Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160184
C. Zumwalt
Diesel oil based muds first introduced as spotting drilling fluids in 1942 and then as continuous drilling fluids in 1974 have been very beneficial to the drilling industry but are ecologically undesireable and a maintenance problem on offshore drilling rigs. Mineral type, low toxicity oil based muds have all the drilling benefits but are much less toxic, in proper levels can be ecologically acceptable and as such have largely replaced diesel oil's use offshore. Because of the popularity of these muds in lubricating hot holes, reducing pipe sticking and particularly in directional drilling, their use is becoming increasingly common offshore. The rig owner has to modify his drilling and containment systems for them and use special systems in discharging residues and keeping the rig safe, clean and habitable.
{"title":"Offshore environmental control of low toxicity oil based muds","authors":"C. Zumwalt","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160184","url":null,"abstract":"Diesel oil based muds first introduced as spotting drilling fluids in 1942 and then as continuous drilling fluids in 1974 have been very beneficial to the drilling industry but are ecologically undesireable and a maintenance problem on offshore drilling rigs. Mineral type, low toxicity oil based muds have all the drilling benefits but are much less toxic, in proper levels can be ecologically acceptable and as such have largely replaced diesel oil's use offshore. Because of the popularity of these muds in lubricating hot holes, reducing pipe sticking and particularly in directional drilling, their use is becoming increasingly common offshore. The rig owner has to modify his drilling and containment systems for them and use special systems in discharging residues and keeping the rig safe, clean and habitable.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132160254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160297
M. Silva, M. Meo
Based on interviews with representatives of state, local and federal agencies and with private interests, this papers reviews and assesses the responses made in Louisiana to the related problems of land subsidence and coastal erosion. The paper begins with a short review of the scientific evidence which indicates that Louisiana is losing more than 40 square miles per year to these phenomena. The paper then examines the process by which the various agencies involved have created policies and programs for addressing the problems of subsidence and erosion. The authors then enumerate the various strategies which have been adopted. The paper concludes with a few observations on the adequacy of the state, federal, local and private responses.
{"title":"\"The Louisiana response to land subsidence & coastal erosion\"","authors":"M. Silva, M. Meo","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160297","url":null,"abstract":"Based on interviews with representatives of state, local and federal agencies and with private interests, this papers reviews and assesses the responses made in Louisiana to the related problems of land subsidence and coastal erosion. The paper begins with a short review of the scientific evidence which indicates that Louisiana is losing more than 40 square miles per year to these phenomena. The paper then examines the process by which the various agencies involved have created policies and programs for addressing the problems of subsidence and erosion. The authors then enumerate the various strategies which have been adopted. The paper concludes with a few observations on the adequacy of the state, federal, local and private responses.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127788612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160249
J. Boylls, T. Hendricks
A low-cost, uncomplicated current meter with enhanced dynamic range and low speed accuracy has been developed from earlier, now discontinued, film recording instruments. Appropriate for arrays or where capital is limited, it is particularly applicable where data entry labor is inexpensive. Instruments such as this can assist environmental monitoring programs in Third World countries. Super-8 motion picture film is the data recording medium, with a CMOS timer and sequencing module controlling the camera and lamp. The tilt and direction indicators are decoupled from one another. We will discuss the electronic design, sensor construction, installution, and data recovery. In use since 1978, this camera and electronic module combination is also effective as a self-contained hydrocast data logger for temperature, depth, and transparency measurements.
{"title":"A tilting current meter for low velocity currents","authors":"J. Boylls, T. Hendricks","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160249","url":null,"abstract":"A low-cost, uncomplicated current meter with enhanced dynamic range and low speed accuracy has been developed from earlier, now discontinued, film recording instruments. Appropriate for arrays or where capital is limited, it is particularly applicable where data entry labor is inexpensive. Instruments such as this can assist environmental monitoring programs in Third World countries. Super-8 motion picture film is the data recording medium, with a CMOS timer and sequencing module controlling the camera and lamp. The tilt and direction indicators are decoupled from one another. We will discuss the electronic design, sensor construction, installution, and data recovery. In use since 1978, this camera and electronic module combination is also effective as a self-contained hydrocast data logger for temperature, depth, and transparency measurements.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124212536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160251
R. Randall, P. Price
In 1980 the Department of Energy began discharging brine into the Gulf of Mexico in conjunction with the development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. An instrumentation system was developed for monitoring the brine plume resulting from the discharge, and it has proved to be very reliable over the past five years of nearly monthly measurements of the brine plume emanating from the Bryan Mound and West Hackberry Strategic Petroleum Reserve sites. The purpose of this paper is to describe instrumentation which has been developed to measure the brine plumes resulting from the discharge of brine from a submerged multiport diffuser in coastal waters less than 30 m deep. A conductivity, temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen (CTD/DO) instrument is housed in a sled and towed on the seafloor. The instrument is interfaced to an automatic data acquisition system for recording the CTD/DO data and the ship's location. The system is relatively inexpensive and sufficiently accurate for evaluating the plume boundary to within 1 part per thousand above the ambient salinity.
{"title":"An instrumentation and data acquisition system for measuring brine plumes in coastal waters","authors":"R. Randall, P. Price","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160251","url":null,"abstract":"In 1980 the Department of Energy began discharging brine into the Gulf of Mexico in conjunction with the development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. An instrumentation system was developed for monitoring the brine plume resulting from the discharge, and it has proved to be very reliable over the past five years of nearly monthly measurements of the brine plume emanating from the Bryan Mound and West Hackberry Strategic Petroleum Reserve sites. The purpose of this paper is to describe instrumentation which has been developed to measure the brine plumes resulting from the discharge of brine from a submerged multiport diffuser in coastal waters less than 30 m deep. A conductivity, temperature, depth, and dissolved oxygen (CTD/DO) instrument is housed in a sled and towed on the seafloor. The instrument is interfaced to an automatic data acquisition system for recording the CTD/DO data and the ship's location. The system is relatively inexpensive and sufficiently accurate for evaluating the plume boundary to within 1 part per thousand above the ambient salinity.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114512667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160309
Yu-hwa Wang
The event of Alvenus Oil Spill along the Gulf coast of Texas and the clean-up technique of the spill is briefly described and evaluated in terms of beach profile changes. Recommendations are made as to whether the cleaning technique be used for future spill clean-up operations on sandy beaches elsewhere.
{"title":"Effects of the Alvenus Oil Spill clean-up technique on beach profiles, Galveston, Texas","authors":"Yu-hwa Wang","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160309","url":null,"abstract":"The event of Alvenus Oil Spill along the Gulf coast of Texas and the clean-up technique of the spill is briefly described and evaluated in terms of beach profile changes. Recommendations are made as to whether the cleaning technique be used for future spill clean-up operations on sandy beaches elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117275523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160252
D. Inman, S. Jenkins
Coastal structures that interrupt the longshore transport of sand along beaches cause erosion. The erosion "event" travels downcoast as an erosion wave with speeds of about 2 km/yr (1.2 mi/yr). Alternatively, the placement of large quantities of dredge spoil on the beach, and the natural deposition of flood deposits from rivers, initiate accretion waves that also travel downcoast. The presence of erosion/accretion waves traveling down the coast causes local cycles of erosion/accretion on downcoast beaches.
{"title":"Erosion and accretion waves from Oceanside Harbor","authors":"D. Inman, S. Jenkins","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160252","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal structures that interrupt the longshore transport of sand along beaches cause erosion. The erosion \"event\" travels downcoast as an erosion wave with speeds of about 2 km/yr (1.2 mi/yr). Alternatively, the placement of large quantities of dredge spoil on the beach, and the natural deposition of flood deposits from rivers, initiate accretion waves that also travel downcoast. The presence of erosion/accretion waves traveling down the coast causes local cycles of erosion/accretion on downcoast beaches.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116297678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160097
A. Alam
A number of studies have been conducted to determine the impact of a sea outfall discharging primary treated effluent into the Mediterranean Sea. The outfall diffuser would be located from 6 to 10 Km offshore from the shoreline of Alexandria. Impact of the effluent discharge from the proposed outfall diffuser is of major concern to Alexandria. To determine the impact of the proposed discharge a number of potential discharge locations, at increasing distances from the shoreline were investigated. An optimum diffuser manifold was designed to obtain maximum initial dilution. To analyze near field initial dilutions and far field transport, mixing and bacterial die-off two different computer models were developed. The far field transient plume model provided concentration contours of fecal coliform bacteria. Results showed that it was feasible to build the outfall diffuser 8 to 10 Km from shoreline.
{"title":"Analysis of a sea outfall discharge","authors":"A. Alam","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160097","url":null,"abstract":"A number of studies have been conducted to determine the impact of a sea outfall discharging primary treated effluent into the Mediterranean Sea. The outfall diffuser would be located from 6 to 10 Km offshore from the shoreline of Alexandria. Impact of the effluent discharge from the proposed outfall diffuser is of major concern to Alexandria. To determine the impact of the proposed discharge a number of potential discharge locations, at increasing distances from the shoreline were investigated. An optimum diffuser manifold was designed to obtain maximum initial dilution. To analyze near field initial dilutions and far field transport, mixing and bacterial die-off two different computer models were developed. The far field transient plume model provided concentration contours of fecal coliform bacteria. Results showed that it was feasible to build the outfall diffuser 8 to 10 Km from shoreline.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122010470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160291
L. Lewis, M. Quinby-Hunt, P. Wilde
Examples from the U.S. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program show that the information collected during the environmental compliance process can be used profitably by engineers and scientists to plan and construct well-designed, safe, and economically-feasible projects in the oceans. Geologic and physical oceanographic data collected for the OTEC-1, Pilot Plant and Seacoast Test Facility programs indicated modifications in initial test plans benefitted field performances and reduced engineering uncertainties in future phases of the projects.
{"title":"Environmental assessments: A tool for engineers","authors":"L. Lewis, M. Quinby-Hunt, P. Wilde","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160291","url":null,"abstract":"Examples from the U.S. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) program show that the information collected during the environmental compliance process can be used profitably by engineers and scientists to plan and construct well-designed, safe, and economically-feasible projects in the oceans. Geologic and physical oceanographic data collected for the OTEC-1, Pilot Plant and Seacoast Test Facility programs indicated modifications in initial test plans benefitted field performances and reduced engineering uncertainties in future phases of the projects.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122064978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160177
V. Anderson, R. Horn
A vehicle mounted passive cable accumulator has been developed to isolate ship-coupled cable motion from a remotely operated vehicle on the sea floor. Elastomer energy storage is used. Dacron straps wrapped on a cable drum shaft provide mechanical coupling between the elastomer and the cable. A shaped cam generates 110 lb constant tension in the bottom mode. An alternate tow mode provides a tension ranging from 0 to 1200 lbs at full extension. The accumulator is fail safe to the tow mode in case of power failure. The system was tested at sea at a depth of 3000 ft.
{"title":"Passive cable accumulator for the deep seafloor ROV, RUM III","authors":"V. Anderson, R. Horn","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160177","url":null,"abstract":"A vehicle mounted passive cable accumulator has been developed to isolate ship-coupled cable motion from a remotely operated vehicle on the sea floor. Elastomer energy storage is used. Dacron straps wrapped on a cable drum shaft provide mechanical coupling between the elastomer and the cable. A shaped cam generates 110 lb constant tension in the bottom mode. An alternate tow mode provides a tension ranging from 0 to 1200 lbs at full extension. The accumulator is fail safe to the tow mode in case of power failure. The system was tested at sea at a depth of 3000 ft.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124005399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160217
A. Seki, B. Auker, R. Fujioka, P. Ono, P. Takahashi
Experiments have been on-going at the Seacoast Test Facility of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii on the Big Island of Hawaii examining various means for controlling biofouling in OTEC heat exchangers. These methods include using amertap balls, nylon brushes, and chlorination. One method in particular under investigation is the use of ultraviolet irradiation, which is well documented in the medical and microbiological fields for killing bacteria and other microorganisms. In OTEC heat exchangers, the mechanism for biofouling is usually initiated by the presence of seawater bacteria which eventually attract higher order organisms leading to the growth of a fouling film which is resistant to heat transfer. Thus, the ultraviolet experiments are being directed towards killing or stunning the seawater bacteria before they reach the heat exchanger surface. Preliminary results have shown that seawater bacteria are significantly different from the well documented human bacteria and that the kill rates associated are not as high as anticipated.
{"title":"Ultraviolet irradiation for controlling biofouling in OTEC heat exchangers: A preliminary report","authors":"A. Seki, B. Auker, R. Fujioka, P. Ono, P. Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160217","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments have been on-going at the Seacoast Test Facility of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii on the Big Island of Hawaii examining various means for controlling biofouling in OTEC heat exchangers. These methods include using amertap balls, nylon brushes, and chlorination. One method in particular under investigation is the use of ultraviolet irradiation, which is well documented in the medical and microbiological fields for killing bacteria and other microorganisms. In OTEC heat exchangers, the mechanism for biofouling is usually initiated by the presence of seawater bacteria which eventually attract higher order organisms leading to the growth of a fouling film which is resistant to heat transfer. Thus, the ultraviolet experiments are being directed towards killing or stunning the seawater bacteria before they reach the heat exchanger surface. Preliminary results have shown that seawater bacteria are significantly different from the well documented human bacteria and that the kill rates associated are not as high as anticipated.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"447 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125847677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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