Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160209
R. Decesari
Radio frequency systems have been married to the marine environment for over three-quarters of a century. Since the days of Marconi, when seagoing spark-gap transmitters, miles of antenna wire, and crystal sets were "high-tech", radio systems have provided communications, navigation, and data telemetry functions for vessels ranging in size and shape from the mightiest dreadnoughts to the latest autonomous submersible systems. This paper will review the development of marine oriented RF systems, examine the current state-of-the-art technology, and try to predict the direction of future electromagnetic-marine systems.
{"title":"The use of radio frequency systems in the marine environment","authors":"R. Decesari","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160209","url":null,"abstract":"Radio frequency systems have been married to the marine environment for over three-quarters of a century. Since the days of Marconi, when seagoing spark-gap transmitters, miles of antenna wire, and crystal sets were \"high-tech\", radio systems have provided communications, navigation, and data telemetry functions for vessels ranging in size and shape from the mightiest dreadnoughts to the latest autonomous submersible systems. This paper will review the development of marine oriented RF systems, examine the current state-of-the-art technology, and try to predict the direction of future electromagnetic-marine systems.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133617103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160192
K. Frye
The Arctic is one of the last energy frontiers, yet one with the greatest of opportunities -- opportunities for massive new sources of energy, opportunities for imaginative technology, and opportunities for research cooperation. This paper presents the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) perspective on Arctic energy opportunities, the resources, development plans, and technical barriers. The paper outlines major U.S. policy areas and the Arctic programs of DOE and other U.S. agencies which are pursuing Arctic energy issues. Arctic energy development opportunities, particularly in the context of supportive research and cooperative efforts, are also discussed. These efforts, and enhanced international cooperation, may help solve Arctic development problems in a more efficient and timely way.
{"title":"Arctic energy opportunitites: Perspectives on U.S. resources and development","authors":"K. Frye","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160192","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic is one of the last energy frontiers, yet one with the greatest of opportunities -- opportunities for massive new sources of energy, opportunities for imaginative technology, and opportunities for research cooperation. This paper presents the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) perspective on Arctic energy opportunities, the resources, development plans, and technical barriers. The paper outlines major U.S. policy areas and the Arctic programs of DOE and other U.S. agencies which are pursuing Arctic energy issues. Arctic energy development opportunities, particularly in the context of supportive research and cooperative efforts, are also discussed. These efforts, and enhanced international cooperation, may help solve Arctic development problems in a more efficient and timely way.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133734419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160298
A. Fritz
The Minerals Management Service Environmental Studies Program was initiated in 1973 by the Secretary of Interior to conduct studies needed to predict, assess, and manage impacts on the human, marine and coastal environments of the outer continental shelf (OCS) and nearshore areas which may be affected by oil and gas activities. Studies in the Atlantic OCS Region have since made contributions to the body of knowledge concerning oceanographic processes of OCS environments extending from Nova Scotia to Cape Canaveral. The Atlantic Studies Program has contributed not only to the characterization of these areas and impact assessment on OCS resources but also to the advancement of oceanographic technologies and deepwater research. The program is committed to wide dissemination of information available in the form of data bases, reports, maps, models, and refereed publications. This overview focuses on the extent and principal results of studies which may prove valuable to resource managers and scientists investigating OCS processes.
{"title":"Contributions of Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies program to knowledge of ocean environments","authors":"A. Fritz","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160298","url":null,"abstract":"The Minerals Management Service Environmental Studies Program was initiated in 1973 by the Secretary of Interior to conduct studies needed to predict, assess, and manage impacts on the human, marine and coastal environments of the outer continental shelf (OCS) and nearshore areas which may be affected by oil and gas activities. Studies in the Atlantic OCS Region have since made contributions to the body of knowledge concerning oceanographic processes of OCS environments extending from Nova Scotia to Cape Canaveral. The Atlantic Studies Program has contributed not only to the characterization of these areas and impact assessment on OCS resources but also to the advancement of oceanographic technologies and deepwater research. The program is committed to wide dissemination of information available in the form of data bases, reports, maps, models, and refereed publications. This overview focuses on the extent and principal results of studies which may prove valuable to resource managers and scientists investigating OCS processes.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114867623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160281
G. Drapeau, D. Hodgins, B. Long, C. Amos
Radioactivated Iridium 192 glass was used to monitor the transport of sand at two locations on the outer Atlantic continental shelf of Canada. One site (Olympia) is located 7.2 km North of Sable Island at a depth of 35 m in a region of 0.5-0.6 mm diameter sand patches overlying coarser lag sand. The other site (Venture) is situated 8.6 km South of Sable Island at a depth of 32 m on the crest of a large shore-connected sand ridge of uniform grain size (0.37 mm). Two kilograms of radioactive glass tracer with a total radioactivity of 1.5 Curies were injected at each location in September 1984 and subsequently surveyed in October, January and February.
{"title":"Radio-isotope tracer measurements of sand transport on the outer continental shelf, Sable Island Canada","authors":"G. Drapeau, D. Hodgins, B. Long, C. Amos","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160281","url":null,"abstract":"Radioactivated Iridium 192 glass was used to monitor the transport of sand at two locations on the outer Atlantic continental shelf of Canada. One site (Olympia) is located 7.2 km North of Sable Island at a depth of 35 m in a region of 0.5-0.6 mm diameter sand patches overlying coarser lag sand. The other site (Venture) is situated 8.6 km South of Sable Island at a depth of 32 m on the crest of a large shore-connected sand ridge of uniform grain size (0.37 mm). Two kilograms of radioactive glass tracer with a total radioactivity of 1.5 Curies were injected at each location in September 1984 and subsequently surveyed in October, January and February.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114308464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160238
J. Halkyard
A likely mining scenario for recovery of manganese crusts from 600-2400 meter water depths is described. Estimates for mining system performance are made, including such items as percent crust recovery, dilution with substrate, energy consumption and potential effluent properties. The designs proposed are based on a number of assumptions and utilize relatively standard mining technology. Further data requirements and developmnent work is identified which could lead to change in the proposed scenario. In particular, further data is needed on the microtopography of the sea bed and the nature of the crust/substrate interface in order to confidently predict recovery and dilution.
{"title":"Technology for mining cobalt rich manganese crusts from seamounts","authors":"J. Halkyard","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160238","url":null,"abstract":"A likely mining scenario for recovery of manganese crusts from 600-2400 meter water depths is described. Estimates for mining system performance are made, including such items as percent crust recovery, dilution with substrate, energy consumption and potential effluent properties. The designs proposed are based on a number of assumptions and utilize relatively standard mining technology. Further data requirements and developmnent work is identified which could lead to change in the proposed scenario. In particular, further data is needed on the microtopography of the sea bed and the nature of the crust/substrate interface in order to confidently predict recovery and dilution.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129316239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160170
C. West
A description is given of recent research activities in Norway in the field of commercial fishing technology. The bulk of such work is carried out by the Institute of Fishery Technology Research, which has separate divisions responsible for problems in seafood processing and utilization, fishing vessel design and occupational safety in the fishing industry, and fish capture techniques. Typical projects in each of these areas are described, and the Institute's efforts are related to fisheries technology research efforts elsewhere in western Europe.
{"title":"The status of fishing technology research in Norway","authors":"C. West","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160170","url":null,"abstract":"A description is given of recent research activities in Norway in the field of commercial fishing technology. The bulk of such work is carried out by the Institute of Fishery Technology Research, which has separate divisions responsible for problems in seafood processing and utilization, fishing vessel design and occupational safety in the fishing industry, and fish capture techniques. Typical projects in each of these areas are described, and the Institute's efforts are related to fisheries technology research efforts elsewhere in western Europe.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124176670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160267
E. Russin, D. Beaumariage, L. Deibel, B. Zumwalt
The National Ocean Service (NOS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has statutory responsibility for tidal measurements, analyses, predictions, and datum determinations. To satisfy this responsibility, NOS maintains a network of 225 permanent tidal and water level measurement stations throughout the United States and its territories. This network is called the National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON). Because the equipment and technology used to support the NWLON is aging and obsolete, NOS is in the process of replacing it with the Next Generation Water Level Measurement System (NGWLMS). A Program Development Plan (PDP) has been approved and implemented; and this paper describes the Technical Development Plan (TDP) which will be used to bring the total system through its development phases. The NGWLMS is a fully integrated system encompassing new technology sensors and recording equipment, multiple state-of-the-art data transmission options and integrated data processing, analyses, and dissemination subsystems.This paper describes the background to the TDP and the procedures, responsibilities, policies, technical aspects, and schedules necessary to develop, test, acquire, and deploy the NGWLMS plus an additional 150 supplemental stations. The technical aspects delineated include those activities necessary to move the NGWLMS Program from the concept evaluation stage through production and deployment to full operational status, i.e., the provision of services to users. The topics addressed include program management and planning, functional subsystem descriptions, interdependencies and requirements of other systems and programs, reliability and maintainability, integrated logistic support, test and evaluation, personnel training, and deployment procedures. Multiple uses for NGWLMS data, system requirements, and operational constraints are also discussed.
{"title":"A technical development plan for a next generation water level measurement system","authors":"E. Russin, D. Beaumariage, L. Deibel, B. Zumwalt","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160267","url":null,"abstract":"The National Ocean Service (NOS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has statutory responsibility for tidal measurements, analyses, predictions, and datum determinations. To satisfy this responsibility, NOS maintains a network of 225 permanent tidal and water level measurement stations throughout the United States and its territories. This network is called the National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON). Because the equipment and technology used to support the NWLON is aging and obsolete, NOS is in the process of replacing it with the Next Generation Water Level Measurement System (NGWLMS). A Program Development Plan (PDP) has been approved and implemented; and this paper describes the Technical Development Plan (TDP) which will be used to bring the total system through its development phases. The NGWLMS is a fully integrated system encompassing new technology sensors and recording equipment, multiple state-of-the-art data transmission options and integrated data processing, analyses, and dissemination subsystems.This paper describes the background to the TDP and the procedures, responsibilities, policies, technical aspects, and schedules necessary to develop, test, acquire, and deploy the NGWLMS plus an additional 150 supplemental stations. The technical aspects delineated include those activities necessary to move the NGWLMS Program from the concept evaluation stage through production and deployment to full operational status, i.e., the provision of services to users. The topics addressed include program management and planning, functional subsystem descriptions, interdependencies and requirements of other systems and programs, reliability and maintainability, integrated logistic support, test and evaluation, personnel training, and deployment procedures. Multiple uses for NGWLMS data, system requirements, and operational constraints are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129531624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160261
D. Sheres, K. Kenyon
Ocean imagery obtained by satellite carried sensors in the visible, microwave and IR frequency bands contain synoptic data about the state of the ocean that is available in close to "real time" on a global scale. The information includes quantitative data about surface waves, temperatures, velocity, shear, chlorophyl content and bathymetry in shallow water. Here we will report on two examples of the use of remote sensing in ocean measurements: 1. The use of high resolution ocean images of swell to determine wavelength and direction of the dominant waves as well as to detect and measure surface currents and horizontal shears. 2. The use of infra red ocean imagery to determine water velocities and circulation patterns. Archived imagery of both types can be used for obtaining historic data on a global scale.
{"title":"The use of remote sensing to obtain quantitative and qualitative ocean data: A few examples","authors":"D. Sheres, K. Kenyon","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160261","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean imagery obtained by satellite carried sensors in the visible, microwave and IR frequency bands contain synoptic data about the state of the ocean that is available in close to \"real time\" on a global scale. The information includes quantitative data about surface waves, temperatures, velocity, shear, chlorophyl content and bathymetry in shallow water. Here we will report on two examples of the use of remote sensing in ocean measurements: 1. The use of high resolution ocean images of swell to determine wavelength and direction of the dominant waves as well as to detect and measure surface currents and horizontal shears. 2. The use of infra red ocean imagery to determine water velocities and circulation patterns. Archived imagery of both types can be used for obtaining historic data on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128939004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160276
B. Parker
Recent developments in instrumentation, telecommunication, and computer technologies, combined with advanced numerical modeling and forecasting techniques, now provide a capability for disseminating accurate forecasts of oceanographic parameters to a growing maritime user community. Real-time measurements can: (1) provide immediate oceanographic information to the user; (2) form the basis for more accurate forecasts; and (3) drive numerical hydrodynamic models to provide even broader marine information services. For the commercial shipping industry, real-time model systems represent an important step beyond reliance on classical tide predictions; making maximum use of available channel depths leads to safer and more economical commerce. Real-time/ forecast circulation will make navigation safer at key locations, and will increase the success of search and rescue operations and the clean-up of oil spills and other hazardous materials. Real-time dynamical model forecasting itself represents an important interpretative physical tool which can increase our understanding of the geophysical phenomena that affect the maritime community everyday. Uses for sophisticated real-time model systems, like uses for satellite imagery, will continue to develop.
{"title":"Real-time oceanographic model systems: Present and future applications","authors":"B. Parker","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160276","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in instrumentation, telecommunication, and computer technologies, combined with advanced numerical modeling and forecasting techniques, now provide a capability for disseminating accurate forecasts of oceanographic parameters to a growing maritime user community. Real-time measurements can: (1) provide immediate oceanographic information to the user; (2) form the basis for more accurate forecasts; and (3) drive numerical hydrodynamic models to provide even broader marine information services. For the commercial shipping industry, real-time model systems represent an important step beyond reliance on classical tide predictions; making maximum use of available channel depths leads to safer and more economical commerce. Real-time/ forecast circulation will make navigation safer at key locations, and will increase the success of search and rescue operations and the clean-up of oil spills and other hazardous materials. Real-time dynamical model forecasting itself represents an important interpretative physical tool which can increase our understanding of the geophysical phenomena that affect the maritime community everyday. Uses for sophisticated real-time model systems, like uses for satellite imagery, will continue to develop.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117137416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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