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The Reduction of Chrome in UG-2 Flotation Concentrate by Hydrometallurgical Means 湿法还原UG-2浮选精矿中的铬
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-08-04 DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20210603.12
Abel Monele Mokadze, S. Ndlovu, A. Shemi, M. Dworzanowski
The South African platinum industry has advanced into an era of predominantly mining and processing Upper Group Two (UG-2) ore to extract Platinum Group Metals (PGMs). Flotation concentrates derived from processing UG-2 ore are typically characterized by high chrome contents (>3 wt.%) which are not amenable to conventional PGM smelters. The net effect of high chrome, inter alia, includes increased smelting energy requirements and the reduction of effective furnace capacity. Various interventions ranging from the redesign and modification of existing physical and pyrometallurgical operations have been introduced and these have yielded no sustainable solutions. In this study, a hydrometallurgical process was investigated as an alternative route to reduce chrome in UG-2 concentrates. The parameters initially considered for investigation were acid concentration, leaching time, temperature and oxygen flowrate while keeping solid to liquid ratio and agitation rate constant. Results showed that oxygen flowrate and an interaction of temperature, time and acid concentration had a positive but minimal effect on Cr extraction. The highest Cr extraction obtained was 7.0%. Further test work entailed exploring the effect of solid to liquid ratio using optimized conditions. The results showed a substantial increase of Cr extraction of up to 37%. This represents 1.33% decrease in chrome content, from 3.63% to 2.30%, in UG-2 concentrate.
南非铂业已经进入了一个主要开采和加工上二族(UG-2)矿石以提取铂族金属(PGMs)的时代。由UG-2矿石加工而成的浮选精矿通常具有高铬含量(> 3wt .%)的特点,这是传统PGM冶炼厂无法适应的。除其他外,高铬的净影响包括冶炼能源需求的增加和有效熔炉容量的减少。采取了各种干预措施,包括重新设计和修改现有的物理和火法冶炼作业,但这些措施都没有产生可持续的解决办法。本研究以湿法冶金工艺为替代途径,对UG-2精矿中的铬进行了还原研究。在保持固液比和搅拌速率不变的情况下,研究的初始参数为酸浓度、浸出时间、温度和氧流量。结果表明,氧流量以及温度、时间和酸浓度的交互作用对Cr的提取有正影响,但影响很小。Cr的最高提取率为7.0%。进一步的测试工作包括利用优化条件探索固液比的影响。结果表明,铬的萃取率提高了37%。UG-2精矿中铬含量从3.63%下降到2.30%,下降了1.33%。
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引用次数: 1
Beneficiation of fluxed titaniferous slag to a marketable titania product using the modified upgraded slag process 用改良升级渣工艺将助熔剂含钛渣选矿成可销售的钛白粉产品
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-07-31 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1959882
X. Goso, J. Petersen, M. Tangstad, J. Safarian
ABSTRACT Smelting production of a limestone-fluxed titaniferous slag with low MgO content for subsequent beneficiation using the modified Upgraded Slag (UGS) process was investigated, with the aim of producing a marketable titania product. Smelting of titaniferous magnetite (titanomagnetite) with a carbon reductant and limestone flux was conducted in a water-cooled copper crucible in an iron-suscepting induction furnace under argon. The resulting titaniferous slag contained high residual iron (from the susceptor and incomplete iron reduction in the titanomagnetite), which caused crystallization of an ulvospinel. The slag was beneficiated using the modified UGS process, an industrial roast–leach process used for beneficiation of low-titania slag to a feedstock suitable for production of titania pigment. The upgraded product contained 90.5 mass% TiO2, with a recovery of 83%. Although the TiO2 grade met the feedstock specification for pigment production via the chloride route, SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Cr2O3 concentrations exceeded the specification and the particle size distribution was too fine.
摘要研究了采用改进的升级渣(UGS)工艺冶炼生产低MgO含量的石灰石助熔剂含钛渣,用于后续选矿,目的是生产出适销的二氧化钛产品。在氩气氛下,在铁感应炉的水冷铜坩埚中,用碳还原剂和石灰石熔剂熔炼含钛磁铁矿(钛磁铁矿)。所得的含钛渣含有高残留铁(来自感受器和钛磁铁矿中不完全的铁还原),这导致了ulvospiel的结晶。矿渣采用改良的UGS工艺进行选矿,这是一种工业焙烧-浸出工艺,用于将低钛矿渣选矿为适合生产二氧化钛颜料的原料。升级后的产品含有90.5质量%的TiO2,回收率为83%。尽管TiO2等级满足通过氯化物途径生产颜料的原料规格,但SiO2、Al2O3、CaO和Cr2O3的浓度超过了规格,并且粒度分布太细。
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引用次数: 0
Alkaline sulphide leaching of tennantite in copper flotation concentrates to selectively dissolve arsenic 碱性硫化浸出铜浮选精矿中的tennantite选择性溶解砷
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1948319
J. Cuevas, W. Bruckard, M. Pownceby, G. Sparrow, A. Torpy
ABSTRACT High-arsenic copper flotation concentrates, in which the major arsenic-bearing mineral was tennantite, were leached with an alkaline sulphide system. At a pulp density of 5 wt% solids with 100–150 g/L Na2S and 50 g/L NaOH, over 91 wt% As was dissolved within 2 h at 100°C. From concentrates containing 3.4–4.9 wt% As, leach residues containing <0.5 wt% As were obtained making them suitable as a smelter feed without a penalty for arsenic. Copper dissolution ranged from 16 to 22 wt% Cu, with significant amounts of calcium, iron and sulphur also dissolved. In a leach at 34.0 wt% solids, excellent arsenic extraction was obtained (97.9 wt% As), but the levels of copper, calcium, and iron dissolution were 0.5, 1.1, and 0.2 wt%, respectively, meaning excellent selectivity for arsenic was achieved. X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyses indicated the mechanism for arsenic dissolution from tennantite, and bornite abundance in the residue.
摘要采用碱性硫化物体系浸出高砷铜浮选精矿,其主要含砷矿物为辉铜矿。纸浆密度为5 固体重量百分比,100–150 g/L Na2S和50 g/L NaOH,超过91 重量%的As在2 h。来自含3.4–4.9的精矿 重量百分比As,浸出残渣含量<0.5 获得了wt%的As,使得它们适合作为冶炼厂进料而不会对砷造成惩罚。铜的溶解范围为16-22 wt%的Cu,同时也溶解了大量的钙、铁和硫。在34.0的浸出中 固体含量为wt%时,获得了良好的砷萃取(97.9 重量%As),但铜、钙和铁的溶解水平分别为0.5、1.1和0.2 wt%,这意味着实现了对砷的优异选择性。X射线衍射和电子探针微量分析表明了砷从辉铜矿中溶解的机制,以及残留物中的斑铜矿丰度。
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引用次数: 2
Retention of arsenic using alkali- and acid-bonded low temperature ceramics 碱-酸结合低温陶瓷对砷的保留作用
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1942752
W. Bruckard, D. Brew, E. Vance, G. Sparrow
ABSTRACT Immobilisation of AsIII and AsV using alkali- and acid-bonded low temperature ceramics (LTCs), respectively, has been investigated. Arsenic was loaded into these matrices as solubilised arsenic or as a solid via precipitation with a metal nitrate. Where appropriate, samples were heated to 1000°C to consolidate their microstructure and reduce their open porosity. Samples were assessed according to microstructural characterisation and standard leaching protocols. Alkali-bonded LTCs, even after the application of a thermal treatment, did not bind arsenic sufficiently to pass a TCLP protocol, whereas acid bonded LTCs showed better potential for immobilising As. At a loading of 5 wt% As2O5, a TCLP leach test on an acid bonded LTC resulted in As levels of 7 ppm, close to the regulatory limit of 5 ppm As.
摘要研究了分别使用碱键合和酸键合低温陶瓷(LTCs)对AsIII和AsV的固定化。砷以溶解的砷或通过与金属硝酸盐沉淀而以固体的形式加载到这些基质中。在适当的情况下,将样品加热至1000°C,以巩固其微观结构并降低其开放孔隙率。根据微观结构特征和标准浸出方案对样品进行评估。碱键合的LTCs,即使在应用热处理后,也不能充分结合砷以通过TCLP方案,而酸键合的LTC显示出更好的固定As的潜力 wt%的As2O5,在酸结合LTC上进行的TCLP浸出试验导致As水平为7 ppm,接近5的监管限值 ppm As。
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引用次数: 0
Reduction of copper from dilute acid solutions by hydrolysis of wood carbohydrates 水解木质碳水化合物从稀酸溶液中还原铜
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1933722
M. Valenzuela, J. Becker, F. Parada, E. Balladares, I. Wilkomirsky
ABSTRACT Copper reduction to metallic copper from dilute acid solutions containing Cu+2 was studied by means of sawdust from Radiata Pine as a reducing agent. Influence of the temperature, copper concentration and reaction time on the reduction of copper was investigated using an autoclave reactor. Furthermore, maximum reduction capacity of the sawdust was calculated through consecutive reductions. Results obtained show that diluted acid solutions containing Cu+2 can be effectively reduced to metallic copper by sawdust from Radiata Pine above 120°C. For a 0.5 g L−1 Cu+2 solution at 120°C and in 60 min, close to 90% of the copper can be reduced to metallic copper, which crystalises on the surface of the wood particles. At 120°C and for 90 min reaction time up to 95% of the copper can be reduced, generating an effluent with 0.02 g L−1 of copper. This value is similar to those obtained using activated carbon. Consecutive steps of reductions of the sawdust with fresh solutions with 0.5 g L−1 Cu+2 indicate that for 6 steps, the copper load of the sawdust is about 11.9 kg Cu/ton sawdust (dry basis) while for more concentrated solutions of 16.7 gL−1 Cu+2 the copper load reaches 15.0 kg Cu/ton sawdust. These results indicate that this process could be an alternative to conventional electrowinning.
以辐射松木屑为还原剂,研究了铜在含Cu+2稀酸溶液中还原为金属铜的反应。采用高压釜反应器研究了温度、铜浓度和反应时间对铜还原的影响。此外,通过连续还原计算了锯末的最大还原能力。结果表明,在120°C以上,辐射松木屑能有效地将含Cu+2的稀酸溶液还原为金属铜。对于0.5 g L−1 Cu+2溶液,120°C和60 至少,接近90%的铜可以被还原为金属铜,金属铜在木材颗粒的表面结晶。在120°C和90 最短反应时间可减少高达95%的铜,产生0.02的流出物 g L−1铜。该值与使用活性炭获得的值相似。用0.5的新鲜溶液连续减少锯末的步骤 g L−1 Cu+2表明,对于6个步骤,锯末的铜负荷约为11.9 kg铜/吨锯末(干基),而对于浓度更高的16.7 gL−1 Cu+2铜负载达到15.0 kg铜/吨锯末。这些结果表明,该工艺可以替代传统的电积法。
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引用次数: 0
Production and characterisation of sodium and potassium carbonate salts from carbonation alkaline aluminate liquor 碳酸化碱性铝酸盐溶液生产碳酸钠和碳酸钾盐及其表征
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1935163
S. Barakan, Mehdi Noroozi Ayaluey, S. Shayanfar, V. Aghazadeh
ABSTRACT The polythermal crystallization method has been used to extract sodium and potassium carbonate salts as valuable by-products. The salt production was carried out using an alkaline carbonate solution from the Azarshar nepheline syenite pilot plant in Iran. The optimum conditions were obtained by comparison between the results of thermodynamic modelling and experiments. To better understand the properties of the carbonate salts, thermal analysis, chemical analysis, and X-ray diffraction methods were also utilised. The optimum density and temperature for sodium carbonate crystallization were found to be 1.50 g/cm3 and 115–120°C, respectively, and for hydrated potassium carbonate crystallization to be 1.68 g/cm3 and 130°C at the first stage, and 1.70 g/cm3 and 135°C at the second stage, respectively. The thermodynamic modelling showed good agreement with experimental data for the carbonate salts.
采用多热结晶法提取有价副产物碳酸钠和碳酸钾。盐的生产是使用来自伊朗Azarshar霞石正长岩中试工厂的碱性碳酸盐溶液进行的。通过热力学模拟结果与实验结果的比较,得出了最佳工艺条件。为了更好地了解碳酸盐的性质,还使用了热分析、化学分析和x射线衍射方法。碳酸钠结晶的最佳密度和温度分别为1.50 g/cm3和115 ~ 120℃;水合碳酸钾结晶第一阶段的最佳密度和温度分别为1.68 g/cm3和130℃,第二阶段的最佳结晶温度分别为1.70 g/cm3和135℃。热力学模型与实验数据吻合较好。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Mining Exploration on Sangaredi Community’s Sustainable Development: Inhabitants Perspectives on Livelihood 矿业勘探对Sangaredi社区可持续发展的影响:居民生计视角
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-05-14 DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20210601.13
Ibrahima Camara, Jiang Deyi, Li Lin
Mining exploration has left many communities in deplorable conditions, ranging from low levels of livelihood sustenance to poor health facilities and poor road networks. This study examined the impact of mining exploration on sustainable development of a community in Guinea, West Africa. The paper reviews literature published on mining and exploration and its impact on community environments.’ However, this study employed descriptive quantitative and correlational methods, which facilitated the gathering, classification and presentation of data that led to analysis, description and conclusion of the study. In this study, 300 questionnaires were distributed to community inhabitants, which enhanced the compilation of first-hand information. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The results disclosed numerous problems, ranging from health to education and poor road networks. It was revealed that, exploration activities have damaged lands utilised for agricultural purposes, and deposits of toxic substances have damaged soil nutrients, which caused degradation of the land tenure system. Such problems have left lands to be unproductive. Because of the foregoing problems discovered as negative impact, it is fitting for government and mining corporations to pay considerable attention to Sangaredi community and address such problems. This study identified issues bothering Sangaredi and other communities where mining explorations are conducted. It descriptively explained issues of exploration and established the negative impact mining activities have caused in the community. However, such impact adversely affects the community at large. In addition, academics and mining consultants will use this information as a source for further investigation on the subject matter.
采矿勘探使许多社区处于恶劣的条件下,从低水平的生计维持到差的卫生设施和差的道路网络。本研究审查了采矿勘探对西非几内亚一个社区可持续发展的影响。本文综述了有关采矿和勘探及其对社区环境影响的文献。然而,这项研究采用了描述性的定量和相关的方法,方便了数据的收集、分类和呈现,从而导致了研究的分析、描述和结论。本研究向社区居民发放了300份问卷,加强了第一手资料的收集。数据分析采用描述性统计。调查结果揭示了许多问题,从健康到教育和糟糕的道路网络。据透露,勘探活动破坏了用于农业目的的土地,有毒物质的沉积破坏了土壤养分,从而导致土地保有制度的退化。这些问题使土地变得贫瘠。由于上述问题被发现为负面影响,政府和矿业公司应该对Sangaredi社区给予足够的重视并解决这些问题。这项研究确定了困扰Sangaredi和其他进行采矿勘探的社区的问题。它描述性地解释了勘探问题,并确定了采矿活动对社区造成的负面影响。然而,这种影响对整个社会产生了不利影响。此外,学者和采矿顾问将利用这些资料作为进一步调查这一主题的来源。
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引用次数: 1
Experiment of Gold and Silver Extraction from Cyanide Tailings by Melting Chlorination 熔融氯化法从氰化尾矿中提金提银试验
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-05-14 DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20210602.11
Sun Yanwen, Yuan Chaoxin, Guo Chihao, Li Dajiang, Li Yibin, Mu Liangzhao
Cyanide tailings produced in gold smelting process contain a large number of heavy metals and cyanides, which are more and more harmful to the environment. In order to reduce environmental pollution, valuable metals from cyanide tailings are recovered. The amount of calcium chloride, chlorination time, the way of adding calcium chloride and other factors on the influence of gold and silver extraction by chlorination were studied by using the raw material of cyanide tailings with melting chlorination process in this paper, and how to reduce the melting chlorination temperature was explored, and a comprehensive experiment was carried out under the best conditions. The results showed that when the chlorination temperature is 1500°C, the chlorination time is 1 h, and the addition amount of CaCl2 is 7%, the volatilization rate of gold is 85.38%, the content of gold in slag is 1.83 g/t, the volatilization rate of silver is 77.36%, and the content of silver in slag is 4.12 g/t; when the chlorination temperature is 1500°C, 7% CaCl2 is added, and the chlorination time is 15 min, the volatilization rate of gold is 87.78%, the content of gold in slag is 1.23 g/t, the volatilization rate of silver is 59.40%, and the content of silver in slag is 7.39 g/t; the addition of 5% CaO can change the slag type, reduce the chlorination temperature by 50~100°C, increase the volatilization rate of gold and silver slightly, and decrease the content of gold and silver in slag; when CaCl2 is added in five times, the volatilization rate of gold increases to 95.53%, the content of gold in slag decreases to 0.56g/t, the volatilization rate of silver increases to 77.80%, and the content of silver in slag decreases to 4.04 g/t; 7% CaCl2 was added in five times, and the melting chlorination time was 15 min. the amount of CaO was 5%, and the melting chlorination temperature was 1450°C, the gold volatilization rate is 95.69%, and the gold content of slag is 0.54 g/t, the silver volatilization rate is 77.06% and the silver content of slag is 4.20 g/t.
金冶炼过程中产生的氰化尾矿中含有大量重金属和氰化物,对环境的危害越来越大。为了减少对环境的污染,从氰化尾矿中回收有价金属。本文以氰化尾矿为原料,采用熔融氯化工艺,研究了氯化钙用量、氯化时间、氯化钙添加方式等因素对氯化提金银的影响,探讨了如何降低熔融氯化温度,并在最佳条件下进行了综合实验。结果表明:当氯化温度为1500℃,氯化时间为1 h, CaCl2添加量为7%时,金的挥发率为85.38%,渣中金的含量为1.83 g/t,银的挥发率为77.36%,渣中银的含量为4.12 g/t;当氯化温度为1500℃,加入7%的CaCl2,氯化时间为15 min时,金的挥发率为87.78%,炉渣中金的含量为1.23 g/t,银的挥发率为59.40%,炉渣中银的含量为7.39 g/t;添加5% CaO可改变渣型,使氯化温度降低50~100℃,金、银的挥发速率略有提高,降低渣中金、银含量;分5次加入CaCl2时,金的挥发率提高到95.53%,渣中金的含量降低到0.56g/t,银的挥发率提高到77.80%,渣中银的含量降低到4.04 g/t;分5次加入7%的CaCl2,熔融氯化时间为15 min, CaO用量为5%,熔融氯化温度为1450℃,金挥发率为95.69%,熔渣金含量为0.54 g/t,银挥发率为77.06%,熔渣银含量为4.20 g/t。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of gas-matte-spinel and gas-slag-matte-spinel equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1200°C: effect of SO2 partial pressure 1200℃Cu-Fe-O-S-Si体系中气-冰晶-尖晶石和气-渣-冰晶-尖晶石平衡的实验研究:SO2分压的影响
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2021.1919375
S. Sineva, T. Hidayat, A. Fallah-Mehrjardi, R. Starykh, P. Hayes, E. Jak
ABSTRACT Experimental measurements have been undertaken of the gas-matte-spinel and gas-slag-matte-spinel equilibria in the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si system at 1200°C and of 0.1 and 0.6 bar. The technique involved high temperature equilibration of sulfide-oxide mixtures on iron spinel support substrates, preservation of the equilibrium phases by rapid quenching, and direct compositional analysis of the phases using microanalysis techniques. The results, combined with previous data obtained at  = 0.25 bar show the effects of sulphur dioxide partial pressure on the gas-matte-spinel and gas-slag-matte-spinel equilibria at fixed temperature and as a function of matte grade. For a given matte grade the concentration of dissolved copper in slag is found to decrease with increasing SO2 partial pressure.
摘要对Cu–Fe–O–S–Si系统中在1200°C和0.1和0.6 bar下的气体锍尖晶石和气渣锍尖晶石平衡进行了实验测量。该技术包括在铁尖晶石载体基底上高温平衡硫化物-氧化物混合物,通过快速淬火保存平衡相,以及使用微量分析技术对相进行直接成分分析。结果与之前在 = 0.25巴显示了在固定温度下二氧化硫分压对气体锍尖晶石和气体炉渣锍尖晶石平衡的影响,并作为锍品位的函数。对于给定的锍品位,发现炉渣中溶解铜的浓度随着SO2分压的增加而降低。
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引用次数: 2
Modification of Bitumen Properties Using Waste Polymer in Context of Bangladesh 孟加拉国废弃聚合物对沥青性能的改性
IF 1.2 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20210601.12
Mohammad Mohayminul Islam, Mosammat Shamima Shirin, Tausif Rahman Tonoy, Sanzit Ahmed Sweet
Proper disposal of plastics and its derivatives is one of the biggest challenges all over the globe. Due to the improper management of plastic product environment is being polluted. Plastic waste generation and plastic waste-based pollution in Bangladesh is leaping at a high pace. Among numerous ways of disposal of waste plastics, one can be using it in flexible pavement construction. According to the Bangladesh Waste Database 2014, Dhaka city alone produces 25.44% (5,925.51 tons/ day) of waste, of which 8.45% is plastic. In the construction of bituminous pavement, plastics, as well as construction debris, are being used in the form of aggregate and filler materials popularly. This study focusses on the improvement of properties of bitumen by blending it with LDPE (Low-density polyethylene) and PP (Polypropylene) at a different proportion. Three cases were considered in the study for plastic waste addition, Case-01:- only LDPE; Case-02:- LDPE: PP=3:1; Case-03:- LDPE: PP=1:1. For each case, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% of plastic waste was mixed with bitumen. It was found that the penetration value and ductility decrease with the increasing proportion of plastic waste in bitumen, whereas the softening point increases for every case. Loss on heating, flash & fire point also been improved with the plastic addition. The performance of Case- 03 (LDPE: PP=1:1) is better than others. Minimum penetration value, 11 and maximum softening point, 90°C, is found for this case, which indicates a 90% improvement compared to virgin bitumen. Due to the addition of plastic waste, the ductility always gets affected. But overall, a significant improvement in the properties of bitumen is noticeable.
妥善处理塑料及其衍生物是全球面临的最大挑战之一。由于管理不善,塑料制品的环境正受到污染。孟加拉国的塑料垃圾产生和基于塑料垃圾的污染正在高速增长。在处理废塑料的众多方法中,可以将其用于柔性路面施工。根据2014年孟加拉国废物数据库,仅达卡市就产生了25.44%(5925.51吨/天)的废物,其中8.45%是塑料。在沥青路面施工中,塑料和建筑垃圾以骨料和填料的形式广泛使用。本研究的重点是通过将沥青与LDPE(低密度聚乙烯)和PP(聚丙烯)按不同比例共混来改善沥青的性能。在添加塑料废物的研究中考虑了三个案例,案例-01:仅LDPE;案例02:LDPE:PP=3:1;案例03:LDPE:PP=1:1。在每种情况下,3%、6%、9%、12%和15%的塑料垃圾与沥青混合。研究发现,随着塑料垃圾在沥青中所占比例的增加,沥青的渗透值和延性降低,而软化点在每种情况下都增加。塑料的加入也改善了加热、闪点和燃点的损失。案例-03(LDPE:PP=1:1)的性能优于其他材料。在这种情况下,发现了最小渗透值11和最大软化点90°C,这表明与原始沥青相比提高了90%。由于塑料垃圾的加入,塑性总是受到影响。但总的来说,沥青性能的显著改善是显而易见的。
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引用次数: 2
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Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy
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