J. Odmins, K. Slics, R. Fenuks, E. Linina, K. Osmanis, I. Osmanis
Abstract The paper analyses the constraints related to optical tracking of an HMD with a single commercial binocular stereoscopic optical tracking system and offers an overview of different factors affecting the best active fiducial set-up and marker geometries for reliable tracking with a focus on the rotational accuracy of a marker. Two IR diode models with different emission characteristics were tested as active fiducials and the results were compared to localization accuracy of passive fiducials. In terms of preferable marker geometry, it was found that the area enclosed by the fiducials should be maximized. Thus, due to geometrical constraints, very small marker geometries may not be stable or feasible entirely. Rotational accuracy was analysed for cases when the marker was not directly facing the tracking device and it was found that rotation about one axis introduced errors to the determined orientation in space related to the other axes as well.
{"title":"Comparison of Passive and Active Fiducials for Optical Tracking","authors":"J. Odmins, K. Slics, R. Fenuks, E. Linina, K. Osmanis, I. Osmanis","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper analyses the constraints related to optical tracking of an HMD with a single commercial binocular stereoscopic optical tracking system and offers an overview of different factors affecting the best active fiducial set-up and marker geometries for reliable tracking with a focus on the rotational accuracy of a marker. Two IR diode models with different emission characteristics were tested as active fiducials and the results were compared to localization accuracy of passive fiducials. In terms of preferable marker geometry, it was found that the area enclosed by the fiducials should be maximized. Thus, due to geometrical constraints, very small marker geometries may not be stable or feasible entirely. Rotational accuracy was analysed for cases when the marker was not directly facing the tracking device and it was found that rotation about one axis introduced errors to the determined orientation in space related to the other axes as well.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"46 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47108308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This review article covers the topics of evaluation and experimental determination of oxygen mass transfer coefficients (kLa) for their application in characterising bioreactors and fermentations processes. The article provides a comparison of different experimental approaches for determining kLa in bioreactors. Additionally, the influence of bioreactor design and fermentation parameters on kLa is discussed. The aim of the article is to provide useful information regarding the approaches for selecting bioreactors and their working regimes to achieve optimal fermentation results.
{"title":"Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient Application in Characterisation of Bioreactors and Fermentation Processes","authors":"J. Vanags, A. Suleiko","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review article covers the topics of evaluation and experimental determination of oxygen mass transfer coefficients (kLa) for their application in characterising bioreactors and fermentations processes. The article provides a comparison of different experimental approaches for determining kLa in bioreactors. Additionally, the influence of bioreactor design and fermentation parameters on kLa is discussed. The aim of the article is to provide useful information regarding the approaches for selecting bioreactors and their working regimes to achieve optimal fermentation results.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"21 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49554118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract With an emphasis on the visual appearance of buildings, surface and internal gas pipelines are being built into structures and walls, which can affect system serviceability and occupant safety. When placing gas pipelines in a closed room (shafts, ducts, facade structures, etc.) there is a risk that in case of leakage, natural gas will accumulate in the room, which together with the ambient air, within the specified concentration limits, forms an explosive mixture. The present paper analyses the built-in internal gas pipeline systems, their installation norms, operation and maintenance problems in different types of buildings. It is shown that requirements do not cover all possible gas pipeline installation options. The analysis of the gas supply system operator shows that non-compliance with the applicable norms has been identified in every third of the 400,000 gas consumers in Latvia in the surface and internal gas pipeline system. To improve and develop safety requirements, it is planned to perform an experiment that is described in detail in this paper. Pre-experimental calculations are made to set reference points in the study and find the main influencing parameters on gas leakage process.
{"title":"Influence of Internal Gas Pipelines Built into the Structure on the Safety of Residents and Energy Eficiency Factors of the Building","authors":"A. Romānovs, J. Tihana, N. Kondrahins","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With an emphasis on the visual appearance of buildings, surface and internal gas pipelines are being built into structures and walls, which can affect system serviceability and occupant safety. When placing gas pipelines in a closed room (shafts, ducts, facade structures, etc.) there is a risk that in case of leakage, natural gas will accumulate in the room, which together with the ambient air, within the specified concentration limits, forms an explosive mixture. The present paper analyses the built-in internal gas pipeline systems, their installation norms, operation and maintenance problems in different types of buildings. It is shown that requirements do not cover all possible gas pipeline installation options. The analysis of the gas supply system operator shows that non-compliance with the applicable norms has been identified in every third of the 400,000 gas consumers in Latvia in the surface and internal gas pipeline system. To improve and develop safety requirements, it is planned to perform an experiment that is described in detail in this paper. Pre-experimental calculations are made to set reference points in the study and find the main influencing parameters on gas leakage process.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"33 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44392600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the results of the research, which was initiated in our previous publication. The main goal of the research is to develop and validate our own multi-objective simulation tool for determination of optimal mix and sizing of off-grid and grid-connected microgrid systems. The first version of the developed model was tailored specifically for simulation of household off-grid system, which consisted of solar photovoltaics (PV), micro wind turbine, electric batteries, and backup power generator. Proposed algorithms are based on simulation of mentioned resources and hourly electric loads of off-grid system with the objective to reduce unsupplied energy volumes and total system costs. Several alternatives were considered with different configurations of the off-grid system and dispatching strategies of available resources. The developed model was validated with calculations of real off-grid system and results were compared to those, which were made in the previous publication, using Homer Pro software.
{"title":"Mathematical Model for Household Off-Grid Simulation (Off-Grid System Sizing)","authors":"E. Groza, K. Gičevskis, O. Linkevičs, S. Ķiene","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the results of the research, which was initiated in our previous publication. The main goal of the research is to develop and validate our own multi-objective simulation tool for determination of optimal mix and sizing of off-grid and grid-connected microgrid systems. The first version of the developed model was tailored specifically for simulation of household off-grid system, which consisted of solar photovoltaics (PV), micro wind turbine, electric batteries, and backup power generator. Proposed algorithms are based on simulation of mentioned resources and hourly electric loads of off-grid system with the objective to reduce unsupplied energy volumes and total system costs. Several alternatives were considered with different configurations of the off-grid system and dispatching strategies of available resources. The developed model was validated with calculations of real off-grid system and results were compared to those, which were made in the previous publication, using Homer Pro software.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"3 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41490296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Jansons, L. Zemite, N. Zeltiņš, I. Bode, I. Geipele, K. Kiesners
Abstract Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element on the Earth, and it has really a wide variety of applications, starting from use in refining, petrochemical industry, steel manufacturing, and ending with use in energy production and renewable gas (hereinafter – RG) blending for gradual replacement of natural gas in all sectors of the national economy. Being practically emission-free, if produced in sustainable way or from renewable energy sources (hereinafter – RES), hydrogen is regarded as one of the most promising energy sources for decarbonisation of practically the entire segment of industrial and energy production. Growing pressure of the European climate neutrality targets has triggered special interest in production, use, storage and transportation of hydrogen – especially the green one, which can be used in at least four fundamental ways: as a basic material, a fuel, an energy carrier and an energy storage medium. In the context of sector coupling, however, hydrogen facilitates decarbonisation of those industrial processes and economic sectors in which carbon dioxide (hereinafter – CO2) emissions can either not be reduced by electrification or this reduction would be minimal and linked to very high implementation costs. At the same time, development of an extensive hydrogen economy is the key to the achievement of the European climate protection targets, with the European Commission’s (hereinafter – EC) Hydrogen Strategy, a framework created in 2020 to develop and promote sustainable hydrogen economy in the European Union (hereinafter – EU), in its centre. Green hydrogen also will take its legitimate place in the gaseous fuel diversification risk management strategy, as this gaseous fuel is not only one of the most perspective future energy sources, but also one of the most volatile and demanding sources. In the process of gaseous fuel diversification in the EU and worldwide, new logistical chains and supply – demand networks of green hydrogen will emerge. Therefore, adequate addressing of potential challenges of this new regional and global production, delivery and consumption framework will be of utmost importance for secure, safe and predictable functioning of future energy systems.
{"title":"The Green Hydrogen and the EU Gaseous Fuel Diversification Risks","authors":"L. Jansons, L. Zemite, N. Zeltiņš, I. Bode, I. Geipele, K. Kiesners","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element on the Earth, and it has really a wide variety of applications, starting from use in refining, petrochemical industry, steel manufacturing, and ending with use in energy production and renewable gas (hereinafter – RG) blending for gradual replacement of natural gas in all sectors of the national economy. Being practically emission-free, if produced in sustainable way or from renewable energy sources (hereinafter – RES), hydrogen is regarded as one of the most promising energy sources for decarbonisation of practically the entire segment of industrial and energy production. Growing pressure of the European climate neutrality targets has triggered special interest in production, use, storage and transportation of hydrogen – especially the green one, which can be used in at least four fundamental ways: as a basic material, a fuel, an energy carrier and an energy storage medium. In the context of sector coupling, however, hydrogen facilitates decarbonisation of those industrial processes and economic sectors in which carbon dioxide (hereinafter – CO2) emissions can either not be reduced by electrification or this reduction would be minimal and linked to very high implementation costs. At the same time, development of an extensive hydrogen economy is the key to the achievement of the European climate protection targets, with the European Commission’s (hereinafter – EC) Hydrogen Strategy, a framework created in 2020 to develop and promote sustainable hydrogen economy in the European Union (hereinafter – EU), in its centre. Green hydrogen also will take its legitimate place in the gaseous fuel diversification risk management strategy, as this gaseous fuel is not only one of the most perspective future energy sources, but also one of the most volatile and demanding sources. In the process of gaseous fuel diversification in the EU and worldwide, new logistical chains and supply – demand networks of green hydrogen will emerge. Therefore, adequate addressing of potential challenges of this new regional and global production, delivery and consumption framework will be of utmost importance for secure, safe and predictable functioning of future energy systems.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"53 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44752817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Gulbis, U. Brakanskis, E. Kamoliņš, M. Gorobecs, A. Potapovs, K. Sejejs, J. Zarembo, V. Burenin
Abstract The paper describes the design and control method of the synchronous reluctance machine with improved efficiency compared to traction induction motor for electric vehicle application. Magnetic field finite element modelling is used in the design process. The paper presents load characteristics calculation method for the design process, considering the cross magnetic saturation effect. Control algorithm with constant d-axis current control method is developed in the research. The prototype of the machine is constructed and tested.
{"title":"Analysis of Test Results of the Developed Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Public Transport Application","authors":"K. Gulbis, U. Brakanskis, E. Kamoliņš, M. Gorobecs, A. Potapovs, K. Sejejs, J. Zarembo, V. Burenin","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper describes the design and control method of the synchronous reluctance machine with improved efficiency compared to traction induction motor for electric vehicle application. Magnetic field finite element modelling is used in the design process. The paper presents load characteristics calculation method for the design process, considering the cross magnetic saturation effect. Control algorithm with constant d-axis current control method is developed in the research. The prototype of the machine is constructed and tested.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"36 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42718778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Operational monitoring of large sea aquatorium areas with the aim of detecting and controlling oil pollution is now carried out using various technological systems, such as satellite remote sensing, sea-going vessels, various aircraft and remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). Currently, the use of RPA for the fulfilment of monitoring tasks in the aquatorium is being intensively developed and can eliminate problems of remote sensing performed by satellites and piloted aircraft, such as short presence in the monitoring area, very long delay of information (up to 48 hours) and low quality of imagery. This paper presents mathematical modelling of RPA multi-sensor pay-loads for oil spill detection, monitoring and control. Information obtained from payload sensors is critical for increasing effectiveness of detection and monitoring of oil spills. Nowadays, many types of sensors are used for oil spill detection and monitoring. The most common sensors for detection of oil pollution are optical, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal and laser fluorometers. Some oil pollution detection sensors have limitations, such as false alarm, only daytime operation, weather restrictions. Airborne remote sensors cannot provide all information required for detection of and response to oil spills, and water quality monitoring in the spill area. A model for selecting sensors for multi sensor payload that will make it possible to optimize the application of RPA for oil spill detection was developed. The RPA payload can be increased/reduced to the greatest possible extent with the help of different types of equipment at various parameters. The mathematical model of the integrated payload considers detection capability of sensors, weather conditions, sensor characteristics, and false alarm rate. The optimal multi-sensor payload will optimize the application of RPA for oil spill detection and monitoring.
{"title":"Analysis of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Payload for Oil Spill Detection","authors":"V. Zavtkevics, M. Urbaha","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Operational monitoring of large sea aquatorium areas with the aim of detecting and controlling oil pollution is now carried out using various technological systems, such as satellite remote sensing, sea-going vessels, various aircraft and remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). Currently, the use of RPA for the fulfilment of monitoring tasks in the aquatorium is being intensively developed and can eliminate problems of remote sensing performed by satellites and piloted aircraft, such as short presence in the monitoring area, very long delay of information (up to 48 hours) and low quality of imagery. This paper presents mathematical modelling of RPA multi-sensor pay-loads for oil spill detection, monitoring and control. Information obtained from payload sensors is critical for increasing effectiveness of detection and monitoring of oil spills. Nowadays, many types of sensors are used for oil spill detection and monitoring. The most common sensors for detection of oil pollution are optical, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal and laser fluorometers. Some oil pollution detection sensors have limitations, such as false alarm, only daytime operation, weather restrictions. Airborne remote sensors cannot provide all information required for detection of and response to oil spills, and water quality monitoring in the spill area. A model for selecting sensors for multi sensor payload that will make it possible to optimize the application of RPA for oil spill detection was developed. The RPA payload can be increased/reduced to the greatest possible extent with the help of different types of equipment at various parameters. The mathematical model of the integrated payload considers detection capability of sensors, weather conditions, sensor characteristics, and false alarm rate. The optimal multi-sensor payload will optimize the application of RPA for oil spill detection and monitoring.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"71 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49506289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Throughout the centuries, Riga has been the city with dynamic development. Its territory has unceasingly expanded, whereby previously unused territories have been urbanized. Managers of the city understood already at the end of 19th century that unified geodetic network had great importance in the development of the city. Since then, Riga’s local geodetic network has evolved with the city, several coordinate and height systems have been replaced, but the task has remained the same – to provide a flawless, homogeneous geodetic foundation for various surveying activities. In 2018, the development of the local geodetic network in several parts of the city was completed, whereby the problem arose – altitude values of surveyed terrain points determined by using the improved geodetic network did not coincide with altitude values determined using the GNSS method. Considering the above-mentioned problem, the objectives of this study were set: to plan and carry out control measurements of the improved local geodetic network in the vicinity of Grizinkalns, to provide analysis of the obtained results and recommendations for further development of a local geodetic network. The difference between the heights determined by the geometric levelling method and the heights determined by the GNSS method shall not exceed 2 mm. According to the GNSS method, using the quasi-geoid model LV’14 v2, the determined heights of the geodetic grid points differ from the given ones by 0.062 m on average. The differences are systematic. To overcome these differences, the quasi-geoid model needs to be refined.
{"title":"Development Solutions of Riga City Local Geodetic Network","authors":"A. Celms, J. Kaminskis, J. Akmentins, I. Vārna","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Throughout the centuries, Riga has been the city with dynamic development. Its territory has unceasingly expanded, whereby previously unused territories have been urbanized. Managers of the city understood already at the end of 19th century that unified geodetic network had great importance in the development of the city. Since then, Riga’s local geodetic network has evolved with the city, several coordinate and height systems have been replaced, but the task has remained the same – to provide a flawless, homogeneous geodetic foundation for various surveying activities. In 2018, the development of the local geodetic network in several parts of the city was completed, whereby the problem arose – altitude values of surveyed terrain points determined by using the improved geodetic network did not coincide with altitude values determined using the GNSS method. Considering the above-mentioned problem, the objectives of this study were set: to plan and carry out control measurements of the improved local geodetic network in the vicinity of Grizinkalns, to provide analysis of the obtained results and recommendations for further development of a local geodetic network. The difference between the heights determined by the geometric levelling method and the heights determined by the GNSS method shall not exceed 2 mm. According to the GNSS method, using the quasi-geoid model LV’14 v2, the determined heights of the geodetic grid points differ from the given ones by 0.062 m on average. The differences are systematic. To overcome these differences, the quasi-geoid model needs to be refined.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"83 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48370689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The migration of elementary electronic excitations was studied in a single crystal of stishovite and compared with migration in a crystal of α-quartz and polycrystalline stishovite powder. The research method is based on comparing the transfer of absorbed energy to luminescence centers, used as detectors of quasiparticles, and the near-surface nonradiative annihilation of electronic excitations. A sign of migration is the appearance of some minima in the photoluminescence (PLE) excitation spectrum in the region of maxima in the intrinsic absorption spectrum. The PLE spectrum of stishovite contains the first minimum at 9.8 eV, indicating the migration of electronic excitations and the existence of an intrinsic absorption band in stishovite at 9.8 eV. In α-quartz, the first minimum in the PLE spectrum is located at 10.5 eV and corresponds well to the intrinsic absorption band of the exciton.
{"title":"Energy Transport in SiO2 Crystals: Luminescence Excitation Spectra of Stishovite and α-Quartz","authors":"A. Trukhin","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The migration of elementary electronic excitations was studied in a single crystal of stishovite and compared with migration in a crystal of α-quartz and polycrystalline stishovite powder. The research method is based on comparing the transfer of absorbed energy to luminescence centers, used as detectors of quasiparticles, and the near-surface nonradiative annihilation of electronic excitations. A sign of migration is the appearance of some minima in the photoluminescence (PLE) excitation spectrum in the region of maxima in the intrinsic absorption spectrum. The PLE spectrum of stishovite contains the first minimum at 9.8 eV, indicating the migration of electronic excitations and the existence of an intrinsic absorption band in stishovite at 9.8 eV. In α-quartz, the first minimum in the PLE spectrum is located at 10.5 eV and corresponds well to the intrinsic absorption band of the exciton.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"19 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45797850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ozols, G. Mozolevskis, R. Žalubovskis, M. Rutkis
Abstract We report the measuring method of scattering type display liquid crystal layer thickness based on capacitance values suitable for inline production process control. The method is selected for its effectiveness and simplicity over spectroscopic methods as conventional methods for scattering type displays are not applicable. During the method approbation process, a novel diffuser liquid crystal mixture refractive index was determined based on liquid crystal layer thickness measurement data.
{"title":"Development of Liquid Crystal Layer Thickness and Refractive Index Measurement Methods for Scattering Type Liquid Crystal Displays","authors":"A. Ozols, G. Mozolevskis, R. Žalubovskis, M. Rutkis","doi":"10.2478/lpts-2022-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We report the measuring method of scattering type display liquid crystal layer thickness based on capacitance values suitable for inline production process control. The method is selected for its effectiveness and simplicity over spectroscopic methods as conventional methods for scattering type displays are not applicable. During the method approbation process, a novel diffuser liquid crystal mixture refractive index was determined based on liquid crystal layer thickness measurement data.","PeriodicalId":43603,"journal":{"name":"Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"25 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44867397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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