Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160221
D. Schwab, P. Liu
Wave data recorded by a NOMAD buoy and a Waverider buoy in the west central basin of Lake Erie during September, October, and November 1984 are compared. Data include significant wave height, average wave period, wave spectra, and water temperature. The two systems were found to provide comparable estimates of wave height, wave period, and wave spectra only during periods when significant wave height exceeded 0.5 m. At lower wave heights, the NOMAD buoy gave slightly lower estimates of significant wave height than the Waverider. The Waverider processing system was unable to provide accurate spectral information for low wave heights because of aliasing. Water temperature measurements from the two systems were virtually identical.
{"title":"Intercomparison of wave measurements obtained from a NOMAD buoy and from a waverider buoy in Lake Erie","authors":"D. Schwab, P. Liu","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160221","url":null,"abstract":"Wave data recorded by a NOMAD buoy and a Waverider buoy in the west central basin of Lake Erie during September, October, and November 1984 are compared. Data include significant wave height, average wave period, wave spectra, and water temperature. The two systems were found to provide comparable estimates of wave height, wave period, and wave spectra only during periods when significant wave height exceeded 0.5 m. At lower wave heights, the NOMAD buoy gave slightly lower estimates of significant wave height than the Waverider. The Waverider processing system was unable to provide accurate spectral information for low wave heights because of aliasing. Water temperature measurements from the two systems were virtually identical.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126858232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160220
D. Pryor
NOAA's National Ocean Service has begun a new program of mapping the ocean floor within the United States' Exclusive Economic Zone. The program will produce base maps to support the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural resources in this vast area which is now under national sovereignty. This is a cooperative effort with the United States Geological Survey and a part of a Federal program in support of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The primary mission of the program is to produce accurate, high resolution bathymetric data using modern multibeam swath mapping systems. NDAA is currently applying its two systems - a Sea Beam and a Bathymetric Swath Survey System (BS3)- to this task. Additional systems are to be installed. Characteristics of these systems and the positioning equipment being used as well as the data processing techniques being employed will be examined and related to the data products which are being prepared. Mapping progress to date will be reviewed and survey plans described. Opportunities for acquisition of other data in conjuction with the planned surveys will be presented.
{"title":"Overview of NOAA's Exclusive Economic Zone Survey PROGRAM","authors":"D. Pryor","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160220","url":null,"abstract":"NOAA's National Ocean Service has begun a new program of mapping the ocean floor within the United States' Exclusive Economic Zone. The program will produce base maps to support the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural resources in this vast area which is now under national sovereignty. This is a cooperative effort with the United States Geological Survey and a part of a Federal program in support of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The primary mission of the program is to produce accurate, high resolution bathymetric data using modern multibeam swath mapping systems. NDAA is currently applying its two systems - a Sea Beam and a Bathymetric Swath Survey System (BS3)- to this task. Additional systems are to be installed. Characteristics of these systems and the positioning equipment being used as well as the data processing techniques being employed will be examined and related to the data products which are being prepared. Mapping progress to date will be reviewed and survey plans described. Opportunities for acquisition of other data in conjuction with the planned surveys will be presented.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123191367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160311
K. Mahrt, W. Kroebel
One can realize a powerful optical interferometric electronical bench salinometer/ densitometer, which may even use distilled water as a reference rather than "Standard Sea Water". Major specifications of the present day prototype in terms of salinity are: Accuracy:pm 0.005precision:pm0.001, reasonable resolution: 0.0003. The range of measurements covers S = 0...40. A favourable feature is the inherent possibility of measurement in continuous flow. Problems of thermostating and handling of the liquid samples have been solved. Research and development is going on with emphasis on increasing the handling speed of samples. This focusses on the design of a very unconventional optical double- cuvette which allows for high speed flushing. While at OCEANS'84 the description of the foundations of the measuring principle stood in the foreground, critical data from performance tests are now to be reported on and discussed in detail.
{"title":"Quantitative performance data of a new automatic optical bench salinometer/densitometer","authors":"K. Mahrt, W. Kroebel","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160311","url":null,"abstract":"One can realize a powerful optical interferometric electronical bench salinometer/ densitometer, which may even use distilled water as a reference rather than \"Standard Sea Water\". Major specifications of the present day prototype in terms of salinity are: Accuracy:pm 0.005precision:pm0.001, reasonable resolution: 0.0003. The range of measurements covers S = 0...40. A favourable feature is the inherent possibility of measurement in continuous flow. Problems of thermostating and handling of the liquid samples have been solved. Research and development is going on with emphasis on increasing the handling speed of samples. This focusses on the design of a very unconventional optical double- cuvette which allows for high speed flushing. While at OCEANS'84 the description of the foundations of the measuring principle stood in the foreground, critical data from performance tests are now to be reported on and discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121203217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160216
T. Fournier
France's Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion program has shown the feasibility and competitiveness of open or closed cycle systems for plants generating less than 20 MWe. The design of a 5 MWe shore-based pilot plant for Tahiti began in 1982. The second stage of the program now in progress will select the most effective cycle for the Tahiti plant. This paper presents initial experiments with the vertical-spout flash evaporator designed for the open cycle version. Results cover variable water flows in terms of the non-equilibrium pressure differences at the inlet and outlet, gas release, liquid entrainment and liquid-side pressure drop. Three modes of evaporation dictated by bubble bursting conditions are described and the effects of salinity, jet interaction and spout height are discussed.
{"title":"Open cycle-ocean thermal energy conversion: Experimental study of flash evaporation","authors":"T. Fournier","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160216","url":null,"abstract":"France's Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion program has shown the feasibility and competitiveness of open or closed cycle systems for plants generating less than 20 MWe. The design of a 5 MWe shore-based pilot plant for Tahiti began in 1982. The second stage of the program now in progress will select the most effective cycle for the Tahiti plant. This paper presents initial experiments with the vertical-spout flash evaporator designed for the open cycle version. Results cover variable water flows in terms of the non-equilibrium pressure differences at the inlet and outlet, gas release, liquid entrainment and liquid-side pressure drop. Three modes of evaporation dictated by bubble bursting conditions are described and the effects of salinity, jet interaction and spout height are discussed.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122929373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160116
J. Bozanic
Underwater cave divers using Scuba gear to perform scientific research (including measurement recording, biological collecting, geological sampling, and photographic recording) must overcome several unique problems to attain their goals. The equipment and methods have been developed over many years, and have been utilized on many underwater research expeditions in such places as the Bahamas, Canary Islands, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Republic of Palau, and the United States. Although these items were developed to meet specific needs and purposes, the potential for other ocean development/ measurement applications could be of interest to scientific and sport diver organizations and commercial firms.
{"title":"Equipment and techniques developed for scientific exploration of oceanic caves","authors":"J. Bozanic","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160116","url":null,"abstract":"Underwater cave divers using Scuba gear to perform scientific research (including measurement recording, biological collecting, geological sampling, and photographic recording) must overcome several unique problems to attain their goals. The equipment and methods have been developed over many years, and have been utilized on many underwater research expeditions in such places as the Bahamas, Canary Islands, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Republic of Palau, and the United States. Although these items were developed to meet specific needs and purposes, the potential for other ocean development/ measurement applications could be of interest to scientific and sport diver organizations and commercial firms.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133388608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205
G. Fowler, J. Hamilton, W. Whiteway
A new oceanographic mooring winch has been developed at B.I.O. to simplify operations while at the same time reducing the potential for material damage. The winch incorporates a novel arrangement of a grooveless traction roller system to allow mooring line storage at a low tension and provides for automatic separation of successive cable wraps on the rollers to eliminate snagging of terminations. An angled roller mounting arrangement allows a "pack" of cable wraps to glide back and forth across the rollers, following the spooling on the storage reel without the aid of a fairlead system. Storage reels are quickly interchangeable with hydraulic power assist for the separation of different mooring line types or the laying of very long moorings. The device has been employed for the successful deployment and recovery of 5000 m (16,000 ft) long steel/Kevlar moorings and has significantly reduced handling problems.
{"title":"A novel traction winch for cceanographic moorings","authors":"G. Fowler, J. Hamilton, W. Whiteway","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160205","url":null,"abstract":"A new oceanographic mooring winch has been developed at B.I.O. to simplify operations while at the same time reducing the potential for material damage. The winch incorporates a novel arrangement of a grooveless traction roller system to allow mooring line storage at a low tension and provides for automatic separation of successive cable wraps on the rollers to eliminate snagging of terminations. An angled roller mounting arrangement allows a \"pack\" of cable wraps to glide back and forth across the rollers, following the spooling on the storage reel without the aid of a fairlead system. Storage reels are quickly interchangeable with hydraulic power assist for the separation of different mooring line types or the laying of very long moorings. The device has been employed for the successful deployment and recovery of 5000 m (16,000 ft) long steel/Kevlar moorings and has significantly reduced handling problems.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114300004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160152
D. Gower
How can the National Ocean Service (NOS) and private industry work together to best use our resources to realize the full potential for ocean use? The current Administration has emphasized the necessity of fostering strong private industry/government partnerships. In doing this, the government should provide basic research, but private industry must put it to work. NOS is fulfilling its mandate of providing basic oceanographic research and has established partnerships with industry in order to develop cooperative projects that are mutually beneficial and effect technology transfer. Through activities such as the NOAA Users' Conference and regional Project PORTS workshops, private industry has learned of NOS's services and NOS has increased its awareness of the oceanographic industry's needs. In order for NOS to continue to meet those needs, more attention must be focused on the importance and usefulness of applied oceanographic products. Only when the public is aware of the vast potential and applicability of ocean resources will the necessary support be found for basic oceanographic research.
{"title":"The public/private partnership: Ensuring the future of basic oceanographic research","authors":"D. Gower","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160152","url":null,"abstract":"How can the National Ocean Service (NOS) and private industry work together to best use our resources to realize the full potential for ocean use? The current Administration has emphasized the necessity of fostering strong private industry/government partnerships. In doing this, the government should provide basic research, but private industry must put it to work. NOS is fulfilling its mandate of providing basic oceanographic research and has established partnerships with industry in order to develop cooperative projects that are mutually beneficial and effect technology transfer. Through activities such as the NOAA Users' Conference and regional Project PORTS workshops, private industry has learned of NOS's services and NOS has increased its awareness of the oceanographic industry's needs. In order for NOS to continue to meet those needs, more attention must be focused on the importance and usefulness of applied oceanographic products. Only when the public is aware of the vast potential and applicability of ocean resources will the necessary support be found for basic oceanographic research.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114872684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160231
R. Stewart
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in support of global oceanographic studies and the large-scale oceanographic experiments of the World Climate Research Program, has begun a program to measure oceanic winds, currents, and tides from space. The two major elements of the program are: (a) A Nasa Scatterometer NSCAT to measure winds from space to be flown on the Navy's Remote Ocean Sensing System NROSS satellite; and (b) the Topex/Poseidon altimetric satellite to measure currents and tides. The NSCAT will measure surface wind speed and direction on a 50 km grid with an accuracy ofpm 2m/s andpm 20degalong 600 km wide swaths on either side of the spacecraft to provide near global coverage every two clays for three years. NSCAT is funded and launch is planned for September 1990. The combination of Nasa's Topex program with the Poseidon program of the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Topex/Poseidon, has led to plans to launch a joint altimetric satellite in February 1991 to measure sea-surface topography with an accuracy ofpm 14cm and a precision ofpm 2.4cm along a fixed global grid every 10 days for three years. These measurements will be used to calculate the time-varying and permanent surface geostrophic currents at the sea surface, oceanic tides, and ocean wave height.
{"title":"The NASA NSCAT and Topex/Poseidon programs","authors":"R. Stewart","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160231","url":null,"abstract":"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in support of global oceanographic studies and the large-scale oceanographic experiments of the World Climate Research Program, has begun a program to measure oceanic winds, currents, and tides from space. The two major elements of the program are: (a) A Nasa Scatterometer NSCAT to measure winds from space to be flown on the Navy's Remote Ocean Sensing System NROSS satellite; and (b) the Topex/Poseidon altimetric satellite to measure currents and tides. The NSCAT will measure surface wind speed and direction on a 50 km grid with an accuracy ofpm 2m/s andpm 20degalong 600 km wide swaths on either side of the spacecraft to provide near global coverage every two clays for three years. NSCAT is funded and launch is planned for September 1990. The combination of Nasa's Topex program with the Poseidon program of the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Topex/Poseidon, has led to plans to launch a joint altimetric satellite in February 1991 to measure sea-surface topography with an accuracy ofpm 14cm and a precision ofpm 2.4cm along a fixed global grid every 10 days for three years. These measurements will be used to calculate the time-varying and permanent surface geostrophic currents at the sea surface, oceanic tides, and ocean wave height.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115126154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234
K. Richardson, N. West
While significant advances have been made with respect to the management and planning of the nation's coastal and nearshore marine environment, landcover information from both the terrestrial and marine portion of the coastal zone has often been difficult to obtain. The fully operational TM sensor onboard Landsat V which was placed in orbit late in 1984 has proved particularly useful for coastal landcover applications. This paper reports on an analysis of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The fine resolution (1/4 acre) and the addition of three electromagnetic bands greatly enhances the interpretive capabilities of the Landsat system, especially in the shallow nearshore marine environment. Nantucket Island is the last remnant of a terminal moraine, whose southern and western shores have been eroding since the end of the Pleistocene period. With a projected increase in sea level, these processes are likely to continue, perhaps even increase. Sand, silt and gravel are constantly being transported, trapped, reworked and redeposited by some of the strongest tidal currents in North America. This results in constantly changing banks, reefs, spits and barriers. The fine resolution and the frequency of orbital overpass make scenes from Landsat's TM sensor a particularly valuable coastal surveillance tool.
{"title":"Thematic mapper analysis of Nantucket's nearshore marine environment","authors":"K. Richardson, N. West","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160234","url":null,"abstract":"While significant advances have been made with respect to the management and planning of the nation's coastal and nearshore marine environment, landcover information from both the terrestrial and marine portion of the coastal zone has often been difficult to obtain. The fully operational TM sensor onboard Landsat V which was placed in orbit late in 1984 has proved particularly useful for coastal landcover applications. This paper reports on an analysis of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. The fine resolution (1/4 acre) and the addition of three electromagnetic bands greatly enhances the interpretive capabilities of the Landsat system, especially in the shallow nearshore marine environment. Nantucket Island is the last remnant of a terminal moraine, whose southern and western shores have been eroding since the end of the Pleistocene period. With a projected increase in sea level, these processes are likely to continue, perhaps even increase. Sand, silt and gravel are constantly being transported, trapped, reworked and redeposited by some of the strongest tidal currents in North America. This results in constantly changing banks, reefs, spits and barriers. The fine resolution and the frequency of orbital overpass make scenes from Landsat's TM sensor a particularly valuable coastal surveillance tool.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124712913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164
F. Maltz
High frequency surface reflection for sound in a refraction ocean is created by statistical geometry. This approach uses Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (HK) scattering theory and ray acoustics. The model is a layered ocean with acoustic ray paths lying in vertical planes. A multiplicity of raypaths and a number of reflections associated with each is simulated. The simulations use the joint probability distribution of surface slopes. An important application of this model is surface duct propagation calculations for certain areas of the world's oceans where sound speed increases with depth. Using this approach, surface curvature effects are fully accounted for.
{"title":"Simulating surface scattering and sound transmission in a refractive medium","authors":"F. Maltz","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160164","url":null,"abstract":"High frequency surface reflection for sound in a refraction ocean is created by statistical geometry. This approach uses Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (HK) scattering theory and ray acoustics. The model is a layered ocean with acoustic ray paths lying in vertical planes. A multiplicity of raypaths and a number of reflections associated with each is simulated. The simulations use the joint probability distribution of surface slopes. An important application of this model is surface duct propagation calculations for certain areas of the world's oceans where sound speed increases with depth. Using this approach, surface curvature effects are fully accounted for.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125509845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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