Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932579
Carolina Uppenberg
{"title":"Med kjønnsperspektiv på norsk historie [With gender perspective on Norwegian history]","authors":"Carolina Uppenberg","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"216 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48245664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932578
Mats Olsson
The great story of Denmark’s historical transformation is about a peasant emancipation, which within the course of a hundred years leads to an exceptional economic development based on the export o...
{"title":"A land of milk and butter: how elites created the modern Danish dairy industry","authors":"Mats Olsson","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932578","url":null,"abstract":"The great story of Denmark’s historical transformation is about a peasant emancipation, which within the course of a hundred years leads to an exceptional economic development based on the export o...","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"326 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932577
Leos Müller
cannot be understood without understanding people. Nils Karsson, for his part, examines the views of the Swedish economist Erik Dahmén (1906–2005) and the way Dahmén emphasised the importance of empirical research in the discussion of economic theory. In the last method-oriented chapter,Håkan Lindgren examines the distribution of household wealth and the importance of including negative wealth in the calculation. None of these chapters focus solely on methodological issues; instead, they emphasise reflection on method and research trends. For the most part, these perspectives are related to sources for and perspectives on historical research. The following five chapters are qualitative case studies with empirical contributions to specific discussions. First,Martin Jes Iversen looks at the networking of shipping companies during the first globalisation. According to him, networks were important means of operating in international trade before formal institutions for cross-border trade. Bengt Åke Berg examines the Swedish sales cooperative’s fight against producer cartels. As a result, the co-op expanded its operations to the manufacturing of margarine, rubber products and flour, becoming a cooperative conglomerate. Jari Ojala, by contrast, examines the problems of export shipping and changes in the logic of Finnish shipping. According to him, Finnish paper industry exports moved to the modern industrial shipping model in the 1970s. This meant that transportation specialised in certain products, such as paper, largely abandoning the traditional mindset of maritime transportation. Jan Ottosson looks at interlocking directorates and boards between companies. In particular, he examines the activities of banks’ representatives in corporate governance. In the last article, Paloma Fernández Pérez and Aurelia Hernández discuss the role of legislation and taxation in the generational change of Spanish family businesses. According to them, taxation has a long-term impact on family-owned companies of different sizes. The peer-reviewed chapters are of high quality and represent good state-of-the-art research in their respective areas. Despite their strengths, these chapters are individual research papers and do not specifically seek to compile the latest trends or outline future directions for research. Together, however, they offer a rather interesting cross-section of current research themes. In my opinion, the book is interesting precisely because I became familiar with a rather wide range of different topics, while also finding some new perspectives related to my own interests. The book, which includes several very different types of chapters, is especially suitable for a reader who wants to remain aware of Nordic research currents. In this respect, it will certainly be of interest to many of the Scandinavian Economic History Review’s readers. On the whole, the book leaves the reader with a good-natured, somewhat optimistic and even downright encouraging
{"title":"Danmark som søfartsnation – Fortællinger, interesser og identitet gennem 250 år","authors":"Leos Müller","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932577","url":null,"abstract":"cannot be understood without understanding people. Nils Karsson, for his part, examines the views of the Swedish economist Erik Dahmén (1906–2005) and the way Dahmén emphasised the importance of empirical research in the discussion of economic theory. In the last method-oriented chapter,Håkan Lindgren examines the distribution of household wealth and the importance of including negative wealth in the calculation. None of these chapters focus solely on methodological issues; instead, they emphasise reflection on method and research trends. For the most part, these perspectives are related to sources for and perspectives on historical research. The following five chapters are qualitative case studies with empirical contributions to specific discussions. First,Martin Jes Iversen looks at the networking of shipping companies during the first globalisation. According to him, networks were important means of operating in international trade before formal institutions for cross-border trade. Bengt Åke Berg examines the Swedish sales cooperative’s fight against producer cartels. As a result, the co-op expanded its operations to the manufacturing of margarine, rubber products and flour, becoming a cooperative conglomerate. Jari Ojala, by contrast, examines the problems of export shipping and changes in the logic of Finnish shipping. According to him, Finnish paper industry exports moved to the modern industrial shipping model in the 1970s. This meant that transportation specialised in certain products, such as paper, largely abandoning the traditional mindset of maritime transportation. Jan Ottosson looks at interlocking directorates and boards between companies. In particular, he examines the activities of banks’ representatives in corporate governance. In the last article, Paloma Fernández Pérez and Aurelia Hernández discuss the role of legislation and taxation in the generational change of Spanish family businesses. According to them, taxation has a long-term impact on family-owned companies of different sizes. The peer-reviewed chapters are of high quality and represent good state-of-the-art research in their respective areas. Despite their strengths, these chapters are individual research papers and do not specifically seek to compile the latest trends or outline future directions for research. Together, however, they offer a rather interesting cross-section of current research themes. In my opinion, the book is interesting precisely because I became familiar with a rather wide range of different topics, while also finding some new perspectives related to my own interests. The book, which includes several very different types of chapters, is especially suitable for a reader who wants to remain aware of Nordic research currents. In this respect, it will certainly be of interest to many of the Scandinavian Economic History Review’s readers. On the whole, the book leaves the reader with a good-natured, somewhat optimistic and even downright encouraging ","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"324 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43174023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932570
O. H. Grytten
This is a very interesting book on conflicting interests in Norwegian trade policy, basically from 1970 until 2015. It is definitely worth reading for economic and political historians. It was first published in 2015 and came online in 2020. The editors clearly state in their introduction that Norway historically has been a trading economy, with international trade as an important factor for the economic, regional and cultural development, as a way of living. They also stress that openness when it comes to trade is part of its national identity. Despite public announcements of a high degree of political agreement in international trade questions, the editors argue that this politics contains considerable disagreements and conflicts of interests. This, in fact, represents the red thread of the book. The book holds a successful inter-disciplinary exercise with emphasis on economics, history and political science. It discusses political conditions for trade policy and economic consequences, all in a historical perspective. WTO is central as it stresses differences between multilateral and bilateral trade agreements. It is meant as both an academic analysis of the past and an input for future debate on trade policy. The editors’ departure is that classical conflicts of interests within trade policy often exist between offensive and defensive interests. The first ones have strong competitive power, and thus, prefer a liberal trade policy with open borders, when defensive industries with weak competitive power fear competition, and thus, demand protection of domestic markets. Since the 1970s, the Norwegian both the industrial and industrial policy developments have made fish and fish farming one of the ‘offensive’ actors, when agriculture and textile industries represent ‘defensive’ actor. Other offensive industries are oil and gas and maritime and marine services, which, however, are less impacted by trade policy. Here one could have elaborated more on the development of fisheries from being a defensive to an offensive industry.
{"title":"Interessekonflikter i norsk handelspolitikk","authors":"O. H. Grytten","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932570","url":null,"abstract":"This is a very interesting book on conflicting interests in Norwegian trade policy, basically from 1970 until 2015. It is definitely worth reading for economic and political historians. It was first published in 2015 and came online in 2020. The editors clearly state in their introduction that Norway historically has been a trading economy, with international trade as an important factor for the economic, regional and cultural development, as a way of living. They also stress that openness when it comes to trade is part of its national identity. Despite public announcements of a high degree of political agreement in international trade questions, the editors argue that this politics contains considerable disagreements and conflicts of interests. This, in fact, represents the red thread of the book. The book holds a successful inter-disciplinary exercise with emphasis on economics, history and political science. It discusses political conditions for trade policy and economic consequences, all in a historical perspective. WTO is central as it stresses differences between multilateral and bilateral trade agreements. It is meant as both an academic analysis of the past and an input for future debate on trade policy. The editors’ departure is that classical conflicts of interests within trade policy often exist between offensive and defensive interests. The first ones have strong competitive power, and thus, prefer a liberal trade policy with open borders, when defensive industries with weak competitive power fear competition, and thus, demand protection of domestic markets. Since the 1970s, the Norwegian both the industrial and industrial policy developments have made fish and fish farming one of the ‘offensive’ actors, when agriculture and textile industries represent ‘defensive’ actor. Other offensive industries are oil and gas and maritime and marine services, which, however, are less impacted by trade policy. Here one could have elaborated more on the development of fisheries from being a defensive to an offensive industry.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"108 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42250978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431
Björn Eriksson, Maria Stanfors
ABSTRACT Migration played a central role in industrialisation by reallocating labour from the countryside to urban areas and centres of manufacturing where it was in high demand, and better remunerated, with implications for economic growth and individual well-being. We investigate the labour market performance of internal migrants in Sweden around the turn of the last century; a period of industrialisation and increasing migration. We add to the literature in two ways: first by focusing on earnings instead of occupational attainment; second by extending the scope beyond the prevailing focus on men by also considering women. To assess how migrants fared compared to locals, we use detailed matched firm-individual data covering three manufacturing industries which varied in terms of production, organisation, and composition of the workforce. We find that migrants, irrespective of gender, performed well in that their earnings were higher than those of locals in general and of co-workers in the same firm. These premia are consistent with a Roy model in which migrants’ sort into locations where returns to skills match individual ability. An increase in both hours worked and effort further explains the observed earnings premium among female migrants.
{"title":"Industrious migrants: gender and the earnings of migrants in Swedish manufacturing around 1900","authors":"Björn Eriksson, Maria Stanfors","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Migration played a central role in industrialisation by reallocating labour from the countryside to urban areas and centres of manufacturing where it was in high demand, and better remunerated, with implications for economic growth and individual well-being. We investigate the labour market performance of internal migrants in Sweden around the turn of the last century; a period of industrialisation and increasing migration. We add to the literature in two ways: first by focusing on earnings instead of occupational attainment; second by extending the scope beyond the prevailing focus on men by also considering women. To assess how migrants fared compared to locals, we use detailed matched firm-individual data covering three manufacturing industries which varied in terms of production, organisation, and composition of the workforce. We find that migrants, irrespective of gender, performed well in that their earnings were higher than those of locals in general and of co-workers in the same firm. These premia are consistent with a Roy model in which migrants’ sort into locations where returns to skills match individual ability. An increase in both hours worked and effort further explains the observed earnings premium among female migrants.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"142 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43031797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575
P. Nevalainen
{"title":"Past, present & future: economic history in Eli F. Heckscher’s footsteps","authors":"P. Nevalainen","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"323 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45302776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429
Kasper Hage Stjern
ABSTRACT This paper employs a case study of the Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy from 1909–28 to examine the expansion of state resource regulation at the start of the 1900s. The case is studied by examining the main aims of the law and what concession policy was conducted for forests between 1909–28. The forest concession law of 1909 regulated the sale of forests, requiring all buyers of forest property larger than municipal limits to acquire concession. Strict limitations were set on domestic companies’ ability to purchase forests, while foreign companies were effectively barred. Non-local Norwegian citizens were also required to acquire concession. The forest concession law had four aims: (1) Improve local political and economic conditions, (2) Stop foreign acquisitions of forests, (3) Avoid monopolies and unhealthy competition, (4) Avoid speculation on forests. The Norwegian forest concession policy was, in nearly the entire period, to support local and municipal forest ownership and restrict both foreign and domestic companies’ ownership of forests. The law was similar to Finnish and Swedish forest regulations in promoting social goals such as protecting farmers and crofters but was somewhat more protective than the Finnish and Swedish regulations.
{"title":"The Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy 1909–28","authors":"Kasper Hage Stjern","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper employs a case study of the Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy from 1909–28 to examine the expansion of state resource regulation at the start of the 1900s. The case is studied by examining the main aims of the law and what concession policy was conducted for forests between 1909–28. The forest concession law of 1909 regulated the sale of forests, requiring all buyers of forest property larger than municipal limits to acquire concession. Strict limitations were set on domestic companies’ ability to purchase forests, while foreign companies were effectively barred. Non-local Norwegian citizens were also required to acquire concession. The forest concession law had four aims: (1) Improve local political and economic conditions, (2) Stop foreign acquisitions of forests, (3) Avoid monopolies and unhealthy competition, (4) Avoid speculation on forests. The Norwegian forest concession policy was, in nearly the entire period, to support local and municipal forest ownership and restrict both foreign and domestic companies’ ownership of forests. The law was similar to Finnish and Swedish forest regulations in promoting social goals such as protecting farmers and crofters but was somewhat more protective than the Finnish and Swedish regulations.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46310086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432
M. Kragh
ABSTRACT In contrast to other economic calamities such as financial crises or war, the topic of nationalisation has received only little attention by economic and business historians. Drawing on Russian and Swedish archival sources, this paper takes stock of the economic losses incurred on foreign investors in the 1917 Russian revolution, with particular emphasis on the Swedish case. Constructing lower and upper bounds for the losses, the paper argues that depending on the chosen measure these were in the range from 380 to 1,140 million SEK in 1917. For a country that remained neutral throughout two world wars, the Russian revolution represents one of the largest (if not the largest) externally incurred losses on Swedish firms and households in modern history. These results suggest that the role of revolutions in international business history needs to be better understood.
{"title":"Nationalisation of foreign property in the Russian revolution: the Swedish case","authors":"M. Kragh","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In contrast to other economic calamities such as financial crises or war, the topic of nationalisation has received only little attention by economic and business historians. Drawing on Russian and Swedish archival sources, this paper takes stock of the economic losses incurred on foreign investors in the 1917 Russian revolution, with particular emphasis on the Swedish case. Constructing lower and upper bounds for the losses, the paper argues that depending on the chosen measure these were in the range from 380 to 1,140 million SEK in 1917. For a country that remained neutral throughout two world wars, the Russian revolution represents one of the largest (if not the largest) externally incurred losses on Swedish firms and households in modern history. These results suggest that the role of revolutions in international business history needs to be better understood.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"21 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43649414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775
M. Moilanen, S. Myhr, Stein Østbye
ABSTRACT We aim to answer whether expected occupational gains motivated rural-urban and rural-rural migration in nineteenth-century Norway. Human capital theory indicates that the higher expected gains, the more prone an individual will be to migrate. We use a micro-level data set of over 42,000 rural sons linked to their fathers based on 1865 and 1900 Norwegian censuses and employ a switching endogenous regression model controlling for the endogeneity of migration decisions. Our main finding is that the effect of expected occupational gain on the probability of rural-urban migration differs according to the rural sons’ destination and parental occupational status: the sons from low status families were migrating motivated by expected occupational advancement. Sons from families with higher occupational status were motivated by expected occupational gains only in the case of rural-urban migration.
{"title":"Scraping the bottom of the barrel? Evidence on social mobility and internal migration from rural areas in nineteenth-century Norway","authors":"M. Moilanen, S. Myhr, Stein Østbye","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We aim to answer whether expected occupational gains motivated rural-urban and rural-rural migration in nineteenth-century Norway. Human capital theory indicates that the higher expected gains, the more prone an individual will be to migrate. We use a micro-level data set of over 42,000 rural sons linked to their fathers based on 1865 and 1900 Norwegian censuses and employ a switching endogenous regression model controlling for the endogeneity of migration decisions. Our main finding is that the effect of expected occupational gain on the probability of rural-urban migration differs according to the rural sons’ destination and parental occupational status: the sons from low status families were migrating motivated by expected occupational advancement. Sons from families with higher occupational status were motivated by expected occupational gains only in the case of rural-urban migration.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"252 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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