Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1984296
Sigríður Matthíasdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to contribute to the historical discussion of women entrepreneurs. It demonstrates that in Iceland, historical research on this theme has been scarce. The special focus of this article is to analyse the entrepreneurial agency of an East Icelandic female businesswoman, Pálína Waage (1864–1935), against this background. Based on her autobiography, diaries, and other local accounts, we analyse Pálína’s work and life trajectory in the context of the transnational town of Seyðisfjörður where she operated. We propose that Pálína possessed, in her local context, social and symbolic capital as an entrepreneur, as understood by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. However, Pálína’s subject and agency has been silenced by factors such as the restricted financial authority of married women at the time, sociohistorical data, and the masculine discursive formation of the term ‘entrepreneur’ in the Icelandic context. It is proposed that Pálína’s female entrepreneurial agency was transgressive given these historical circumstances. It is also suggested that local history may help make entrepreneurial subjects, such as Pálína, visible. However, the question of whether Icelandic national history and the history of women and gender offer such possibilities is a topic for future research.
{"title":"Female enterprise on a transnational border: the entrepreneurial agency of an East Icelandic businesswoman, Pálína Waage (1864–1935)","authors":"Sigríður Matthíasdóttir, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1984296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1984296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to contribute to the historical discussion of women entrepreneurs. It demonstrates that in Iceland, historical research on this theme has been scarce. The special focus of this article is to analyse the entrepreneurial agency of an East Icelandic female businesswoman, Pálína Waage (1864–1935), against this background. Based on her autobiography, diaries, and other local accounts, we analyse Pálína’s work and life trajectory in the context of the transnational town of Seyðisfjörður where she operated. We propose that Pálína possessed, in her local context, social and symbolic capital as an entrepreneur, as understood by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. However, Pálína’s subject and agency has been silenced by factors such as the restricted financial authority of married women at the time, sociohistorical data, and the masculine discursive formation of the term ‘entrepreneur’ in the Icelandic context. It is proposed that Pálína’s female entrepreneurial agency was transgressive given these historical circumstances. It is also suggested that local history may help make entrepreneurial subjects, such as Pálína, visible. However, the question of whether Icelandic national history and the history of women and gender offer such possibilities is a topic for future research.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"167 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1984297
Gloria Sanz Lafuente
The Second World War was followed by the development of the atom economy. There is no research on radioisotopes in economic and business history. This nuclear commodity stemmed from a related diversification process whose origin lay first in nuclear technology and then in reactors. This paper introduces the first stage of a technological innovation and the emergence phase of the agrarian and agroindustrial side of the businesses arising from the development of nuclear technology. The whole process highlights the early diffusion stage of product and process innovations (radioisotopes or radionuclides) and technology transfer. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 19 May 2021
{"title":"Atoms for feeding: radioisotopes from the laboratory to the market, 1946–1960","authors":"Gloria Sanz Lafuente","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1984297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1984297","url":null,"abstract":"The Second World War was followed by the development of the atom economy. There is no research on radioisotopes in economic and business history. This nuclear commodity stemmed from a related diversification process whose origin lay first in nuclear technology and then in reactors. This paper introduces the first stage of a technological innovation and the emergence phase of the agrarian and agroindustrial side of the businesses arising from the development of nuclear technology. The whole process highlights the early diffusion stage of product and process innovations (radioisotopes or radionuclides) and technology transfer. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 10 November 2020 Accepted 19 May 2021","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48421007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1984300
F. Andersson
ABSTRACT This paper explores the evolution of Swedish stabilisation policies through six policy regimes between 1873 and 2019. We focus on discretionary policy decisions by estimating policy shocks using a SVAR model. Through these shocks, we explore how stabilisation policies have evolved over time and how policymakers responded to key economic events such as financial crises and wars. Our results show three key results (i) policies are often a source of destabilisation rather than stabilisation, (ii) regimes are designed for a specific time and ends when economic circumstances change, and (iii) fixed exchange rates worsen the economic effects of financial crises.
{"title":"The quest for economic stability: a study on Swedish stabilisation policies 1873–2019","authors":"F. Andersson","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1984300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1984300","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores the evolution of Swedish stabilisation policies through six policy regimes between 1873 and 2019. We focus on discretionary policy decisions by estimating policy shocks using a SVAR model. Through these shocks, we explore how stabilisation policies have evolved over time and how policymakers responded to key economic events such as financial crises and wars. Our results show three key results (i) policies are often a source of destabilisation rather than stabilisation, (ii) regimes are designed for a specific time and ends when economic circumstances change, and (iii) fixed exchange rates worsen the economic effects of financial crises.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"71 1","pages":"128 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47783504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.2008493
H. Cagle
The Scandinavian Society for Economic and Social History is the umbrella organization for the four Nordic societies and publishes the Scandinavian Economic History Review. It was decided in 2019 that from 2020 the Society would award the first annual “Heckscher Prize” of 400 EUR for the best article published in the SEHR in the previous year (2019). This award is named after Scandinavia’s perhaps most famous economic historian, Eli Heckscher, an article by whom was posthumously published in the first issue of the Review in 1953. We were unable to award it last year due to corona, so this year we have the awards for the best articles from 2019 and 2020. The 2021 prize will be awarded in Odense, Denmark next year.
{"title":"Prize announcement","authors":"H. Cagle","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.2008493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.2008493","url":null,"abstract":"The Scandinavian Society for Economic and Social History is the umbrella organization for the four Nordic societies and publishes the Scandinavian Economic History Review. It was decided in 2019 that from 2020 the Society would award the first annual “Heckscher Prize” of 400 EUR for the best article published in the SEHR in the previous year (2019). This award is named after Scandinavia’s perhaps most famous economic historian, Eli Heckscher, an article by whom was posthumously published in the first issue of the Review in 1953. We were unable to award it last year due to corona, so this year we have the awards for the best articles from 2019 and 2020. The 2021 prize will be awarded in Odense, Denmark next year.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"328 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49014818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1999602
P. Sharp
Although often somewhat neglected, for example, in favour of stories of industrialisation, the role of agriculture for economic history and development has been receiving increasing focus in recent years – see, for example, the brief overview presented by Sharp (2018). And yet the relevance of agriculture is clear when one considers that it is only very recently that most of the world’s population has lived in cities. This special issue thus addresses the important role of agriculture for development, and I am happy to present here a wide range of studies addressing many aspects of agriculture in economic history. For the sake of comparison, we have also included articles covering regions outside the usual geographical scope of the Review. We start, however, with a Nordic case – that of Iceland. Árni Daníel Júlíusson, in ‘Agricultural Growth in a Cold Climate: The case of Iceland in 1800–1850’, argues against the traditional idea that Iceland’s decisive break to modernisation was around 1880–1910, when salted cod became the main export. He describes the exports of sheep products and shark liver oil in the early nineteenth century and contrasts it with the eighteenth century, where there was no such growth of exports. He emphasises the role of peasant farming and Copenhagen merchant houses for this development. Also considering trade, but for the case of Spain, Maria-Isabel Ayuda and Vicente Pinilla, in ‘Agricultural Exports and Economic Development in Spain during the First Wave of Globalisation’, consider the evolution of Spanish agricultural exports and the determinants of their expansion. They demonstrate that, despite facing certain obstacles, agricultural trade contributed to economic growth although mostly for those areas where production was concentrated. Moving towards the east, Antonie Doležalová, in ‘A Stolen Revolution: The Political Economy of the Land Reform in Interwar Czechoslovakia’, presents a revisionist account of a non-violent interwar land reform, which she argues failed to achieve what it was set out to in terms of redistribution and reduced land inequality and presents reasons for why this was the case. Then, Natalia Rozinskaya, Alexander Sorokin, and Dmitriy Artamonov, in ‘Peasant’s Inequality and Stratification: Evidence from Prerevolutionary Russia’ provide a detailed statistical analysis of inequality in the Russian province of Simbirsk during a period of market transformation in the late-nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. They find that communes were at this time losing their ‘equalising’ function and that for most provinces, inequality was increasing and that this happened more rapidly than in other countries, making Russia more socially and politically vulnerable. Moving into more modern times, Gloria Sanz Lafuente, in ‘Atoms for feeding: Radioisotopes from the laboratory to the market, 1946–1960’, provides the first study on the role of nuclear technology for agro-industry, and in particular, highlights the ea
{"title":"Special issue on ‘Agriculture and economic development’","authors":"P. Sharp","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1999602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1999602","url":null,"abstract":"Although often somewhat neglected, for example, in favour of stories of industrialisation, the role of agriculture for economic history and development has been receiving increasing focus in recent years – see, for example, the brief overview presented by Sharp (2018). And yet the relevance of agriculture is clear when one considers that it is only very recently that most of the world’s population has lived in cities. This special issue thus addresses the important role of agriculture for development, and I am happy to present here a wide range of studies addressing many aspects of agriculture in economic history. For the sake of comparison, we have also included articles covering regions outside the usual geographical scope of the Review. We start, however, with a Nordic case – that of Iceland. Árni Daníel Júlíusson, in ‘Agricultural Growth in a Cold Climate: The case of Iceland in 1800–1850’, argues against the traditional idea that Iceland’s decisive break to modernisation was around 1880–1910, when salted cod became the main export. He describes the exports of sheep products and shark liver oil in the early nineteenth century and contrasts it with the eighteenth century, where there was no such growth of exports. He emphasises the role of peasant farming and Copenhagen merchant houses for this development. Also considering trade, but for the case of Spain, Maria-Isabel Ayuda and Vicente Pinilla, in ‘Agricultural Exports and Economic Development in Spain during the First Wave of Globalisation’, consider the evolution of Spanish agricultural exports and the determinants of their expansion. They demonstrate that, despite facing certain obstacles, agricultural trade contributed to economic growth although mostly for those areas where production was concentrated. Moving towards the east, Antonie Doležalová, in ‘A Stolen Revolution: The Political Economy of the Land Reform in Interwar Czechoslovakia’, presents a revisionist account of a non-violent interwar land reform, which she argues failed to achieve what it was set out to in terms of redistribution and reduced land inequality and presents reasons for why this was the case. Then, Natalia Rozinskaya, Alexander Sorokin, and Dmitriy Artamonov, in ‘Peasant’s Inequality and Stratification: Evidence from Prerevolutionary Russia’ provide a detailed statistical analysis of inequality in the Russian province of Simbirsk during a period of market transformation in the late-nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. They find that communes were at this time losing their ‘equalising’ function and that for most provinces, inequality was increasing and that this happened more rapidly than in other countries, making Russia more socially and politically vulnerable. Moving into more modern times, Gloria Sanz Lafuente, in ‘Atoms for feeding: Radioisotopes from the laboratory to the market, 1946–1960’, provides the first study on the role of nuclear technology for agro-industry, and in particular, highlights the ea","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"197 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42890906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1984295
Antonie Doležalová
ABSTRACT This study revises the picture of the interwar Czechoslovak land reform as an example of a successful non-violent land reform. The study reveals that the land reform in Czechoslovakia, which passed as a revolutionary change, did not reach its announced targets: the redistribution of the land to landless and land-poor people and the reduction of inequality of land distribution in society. Based on the hypothesis that even when there is a strong ruling agrarian political party, and no opponents to a land reform in the country, there is no guarantee of its successful realisation, the study follows two aims: (1) a revision of the real outcomes of the land reform in interwar Czechoslovakia; (2) an analysis of why the land reform failed in expropriating and redistributing the land. In doing so, the study discusses how the land reform was stolen from the peasants and to what measure the theft was calculated.
{"title":"A stolen revolution. The political economy of the land reform in interwar Czechoslovakia","authors":"Antonie Doležalová","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1984295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1984295","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study revises the picture of the interwar Czechoslovak land reform as an example of a successful non-violent land reform. The study reveals that the land reform in Czechoslovakia, which passed as a revolutionary change, did not reach its announced targets: the redistribution of the land to landless and land-poor people and the reduction of inequality of land distribution in society. Based on the hypothesis that even when there is a strong ruling agrarian political party, and no opponents to a land reform in the country, there is no guarantee of its successful realisation, the study follows two aims: (1) a revision of the real outcomes of the land reform in interwar Czechoslovakia; (2) an analysis of why the land reform failed in expropriating and redistributing the land. In doing so, the study discusses how the land reform was stolen from the peasants and to what measure the theft was calculated.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"69 1","pages":"278 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1931430
Kirsi Laine
ABSTRACT This article studies gender roles in the economic decision-making of peasant farms in Southwest Finland in the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century. This is a new perspective on enclosure and a new context to study gender roles in economic matters. Decisions concerning enclosure were primarily made by male household heads. Exceptions to the decision-making norm open up a perspective onto a more detailed picture of gendered responsibility in economic matters in peasant households. The results show that the responsibility of a male head of a household for making decisions regarding the land was binding. Whereas men used representatives in extremely exceptional circumstances only, a half of the female household heads used a representative at least at some point. Both men and women primarily trusted the younger generation when it came to choosing representatives. Women attended enclosure meetings rarely, but when they did, their participation was not questioned. Women acted just like other stakeholders at the meeting.
{"title":"Responsibility, trust and gender in the economic decision-making of peasant households: enclosure in Southwest Finland 1760–1820","authors":"Kirsi Laine","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1931430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1931430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article studies gender roles in the economic decision-making of peasant farms in Southwest Finland in the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century. This is a new perspective on enclosure and a new context to study gender roles in economic matters. Decisions concerning enclosure were primarily made by male household heads. Exceptions to the decision-making norm open up a perspective onto a more detailed picture of gendered responsibility in economic matters in peasant households. The results show that the responsibility of a male head of a household for making decisions regarding the land was binding. Whereas men used representatives in extremely exceptional circumstances only, a half of the female household heads used a representative at least at some point. Both men and women primarily trusted the younger generation when it came to choosing representatives. Women attended enclosure meetings rarely, but when they did, their participation was not questioned. Women acted just like other stakeholders at the meeting.","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"70 1","pages":"181 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48003485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1080/03585522.2021.1932576
P. Møller
{"title":"Landbrug i Nordvestjylland gennem 250 år. Et erhverv og en livsform i evig forandring","authors":"P. Møller","doi":"10.1080/03585522.2021.1932576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2021.1932576","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43624,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46771333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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