,创伤的后果具有社会层面。个人可能会感到与自己的社会存在和身份脱节,孤独且没有保护,因为创伤会导致他们质疑自己的社会身份。先前精神创伤的发现解释了为什么创伤患者的治疗需要深入的、个性化的治疗工作。因此,创伤以双重方式发作,开始测试个人功能的各个方面。正如临床小插曲所示,治疗创伤儿童和青少年的挑战是相当大的。
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引用次数: 0
The work of whiteness: A psychoanalytic perspective 白的工作:精神分析的视角
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417x.2022.2045341
Rachel Acheson, Alexandra de Rementeria
This book centres on the experience of ‘whiteness’, and how it operates within a systemically racist society. The author, Helen Morgan, is white, and observes in the preface to this book how this is an aspect of identity that can be experienced as ‘normal’ or invisible, therefore allowing her the option to disregard it, and the topic of racism, altogether. This book is a challenge to that position, and convincingly argues that for white people not to see the world along racial lines, and acknowledge their inherited privilege, points to an internal ‘blindness’ or ‘dumbness’ that preserves racism and white supremacy. Morgan argues that by choosing to ‘remain unconscious of a crucial aspect of our lives and ourselves’ (p. xiii), we block our path to individuation. Within this is the idea that racism hurts us all; the book explores why then, if this is the case, racism remains functional within society, and why the psychoanalytic community may have been, and remains, resistant to deeper exploration and action to address and understand it. The introduction to this book begins with a clear statement that there is no biological or genetic basis for humans to be divided by race. While this reminder of the facts may strike some as unnecessary, it clarifies that we are thinking about a system that arose for social, economic, and political reasons, and has no objective origin. The book goes on to outline the history of the civil rights movement within the UK, and defines terms used throughout the book. Morgan then outlines why a psychoanalytic perspective on racism is important. She suggests that while, as a profession, we have developed and refined theories on how a racist thought or act emerges from within an individual's psyche, we have disregarded larger socio-economic determinants, the ‘racist template’ into which we in the Western world are born. Morgan argues that -
这本书以“白人”的经历为中心,以及它如何在一个系统性种族主义社会中运作。作者海伦·摩根(Helen Morgan)是白人,她在本书的序言中观察到,这是身份的一个方面,可以被视为“正常”或不可见,因此她可以选择完全无视它和种族主义话题。这本书对这一立场提出了挑战,并令人信服地认为,白人不按照种族界限看待世界,不承认他们继承的特权,这表明了一种内在的“盲目”或“愚蠢”,这种盲目或愚蠢会保留种族主义和白人至上主义。Morgan认为,通过选择“对我们生活和我们自己的一个关键方面保持无意识”(第十三页),我们阻碍了个性化的道路。种族主义伤害了我们所有人;这本书探讨了为什么,如果是这样的话,种族主义仍然在社会中发挥作用,以及为什么精神分析界可能一直并仍然抵制更深入的探索和行动来解决和理解它。这本书的引言以一个明确的声明开始,即人类没有按种族划分的生物学或遗传学基础。虽然这种对事实的提醒可能会让一些人觉得没有必要,但它澄清了我们所思考的是一个出于社会、经济和政治原因而产生的、没有客观根源的制度。这本书接着概述了英国民权运动的历史,并定义了整本书中使用的术语。Morgan随后概述了为什么对种族主义的精神分析观点很重要。她表示,尽管作为一种职业,我们已经发展和完善了关于种族主义思想或行为如何从个人心理中产生的理论,但我们忽视了更大的社会经济决定因素,即我们西方世界出生的“种族主义模板”。Morgan认为-
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引用次数: 0
Respark: igniting hope and joy after depression and trauma Respark:在抑郁和创伤后点燃希望和欢乐
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2037103
Rachel Pardoe
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引用次数: 0
‘I caught you!’ Part 2: enriching the external reality “我抓到你了!”第二部分:丰富外部现实
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2044370
S. Levi
ABSTRACT This paper describes and explores the second part of the therapeutic treatment of a young boy who was diagnosed with autism, aged two. In the previous paper, his intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy and his mind’s growth were covered. In this paper, his non-intensive psychotherapy, parent work, a home-enrichment programme, a structured personality assessment (including use of the WISC-III UK), and mainstream integration will be reported on. The aim of this account is to argue that differential diagnosis is essential for complex cases where there is early neglect and abuse in the child’s developmental history. A psychoanalytic approach that includes personality assessment is suggested to accompany, and even at times replace, the more widely used medical and behavioural assessment methods. It is argued that this can be more comprehensive and helpful in getting to the bottom of the child’s psychological and developmental difficulties, and so can aid in planning effective treatment and support.
本文描述并探讨了一名两岁被诊断为自闭症的男孩的治疗方法的第二部分。在前一篇论文中,他深入的精神分析心理治疗和他的心智成长都被涵盖在内。在这篇论文中,将报道他的非强化心理治疗、父母工作、家庭充实计划、结构化人格评估(包括英国WISC-III的使用)和主流融合。本报告的目的是认为,对于儿童发育史中存在早期忽视和虐待的复杂病例,鉴别诊断至关重要。包括人格评估在内的精神分析方法被建议伴随,甚至有时取代更广泛使用的医学和行为评估方法。有人认为,这可以更全面,有助于弄清孩子的心理和发育困难,从而有助于规划有效的治疗和支持。
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引用次数: 0
How to do things with questions: the role of patients’ questions in Short-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (STPP) with depressed adolescents 如何处理问题:患者问题在短期精神分析心理治疗(STPP)中对抑郁青少年的作用
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2042584
Yael Yadlin, E. Edginton, G. Lepper, N. Midgley
ABSTRACT The role of patients’ questions in psychoanalytic psychotherapy is a neglected topic in the clinical and research literature. This qualitative study aims to bridge this gap by exploring the role of patients’ questions in Short-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy (STPP) with adolescents suffering from depression. This is a single case study, focusing on the interaction between the patient and his therapist when questions were asked by the patient, using conversation analysis methodology. Data was taken from the IMPACT study, a randomised controlled trial, investigating three types of therapy in the treatment of adolescent depression. The findings identify some typical ways in which the therapist responded to the patient’s questions, and show that ‘surprising behaviours’ that seem associated with heightened affect appeared when the patient asked a question, leading to an enlivening of the therapeutic interaction. The study examines the significance of these findings within the context of the therapeutic relationship and discusses the implication of these findings for technique.
摘要在临床和研究文献中,患者问题在精神分析心理治疗中的作用是一个被忽视的话题。这项定性研究旨在通过探索患者问题在患有抑郁症的青少年短期精神分析心理治疗(STPP)中的作用来弥合这一差距。这是一个单一的案例研究,重点是当患者提出问题时,使用对话分析方法,患者和他的治疗师之间的互动。数据来自IMPACT研究,这是一项随机对照试验,研究了青少年抑郁症的三种治疗方法。研究结果确定了治疗师回答患者问题的一些典型方式,并表明当患者提出问题时,似乎与情感增强有关的“令人惊讶的行为”出现了,从而使治疗互动变得活跃起来。该研究在治疗关系的背景下考察了这些发现的意义,并讨论了这些发现对技术的意义。
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引用次数: 0
High-functioning autism: changes over fourteen years of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: part three 高功能自闭症:14年来精神分析心理治疗的变化:第三部分
IF 0.4 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/0075417X.2022.2040573
R. Holloway
ABSTRACT This paper is the third of a triptych of papers. The word ‘triptych’ refers to traditional religious paintings, where three panels are joined with hinges. Each of the three papers in this triptych outlines certain aspects of my patient Sam’s fourteen year psychotherapy. When these papers are read together, they provide a detailed exploration of the most noteworthy changes I have observed in Sam over the fourteen years of our therapeutic relationship. This third and final part deals with the way that Sam’s defensive structures have developed and shifted over fourteen years. It integrates material from all three papers, and makes a foray into theorising about some possible aetiological sources of ASD, emphasising psychodynamic aspects. Taken together, the three papers are my effort to map out the important psychodynamic changes in Sam’s functioning across fourteen years of treatment.
摘要本文是一系列论文中的第三篇。“三联画”一词指的是传统的宗教绘画,其中三块面板用铰链连接。这幅三联画中的三篇论文中的每一篇都概述了我的病人Sam十四年心理治疗的某些方面。当这些论文一起阅读时,它们详细探讨了我在Sam 14年的治疗关系中观察到的最值得注意的变化。这第三部分也是最后一部分讲述了山姆的防守结构在十四年中的发展和转变。它整合了所有三篇论文的材料,并对ASD的一些可能病因进行了理论探讨,强调了心理动力学方面。总之,这三篇论文是我为绘制Sam在14年的治疗中功能的重要心理动力学变化所做的努力。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOTHERAPY
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