Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160310
J. Sherman
March 8, 1985, was the beginning of the second decode of satellite exploration of ocean surface and near surface phenomena. On this data the DoD/Navy Geosat system was launched to complete the geodetic mission begun by the NASA Seasat program in 1978. The Geosal altimeter will serve as the first of at least 15 sensors to be deployed on six satellites over the next five to six years. This paper will address the data implications that begin with the current NOAA system and the new Geosat mission and trace the near exponential growth in data to be derived from the ensemble of oceanic sensors planned in the near future.
{"title":"The ensemble of oceanic data in the 1990's: Where we are now and how we approach the next decade","authors":"J. Sherman","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160310","url":null,"abstract":"March 8, 1985, was the beginning of the second decode of satellite exploration of ocean surface and near surface phenomena. On this data the DoD/Navy Geosat system was launched to complete the geodetic mission begun by the NASA Seasat program in 1978. The Geosal altimeter will serve as the first of at least 15 sensors to be deployed on six satellites over the next five to six years. This paper will address the data implications that begin with the current NOAA system and the new Geosat mission and trace the near exponential growth in data to be derived from the ensemble of oceanic sensors planned in the near future.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129735330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160189
D. Licata
The extension of oil and exploration and drilling activities in the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea has helped to increase the need for an efficient and reliable road network which can transport supplies to and from and between the land based oil and gas terminals. The use of road/bridge embankments which extend into the fjord has caused a conflict between the interests of the environmentalists, aquaculturalists and local shipping industries and those of the Department of Roads and Transportation. Law now requires an environmental assessment of any planned road/bridge which could adversely effect the water quality in the fjord. Potential effects include increased icing and reduced bottom water renewal. The use of aerators and the channeling of local fresh water sources to the bottom of the fjord offer potential solutions to the problem.
{"title":"On one of the indirect repercussions of the oil industry on Norwegian fjords","authors":"D. Licata","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160189","url":null,"abstract":"The extension of oil and exploration and drilling activities in the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea has helped to increase the need for an efficient and reliable road network which can transport supplies to and from and between the land based oil and gas terminals. The use of road/bridge embankments which extend into the fjord has caused a conflict between the interests of the environmentalists, aquaculturalists and local shipping industries and those of the Department of Roads and Transportation. Law now requires an environmental assessment of any planned road/bridge which could adversely effect the water quality in the fjord. Potential effects include increased icing and reduced bottom water renewal. The use of aerators and the channeling of local fresh water sources to the bottom of the fjord offer potential solutions to the problem.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128351037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160187
D. Segar, D. Phillips, E. Stamman
Bioindicators are now widely used to monitor the status and trends of contamination in the coastal ocean. Because most such programs are poorly designed, they have produced little information of value to marine managers. Design of a successful bioindicator monitoring program requires that specific quantitiative program objectives be defined and expressed as null hypotheses, and that the sampling and analysis plan be designed to test these hypotheses at specified levels of statistical confidence. An optimal sampling and analysis plan designed to meet these needs must select the age, size range, and number of individuals per sample; the number of samples per site; the number of replicate analyses per sample; and other factors based upon the known sources of variance in the sampled population and in the analysis procedure. In addition, sampling sites must be carefully and systematically selected. Sites and the sampling and analysis design will differ for each specific objective addressed.
{"title":"Design of bioindicator based programs to monitor ocean status and trends","authors":"D. Segar, D. Phillips, E. Stamman","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160187","url":null,"abstract":"Bioindicators are now widely used to monitor the status and trends of contamination in the coastal ocean. Because most such programs are poorly designed, they have produced little information of value to marine managers. Design of a successful bioindicator monitoring program requires that specific quantitiative program objectives be defined and expressed as null hypotheses, and that the sampling and analysis plan be designed to test these hypotheses at specified levels of statistical confidence. An optimal sampling and analysis plan designed to meet these needs must select the age, size range, and number of individuals per sample; the number of samples per site; the number of replicate analyses per sample; and other factors based upon the known sources of variance in the sampled population and in the analysis procedure. In addition, sampling sites must be carefully and systematically selected. Sites and the sampling and analysis design will differ for each specific objective addressed.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129763355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160211
J. Klassi
This paper explains how increased solar radiation from Space Light systems can enhance Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), ocean kelp farming, sea-food production and rejuvenation of polluted oceans. Space Light Reflectors focused on OTEC sites can enhance ocean thermal energy conversion by increasing the temperature difference between surface waters and the cold ocean depths. In conjunction with nutrient-rich water from ocean upwelling pipes, Space Light can stimulate the growth of phytoplankton on which commercially valuable fish feed. Efficient integration of these space and ocean systems can produce energy and restore life to polluted oceans.
{"title":"Environmental enhancement of the oceans by increased solar radiation from space","authors":"J. Klassi","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains how increased solar radiation from Space Light systems can enhance Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), ocean kelp farming, sea-food production and rejuvenation of polluted oceans. Space Light Reflectors focused on OTEC sites can enhance ocean thermal energy conversion by increasing the temperature difference between surface waters and the cold ocean depths. In conjunction with nutrient-rich water from ocean upwelling pipes, Space Light can stimulate the growth of phytoplankton on which commercially valuable fish feed. Efficient integration of these space and ocean systems can produce energy and restore life to polluted oceans.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127059598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160243
S. McCandless
Since 1960, we have had a space platform, either orbiting the Earth or seemingly fixed in space, using telescopes and radars to collect global environmental information in very short periods of time. These new systems permit observations of great accuracy and on-time scales consistent with environmental changes that are important to marine users. Many R&D satellites have already proved the utility of space-based marine observations. Beginning in 1987, a large number of foreign and domestic operational marine remote sensing systems will be placed in space. This planned capability represents a $1.5B investment in systems that will usher in an important era of capabilities. The impact will be similar to the extention of communications industries in space. This paper discusses each of the emerging satellite systems and their application horizon.
{"title":"The future bonanza in marine data from space","authors":"S. McCandless","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160243","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1960, we have had a space platform, either orbiting the Earth or seemingly fixed in space, using telescopes and radars to collect global environmental information in very short periods of time. These new systems permit observations of great accuracy and on-time scales consistent with environmental changes that are important to marine users. Many R&D satellites have already proved the utility of space-based marine observations. Beginning in 1987, a large number of foreign and domestic operational marine remote sensing systems will be placed in space. This planned capability represents a $1.5B investment in systems that will usher in an important era of capabilities. The impact will be similar to the extention of communications industries in space. This paper discusses each of the emerging satellite systems and their application horizon.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130138115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160307
K. von der Heydt, G. Duckworth, A. Baggeroer
Multichannel acoustic and geophysical experiments have been conducted recently in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of the eastern Arctic Fram Straits region using a random array of hydrophones deployed from ice floes with radio linked telemetry across apertures of up to 6 km. Accurate relative positions of hydrophone sensors in the array are required for subsequent data processing. A system of hardware and software has been developed to compute and record relative sensor positions and make plots of the sensor field in real time. Off-line processing uses sound speed profile corrections and model based filtering for greatest accuracy. The system consists of 5 reference sensors in the array field, each co-located with a hydrophone, emitting 5 millisecond tone bursts at a unique frequency approximately every fifteen seconds. Signals are telemetered via a radio link to a receiving station where hardware detects pings and computes time delays between all sensors. These delays are acquired every thirty seconds, to compute an approximate set of array element locations and recorded for later processing. Relative location accuracies of 1 m rms can be obtained at ranges up to 5 km.
{"title":"Acoustic array sensor tracking system","authors":"K. von der Heydt, G. Duckworth, A. Baggeroer","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160307","url":null,"abstract":"Multichannel acoustic and geophysical experiments have been conducted recently in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of the eastern Arctic Fram Straits region using a random array of hydrophones deployed from ice floes with radio linked telemetry across apertures of up to 6 km. Accurate relative positions of hydrophone sensors in the array are required for subsequent data processing. A system of hardware and software has been developed to compute and record relative sensor positions and make plots of the sensor field in real time. Off-line processing uses sound speed profile corrections and model based filtering for greatest accuracy. The system consists of 5 reference sensors in the array field, each co-located with a hydrophone, emitting 5 millisecond tone bursts at a unique frequency approximately every fifteen seconds. Signals are telemetered via a radio link to a receiving station where hardware detects pings and computes time delays between all sensors. These delays are acquired every thirty seconds, to compute an approximate set of array element locations and recorded for later processing. Relative location accuracies of 1 m rms can be obtained at ranges up to 5 km.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130523253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160230
J. Latimer, R. Kaufman
On Marth 10, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation establishing the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). As a result a great deal of interest has been generated regarding the potential of the hard mineral deposits of the EEZ. Thus far, two principal mineral types have been singled out for special attention: (1) polymetallic sulfides and (2) cobalt enriched manganese crusts. For cobalt crusts, the paper presents preliminary considerations for the design of mining systems. The knowledge and actual design and testing experience gained in the development of mining systems for manganese nodules is used as a basis for the identification of viable crust mining systems. The ability to discriminate between crust and substrate is highlighted. Based upon available data, the paper: defines the mining system performance requirements; identifies fundamental mining alternatives and approaches; identifies existing technologies for transfer, including manganese nodule mining technology; and includes conceptual sketches of proposed viable mining systems.
{"title":"Preliminary considerations for the design of cobalt crust mining systms in the U.S. EEZ","authors":"J. Latimer, R. Kaufman","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160230","url":null,"abstract":"On Marth 10, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation establishing the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). As a result a great deal of interest has been generated regarding the potential of the hard mineral deposits of the EEZ. Thus far, two principal mineral types have been singled out for special attention: (1) polymetallic sulfides and (2) cobalt enriched manganese crusts. For cobalt crusts, the paper presents preliminary considerations for the design of mining systems. The knowledge and actual design and testing experience gained in the development of mining systems for manganese nodules is used as a basis for the identification of viable crust mining systems. The ability to discriminate between crust and substrate is highlighted. Based upon available data, the paper: defines the mining system performance requirements; identifies fundamental mining alternatives and approaches; identifies existing technologies for transfer, including manganese nodule mining technology; and includes conceptual sketches of proposed viable mining systems.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132403990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160112
J. Haustein, J. Feeney
Recent experience in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrates the importance of achieving a better understanding of current phenomena for offshore platform design. Engineers lack sufficient current criteria for extreme load calculations, operations managers require ocean velocity information for scheduling critical procedures and circulation data are necessary input for numerical oil spill risk analyses. This paper describes several ocean current studies recently conducted for the Gulf. Infrared and visible NOAA satellite imagery, expendable current profiler (XCP) measurements, drifting buoy observations and temperature cross sections are among the available data sources. Efforts include measuring currents in two 1984 hurricanes and studying anticyclonic Loop Current eddies. The simultaneous occurrence of hurricanes and eddies is also considered.
{"title":"Gulf of Mexico deep water current studies for offshore oil exploration and production","authors":"J. Haustein, J. Feeney","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160112","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experience in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrates the importance of achieving a better understanding of current phenomena for offshore platform design. Engineers lack sufficient current criteria for extreme load calculations, operations managers require ocean velocity information for scheduling critical procedures and circulation data are necessary input for numerical oil spill risk analyses. This paper describes several ocean current studies recently conducted for the Gulf. Infrared and visible NOAA satellite imagery, expendable current profiler (XCP) measurements, drifting buoy observations and temperature cross sections are among the available data sources. Efforts include measuring currents in two 1984 hurricanes and studying anticyclonic Loop Current eddies. The simultaneous occurrence of hurricanes and eddies is also considered.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127626786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160091
F. Fisher
A large radius (4') flume has been built for deploying and recovering a long (1.5km) hydrophone array contained inside a Kevlar braid strength member. The flume is made of stainless steel and is polished to protect the Kevlar braid from abrasion. It is designed so that the deployment ship can still maneuver even with the array parallel to the stern in the horizontal plane. Details are be presented about the first use of this flume with the array under adverse circumstances.
{"title":"A flume for handling arrays at sea","authors":"F. Fisher","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160091","url":null,"abstract":"A large radius (4') flume has been built for deploying and recovering a long (1.5km) hydrophone array contained inside a Kevlar braid strength member. The flume is made of stainless steel and is polished to protect the Kevlar braid from abrasion. It is designed so that the deployment ship can still maneuver even with the array parallel to the stern in the horizontal plane. Details are be presented about the first use of this flume with the array under adverse circumstances.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127920581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160302
V. Zdorovenin
Advances in marine scientific research (MSR) have created a deceptive illusion on the part of many coastal States of the availability of the ocean's wealth and have caused, in the recent past, an accelerating trend in asserting claims to national maritime jurisdiction over vast areas considered for thousands of years as the high seas. Marine science, having pointed out the resource potential of the world ocean to mankind, now finds itself in a paradoxical situation whereby many phenomena within its scope have now become virtually alienated from it as a result of the drastic curtailment of the freedom of MSR in marginal sea/ocean areas. What concerns marine scientists even more is that the process of adopting decisions on MSR is increasingly politicized and marine science itself sometimes becomes an instrument for achieving political results. This is exemplified by a case history of the thwarted plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences to conduct MSR in the South-West Pacific. A special role can and must be played by international organizations. Not only is their coordinating and organizational assistance important in this connection, but their action as a political buffer and possible moderator of conflicting national interests acquires particular prominence.
{"title":"Marine scientific research as a new area of tension between states","authors":"V. Zdorovenin","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1985.1160302","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in marine scientific research (MSR) have created a deceptive illusion on the part of many coastal States of the availability of the ocean's wealth and have caused, in the recent past, an accelerating trend in asserting claims to national maritime jurisdiction over vast areas considered for thousands of years as the high seas. Marine science, having pointed out the resource potential of the world ocean to mankind, now finds itself in a paradoxical situation whereby many phenomena within its scope have now become virtually alienated from it as a result of the drastic curtailment of the freedom of MSR in marginal sea/ocean areas. What concerns marine scientists even more is that the process of adopting decisions on MSR is increasingly politicized and marine science itself sometimes becomes an instrument for achieving political results. This is exemplified by a case history of the thwarted plans of the USSR Academy of Sciences to conduct MSR in the South-West Pacific. A special role can and must be played by international organizations. Not only is their coordinating and organizational assistance important in this connection, but their action as a political buffer and possible moderator of conflicting national interests acquires particular prominence.","PeriodicalId":437366,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126629293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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