Pub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431
Björn Eriksson, Maria Stanfors
ABSTRACT Migration played a central role in industrialisation by reallocating labour from the countryside to urban areas and centres of manufacturing where it was in high demand, and better remunerated, with implications for economic growth and individual well-being. We investigate the labour market performance of internal migrants in Sweden around the turn of the last century; a period of industrialisation and increasing migration. We add to the literature in two ways: first by focusing on earnings instead of occupational attainment; second by extending the scope beyond the prevailing focus on men by also considering women. To assess how migrants fared compared to locals, we use detailed matched firm-individual data covering three manufacturing industries which varied in terms of production, organisation, and composition of the workforce. We find that migrants, irrespective of gender, performed well in that their earnings were higher than those of locals in general and of co-workers in the same firm. These premia are consistent with a Roy model in which migrants’ sort into locations where returns to skills match individual ability. An increase in both hours worked and effort further explains the observed earnings premium among female migrants.
{"title":"Industrious migrants: gender and the earnings of migrants in Swedish manufacturing around 1900","authors":"Björn Eriksson, Maria Stanfors","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931431","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Migration played a central role in industrialisation by reallocating labour from the countryside to urban areas and centres of manufacturing where it was in high demand, and better remunerated, with implications for economic growth and individual well-being. We investigate the labour market performance of internal migrants in Sweden around the turn of the last century; a period of industrialisation and increasing migration. We add to the literature in two ways: first by focusing on earnings instead of occupational attainment; second by extending the scope beyond the prevailing focus on men by also considering women. To assess how migrants fared compared to locals, we use detailed matched firm-individual data covering three manufacturing industries which varied in terms of production, organisation, and composition of the workforce. We find that migrants, irrespective of gender, performed well in that their earnings were higher than those of locals in general and of co-workers in the same firm. These premia are consistent with a Roy model in which migrants’ sort into locations where returns to skills match individual ability. An increase in both hours worked and effort further explains the observed earnings premium among female migrants.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43031797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575
P. Nevalainen
{"title":"Past, present & future: economic history in Eli F. Heckscher’s footsteps","authors":"P. Nevalainen","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45302776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429
Kasper Hage Stjern
ABSTRACT This paper employs a case study of the Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy from 1909–28 to examine the expansion of state resource regulation at the start of the 1900s. The case is studied by examining the main aims of the law and what concession policy was conducted for forests between 1909–28. The forest concession law of 1909 regulated the sale of forests, requiring all buyers of forest property larger than municipal limits to acquire concession. Strict limitations were set on domestic companies’ ability to purchase forests, while foreign companies were effectively barred. Non-local Norwegian citizens were also required to acquire concession. The forest concession law had four aims: (1) Improve local political and economic conditions, (2) Stop foreign acquisitions of forests, (3) Avoid monopolies and unhealthy competition, (4) Avoid speculation on forests. The Norwegian forest concession policy was, in nearly the entire period, to support local and municipal forest ownership and restrict both foreign and domestic companies’ ownership of forests. The law was similar to Finnish and Swedish forest regulations in promoting social goals such as protecting farmers and crofters but was somewhat more protective than the Finnish and Swedish regulations.
{"title":"The Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy 1909–28","authors":"Kasper Hage Stjern","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper employs a case study of the Norwegian forest concession law of 1909 and concession policy from 1909–28 to examine the expansion of state resource regulation at the start of the 1900s. The case is studied by examining the main aims of the law and what concession policy was conducted for forests between 1909–28. The forest concession law of 1909 regulated the sale of forests, requiring all buyers of forest property larger than municipal limits to acquire concession. Strict limitations were set on domestic companies’ ability to purchase forests, while foreign companies were effectively barred. Non-local Norwegian citizens were also required to acquire concession. The forest concession law had four aims: (1) Improve local political and economic conditions, (2) Stop foreign acquisitions of forests, (3) Avoid monopolies and unhealthy competition, (4) Avoid speculation on forests. The Norwegian forest concession policy was, in nearly the entire period, to support local and municipal forest ownership and restrict both foreign and domestic companies’ ownership of forests. The law was similar to Finnish and Swedish forest regulations in promoting social goals such as protecting farmers and crofters but was somewhat more protective than the Finnish and Swedish regulations.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46310086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432
M. Kragh
ABSTRACT In contrast to other economic calamities such as financial crises or war, the topic of nationalisation has received only little attention by economic and business historians. Drawing on Russian and Swedish archival sources, this paper takes stock of the economic losses incurred on foreign investors in the 1917 Russian revolution, with particular emphasis on the Swedish case. Constructing lower and upper bounds for the losses, the paper argues that depending on the chosen measure these were in the range from 380 to 1,140 million SEK in 1917. For a country that remained neutral throughout two world wars, the Russian revolution represents one of the largest (if not the largest) externally incurred losses on Swedish firms and households in modern history. These results suggest that the role of revolutions in international business history needs to be better understood.
{"title":"Nationalisation of foreign property in the Russian revolution: the Swedish case","authors":"M. Kragh","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In contrast to other economic calamities such as financial crises or war, the topic of nationalisation has received only little attention by economic and business historians. Drawing on Russian and Swedish archival sources, this paper takes stock of the economic losses incurred on foreign investors in the 1917 Russian revolution, with particular emphasis on the Swedish case. Constructing lower and upper bounds for the losses, the paper argues that depending on the chosen measure these were in the range from 380 to 1,140 million SEK in 1917. For a country that remained neutral throughout two world wars, the Russian revolution represents one of the largest (if not the largest) externally incurred losses on Swedish firms and households in modern history. These results suggest that the role of revolutions in international business history needs to be better understood.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43649414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775
M. Moilanen, S. Myhr, Stein Østbye
ABSTRACT We aim to answer whether expected occupational gains motivated rural-urban and rural-rural migration in nineteenth-century Norway. Human capital theory indicates that the higher expected gains, the more prone an individual will be to migrate. We use a micro-level data set of over 42,000 rural sons linked to their fathers based on 1865 and 1900 Norwegian censuses and employ a switching endogenous regression model controlling for the endogeneity of migration decisions. Our main finding is that the effect of expected occupational gain on the probability of rural-urban migration differs according to the rural sons’ destination and parental occupational status: the sons from low status families were migrating motivated by expected occupational advancement. Sons from families with higher occupational status were motivated by expected occupational gains only in the case of rural-urban migration.
{"title":"Scraping the bottom of the barrel? Evidence on social mobility and internal migration from rural areas in nineteenth-century Norway","authors":"M. Moilanen, S. Myhr, Stein Østbye","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We aim to answer whether expected occupational gains motivated rural-urban and rural-rural migration in nineteenth-century Norway. Human capital theory indicates that the higher expected gains, the more prone an individual will be to migrate. We use a micro-level data set of over 42,000 rural sons linked to their fathers based on 1865 and 1900 Norwegian censuses and employ a switching endogenous regression model controlling for the endogeneity of migration decisions. Our main finding is that the effect of expected occupational gain on the probability of rural-urban migration differs according to the rural sons’ destination and parental occupational status: the sons from low status families were migrating motivated by expected occupational advancement. Sons from families with higher occupational status were motivated by expected occupational gains only in the case of rural-urban migration.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901776
Fay Lundh Nilsson, Per-Olof Grönberg
ABSTRACT This article connects to the discussion on skills and knowledge during the early industrialisation. It focuses on how two out of four technical secondary schools in Sweden (Malmö and Borås) lived up to their aims communicated by politicians and other stakeholders: to provide emerging industries and crafts in their regions with technicians and to prepare for studies at the Technological Institute. Initially, a majority of students came from the school regions, but the share of long-distance students increased over time. A majority served in industry and craft, and the study reflects chemistry’s and electricity’s breakthrough with increasing shares of graduates employed over time. Several graduates continued to further studies; not only at the Technological Institute but also elsewhere in Sweden and abroad. As for the purpose to provide the regions with technicians, the results are ambiguous. Many graduates, especially from Borås, moved to other parts of Sweden and abroad. Malmö graduates stayed more often in the school region because Malmö was a larger city, and the school region more industrially diversified. The brain-drain from the school regions was not necessarily problematic as in-migration of technicians from other schools compensated.
{"title":"A technical workforce for regional industrial development? Origin and dispersion of graduates from the technical secondary schools in Malmö and Borås 1855–1930","authors":"Fay Lundh Nilsson, Per-Olof Grönberg","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901776","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article connects to the discussion on skills and knowledge during the early industrialisation. It focuses on how two out of four technical secondary schools in Sweden (Malmö and Borås) lived up to their aims communicated by politicians and other stakeholders: to provide emerging industries and crafts in their regions with technicians and to prepare for studies at the Technological Institute. Initially, a majority of students came from the school regions, but the share of long-distance students increased over time. A majority served in industry and craft, and the study reflects chemistry’s and electricity’s breakthrough with increasing shares of graduates employed over time. Several graduates continued to further studies; not only at the Technological Institute but also elsewhere in Sweden and abroad. As for the purpose to provide the regions with technicians, the results are ambiguous. Many graduates, especially from Borås, moved to other parts of Sweden and abroad. Malmö graduates stayed more often in the school region because Malmö was a larger city, and the school region more industrially diversified. The brain-drain from the school regions was not necessarily problematic as in-migration of technicians from other schools compensated.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43610623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901777
J. T. Klovland
ABSTRACT In 1915 and 1916, nearly one half of the total tonnage engaged in the trade of the UK was flying foreign flags. The Northern Neutrals, comprising the three Scandinavian countries, accounted for a large share of the neutral merchant fleet. A new set of detailed regional freight rate indices covering the period 1910–1920 provides the basis for comparing earnings from different trades during the First World War. This article shows that the UK authorities directed neutral tonnage into routes that were more hazardous but also much less remunerative than alternative trade routes in Asia and America. Thus, the price of neutrality comprised both loss of tonnage and foregone freight earnings for Scandinavian shipping. The new data series also form the basis of a discussion of how the wartime shipping controls created economic inefficiencies by distorting the shipping trade.
{"title":"The price of neutrality: ocean freight rates and shipping policy towards the Northern Neutrals during the First World War","authors":"J. T. Klovland","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901777","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1915 and 1916, nearly one half of the total tonnage engaged in the trade of the UK was flying foreign flags. The Northern Neutrals, comprising the three Scandinavian countries, accounted for a large share of the neutral merchant fleet. A new set of detailed regional freight rate indices covering the period 1910–1920 provides the basis for comparing earnings from different trades during the First World War. This article shows that the UK authorities directed neutral tonnage into routes that were more hazardous but also much less remunerative than alternative trade routes in Asia and America. Thus, the price of neutrality comprised both loss of tonnage and foregone freight earnings for Scandinavian shipping. The new data series also form the basis of a discussion of how the wartime shipping controls created economic inefficiencies by distorting the shipping trade.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41581404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901774
Petri Roikonen
ABSTRACT This study contributes to long-run inequality discussions by presenting a new series of Finnish income inequality statistics for the years 1865–2019. It shows that income inequality rose and peaked during the industrialisation phase at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Overall, top income shares decreased during the first part of the twentieth century, mainly as a result of shocks to capital (e.g. civil war, WWI & WWII) and rising taxation. After 1948, income inequality rebounded slightly until the advent of the welfare state in the mid-1960s. The role of redistribution through taxes and transfers strengthened and inequality decreased considerably until the late 1980s. During the 1990s, however, income inequality significantly increased, which was driven by capital incomes in the top income groups. Moreover, top income taxes started to diminish already in the late 1970s, and a great taxation reform was enacted in the 1990s, which partly explains the growing income inequality. In contrast, income inequality has remained at relatively similar levels in the twenty-first century.
{"title":"Income inequality in Finland, 1865–2019","authors":"Petri Roikonen","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901774","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study contributes to long-run inequality discussions by presenting a new series of Finnish income inequality statistics for the years 1865–2019. It shows that income inequality rose and peaked during the industrialisation phase at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Overall, top income shares decreased during the first part of the twentieth century, mainly as a result of shocks to capital (e.g. civil war, WWI & WWII) and rising taxation. After 1948, income inequality rebounded slightly until the advent of the welfare state in the mid-1960s. The role of redistribution through taxes and transfers strengthened and inequality decreased considerably until the late 1980s. During the 1990s, however, income inequality significantly increased, which was driven by capital incomes in the top income groups. Moreover, top income taxes started to diminish already in the late 1970s, and a great taxation reform was enacted in the 1990s, which partly explains the growing income inequality. In contrast, income inequality has remained at relatively similar levels in the twenty-first century.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42430597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-23DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1901778
Rikard Westerberg
{"title":"Swedish economists in the 1930s debate on economic planning","authors":"Rikard Westerberg","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1901778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1901778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45207138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-28DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1884594
E. Dermineur
ABSTRACT This paper examines the specificities of interpersonal credit networks in both a rural and an urban setting in pre-industrial Finland. To analyse peer-to-peer lending, the article studies a sample of 1047 probate inventories from the town of Kristinestad and its surrounding rural area, the parish of Lappfjärd. These probate inventories feature more than 5000 credit relations between households for the period 1850–1855 and 1905–1914. This paper also concerns itself with the changes pertaining to the advent of banking institutions in the mid-nineteenth century. Traditional behavioural sciences argue that formal institutions replaced informal ones because they are more efficient, more inclusive, or both. No longer needed, informal institutions are supposed to have disappeared when formal ones emerged. But this argument does not consider the social context – or embeddedness, a term coined by Granovetter – and the individuals evolving in it. Embeddedness does not disappear. Therefore, one may ask how banks penetrated communities and the credit networks that were already in place in order to supplant private lending. Tools from social network analysis help to draw insights into the features and changes pertaining to credit networks.
{"title":"The evolution of credit networks in pre-industrial Finland","authors":"E. Dermineur","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1884594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1884594","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the specificities of interpersonal credit networks in both a rural and an urban setting in pre-industrial Finland. To analyse peer-to-peer lending, the article studies a sample of 1047 probate inventories from the town of Kristinestad and its surrounding rural area, the parish of Lappfjärd. These probate inventories feature more than 5000 credit relations between households for the period 1850–1855 and 1905–1914. This paper also concerns itself with the changes pertaining to the advent of banking institutions in the mid-nineteenth century. Traditional behavioural sciences argue that formal institutions replaced informal ones because they are more efficient, more inclusive, or both. No longer needed, informal institutions are supposed to have disappeared when formal ones emerged. But this argument does not consider the social context – or embeddedness, a term coined by Granovetter – and the individuals evolving in it. Embeddedness does not disappear. Therefore, one may ask how banks penetrated communities and the credit networks that were already in place in order to supplant private lending. Tools from social network analysis help to draw insights into the features and changes pertaining to credit networks.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03585522.2021.1884594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：