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Revisiting Criminal Law Bills: An In-Depth Critical Analysis of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Bill 重新审视刑法法案:深入批判性分析《印度教 Nyaya Sanhita 法案》和《印度教 Nagarik Suraksha 法案
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae043
Arushi Bajpai, Akash Gupta, Akshath Indusekhar
In an attempt to revise the criminal laws, India has introduced three new criminal law bills in the Lok Sabha in August 2023, which later received a few recommendations from the parliamentary committee and recently got a nod from the President of India. These bills have been diligently formulated after consultation with the apex court, the high courts, some of the most renowned law universities in the country, and other experts in the field. However, there have been a lot of drafting errors in the new bills. Since the time it has been introduced, it has been highly criticized by all the scholars and lawyers across the nation. The idea of overhauling the criminal law acts was to go away from the colonial law provisions and frame the laws with Indian context. The IPC will be changed after around 163 years. However, the author believes that the colonial laws remain intact in the new bills. This article has seen all the changes that new bills are cringing providing special focus to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sahinta (BNS) and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS). The author has mentioned all the changes brought in the BNS and BNSS and the critiques of the new bills.
为了修订刑法,印度于 2023 年 8 月在人民院提出了三项新的刑法法案,后来得到了议会委员会的一些建议,最近又得到了印度总统的点头。这些法案都是在与最高法院、高等法院、国内一些最著名的法律大学以及该领域的其他专家协商后精心制定的。然而,新法案中存在许多起草错误。新法案一经推出,就受到了全国所有学者和律师的强烈批评。全面修订刑法法案的目的是摆脱殖民地法律条款的束缚,根据印度国情制定法律。印度刑法典》将在约 163 年后进行修改。然而,作者认为殖民地时期的法律在新法案中将保持不变。本文介绍了新法案所带来的所有变化,并特别关注了《印度国家宪法》(BNS)和《印度国家宪法 2023 年》(BNSS)。作者提到了 BNS 和 BNSS 带来的所有变化以及对新法案的批评。
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引用次数: 0
Four Years of Anti-COVID-19 Regulations in Greece: Overview of the Legislative and Regulatory Process and of an Exemplary Administrative Codification 希腊反 COVID-19 条例实施四年:立法和监管程序以及行政编纂典范概览
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae042
Vasiliki Ntalakou, Foteini Theodorakou, Ilias Karakatsanis, Pantelis Traianos
In the 25th of February 2024, four years since the first Act of Legislative Content of the Greek Government concerning the prevention and limitation of the spreading of coronavirus COVID-19 were completed. The regulatory production of this period is huge and has a series of unique characteristics with prevailing one the use of means of extraordinary legislation as foreseen in the Greek Constitution. All these measures are presented in a consolidated form in the “Special Administrative Codification of urgent regulatory measures to prevent and limit the spreading of coronavirus COVID-19 and to deal with relevant problems” under the short name of PANDEKTIS, conducted by the Department of Administrative Codifications – Raptarchis of the Secretariat General for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs of the Presidency of the Greek Government. The study of this monumental work gives rise to very interesting findings, about the way Hellenic Government handled the Pandemic crisis. This article presents the law-making process and the process of issuing secondary legislation during the Pandemic, its quantitative and qualitative characteristics with special comment on the fulfillment of the rules and principles of Better Regulation and discusses the use of administrative codification as a means of reflecting an holistic picture of the regulatory production during a period of crisis.
2024年2月25日,希腊政府关于预防和限制冠状病毒COVID-19传播的第一部立法内容法案颁布四年。在此期间制定的法规数量巨大,并具有一系列独有的特点,其中最主要的特点是使用了《希腊宪法》中规定的特别立法手段。所有这些措施都以 "预防和限制 COVID-19 冠状病毒传播并处理相关问题的紧急监管措施特别行政编纂"(简称 "PANDEKTIS")的形式进行了汇总,该编纂工作由希腊政府总统府法律和议会事务总秘书处行政编纂部--Raptarchis 负责。通过对这部巨著的研究,我们对希腊政府处理大流行病危机的方式有了非常有趣的发现。本文介绍了大流行病期间的法律制定过程和二级立法发布过程、其数量和质量特征,特别评论了 "更好监管 "规则和原则的执行情况,并讨论了行政编纂作为反映危机期间监管工作全貌的一种手段的使用情况。
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引用次数: 0
Two Uses of Purpose in Statutory Interpretation 目的在法律解释中的两种用途
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae040
Mark P Mancini
Despite apparent agreement on the approach to the interpretation of statutes in Canada, a system of limited parliamentary sovereignty, judges differ on a fundamental point: how purpose is used in interpretation. Some judges craft arguments that view the text as the medium through which the legislature expresses its intention, using purpose to shed light on the meaning of the text in defined ways (‘text-as-medium’ interpretation). Others see the background purposes or values of the statutory context as binding constraints in a coherent legal order, with text as merely a signal to meaning (‘purpose-as-medium’ interpretation). This paper argues that text-as-medium interpretation offers the most persuasive account of the use of purpose in interpretation, especially in a system of legislative sovereignty, which constrains interpretive choice. By bringing to light the commitments of these two interpretive arguments in the Canadian context for the first time, the paper also raises deeper normative questions about how to view legislation in a Westminster parliamentary democracy. These questions are fundamental to the relationship between sovereign legislatures and courts.
加拿大是一个议会主权有限的国家,尽管在解释法规的方法上存在明显的一致,但法官们在一个基本问题上存在分歧:如何在解释中使用目的。一些法官精心设计论据,将文本视为立法机构表达其意图的媒介,利用目的以确定的方式阐明文本的含义("文本即媒介 "解释)。另一些观点则将法律背景的目的或价值视为连贯的法律秩序中具有约束力的制约因素,而文本只是表达含义的信号("目的即媒介 "解释)。本文认为,"文本即媒介 "解释法为解释中目的的使用提供了最有说服力的解释,尤其是在立法主权制度中,它限制了解释选择。通过首次揭示这两种解释论点在加拿大背景下的承诺,本文还提出了在威斯敏斯特议会民主制下如何看待立法的更深层次的规范性问题。这些问题对于主权立法机构与法院之间的关系至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Climate Volatility, Foundational Freedoms, and the Environment Act 2021: The Transformative Potential of the Principle of Legality 气候波动、基本自由与《2021 年环境法案》:合法性原则的变革潜力
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae038
Ben Chester Cheong
The UK Environment Act 2021 presents a valuable case study of the importance and challenges of protecting foundational freedoms in the context of complex and ambiguous environmental legislation. This article argues that the common law principle of legality provides a vital tool for courts to uphold rights imperilled by climate volatility and environmental decline by presuming against rights-infringing interpretations of environmental statutes. Analysing key provisions of the Act and its associated Parliamentary processes, the article focuses on areas such as statutory language clarity, the scope of executive powers, and the framework for public participation. It explores how the principle of legality and other interpretive approaches could help to resolve these issues and ensure the Act is applied in a way that promotes environmental accountability. The article argues that the principle of legality has a crucial role to play in ensuring environmental law delivers on its promise to protect both the environment and foundational freedoms.
英国《2021 年环境法案》提供了一个宝贵的案例研究,说明了在复杂而模糊的环境立法背景下保护基本自由的重要性和挑战性。本文认为,普通法的合法性原则为法院提供了一个重要工具,通过推定对环境法规的侵权解释,维护因气候多变和环境恶化而受到威胁的权利。文章分析了该法案的关键条款及其相关的议会程序,重点关注法定语言的清晰度、行政权力的范围以及公众参与框架等领域。文章探讨了合法性原则和其他解释性方法如何有助于解决这些问题,并确保该法案的适用方式能够促进环境问责制。文章认为,合法性原则在确保环境法履行其保护环境和基本自由的承诺方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Protection of Athletes’ Rights in International Sports Organizations 国际体育组织对运动员权利的保护
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae041
Oleg Yaroshenko, Tetyana Kaganovska, Viktoriia Sheverdina, Andrey Sliusar, Oleh Rozhnov
The protection of athletes’ rights in international sports organizations is important and relevant in the modern world. This concerns numerous aspects, including the protection of athletes’ dignity, physical and psychological health, equality and non-discrimination, fair competition, transparency and accountability in the management of sports organizations, and the promotion of sport itself. These aspects, as well as the role of sport in society, the development of sport and its impact on other areas of life, make the study of athletes’ rights protection an essential task that helps to shape a fair and ethical sporting environment in the modern world. In this article, the authors reviewed various aspects of athletes’ rights protection in international sports organizations, analyzed their history and development, studied international standards and documents regulating this issue, and considered specific athletes’ rights, including through the analysis of practical cases. They also examined the challenges and problems faced by athletes and proposed measures to improve the situation and strengthen the protection of their rights. This article aims to emphasize the importance of ensuring the rights of athletes as a prerequisite for the stable and fair development of modern sport, as well as a necessary component of the global sports community.
在国际体育组织中保护运动员的权利在现代世界中具有重要的现实意义。这涉及许多方面,包括保护运动员的尊严、身心健康、平等和不歧视、公平竞争、体育组织管理的透明度和问责制以及促进体育运动本身。这些方面,以及体育运动在社会中的作用、体育运动的发展及其对其他生活领域的影响,使运动员权利保护研究成为一项重要任务,有助于在现代世界形成一个公平和合乎道德的体育运动环境。在本文中,作者回顾了国际体育组织中运动员权利保护的各个方面,分析了其历史和发展,研究了规范这一问题的国际标准和文件,并通过分析实际案例等方式对具体的运动员权利进行了思考。他们还研究了运动员面临的挑战和问题,并提出了改善现状和加强运动员权利保护的措施。本文旨在强调确保运动员权利的重要性,这是现代体育运动稳定和公平发展的前提,也是全球体育界的必要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Scotland in the Forefront of Property Law Reforms in the UK: Potential Implications for the Scottish People 苏格兰处于英国财产法改革的前沿:对苏格兰人民的潜在影响
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae037
Goodtime Chimnecherem Okara
The Scottish Government has taken steps to revolutionise its body of law on ‘trust and succession’ and housing. The recent Trusts and Succession (Scotland) Act 2024 has severally impacted the issues of appointment and removal of trustees, fiduciary duties of trustees, rights of beneficiaries, and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments in Scotland; while the proposed new Housing (Scotland) Bill 2024 has the proclivity of influencing rent, rent control areas, eviction and homelessness in Scotland. Accordingly, this paper focuses on exploring the potential impacts of these legislative reforms on the lives of the Scottish people. Do they ‘make’ or ‘mar’ the proprietary rights of the Scottish people? Are all the provisions useful to Scotland’s rental market? Will the proposed ‘ask and act’ approach address homelessness in Scotland? This paper will also be important to jurisdictions that may intend to modernise their property law and housing regimes.
苏格兰政府已采取措施,对其有关 "信托和继承 "以及住房的法律体系进行革新。最近颁布的《2024 年信托与继承(苏格兰)法案》对苏格兰的受托人任免、受托人的信托责任、受益人的权利以及环境、社会和治理 (ESG) 投资等问题产生了重大影响;而拟议中的《2024 年新住房(苏格兰)法案》则可能对苏格兰的房租、房租控制区、驱逐和无家可归问题产生影响。因此,本文重点探讨这些立法改革对苏格兰人民生活的潜在影响。它们是 "创造 "还是 "破坏 "了苏格兰人民的所有权?所有条款对苏格兰的租赁市场都有用吗?提议的 "问与行 "方法是否能解决苏格兰的无家可归问题?本文件对于那些可能打算使其财产法和住房制度现代化的司法管辖区也很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Good Lawmaking, Democracy, and Accountability 良好的立法、民主和问责制
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae034
Emmanouil M L Economou, Nicholas C Kyriazis
In the present paper, we analyze good lawmaking under the general aspect of democracy and accountability. We present briefly the procedure of lawmaking and accountability under the direct democracy of ancient Athens during the Classical times (508–323 BC), giving one characteristic example, followed with a comparison with modern lawmaking under representative democracy. We argue that accountability in present-day democracies has three drawbacks, that are related to (i) the principal-agent problem, (ii) the fact that accountability is only periodic since elections are held every four years (iii) the information asymmetry between government and citizens, which makes difficult for citizens to understand the issues (regarding lawmaking) in depth or hold a government accountable for its actions and decisions on various matters. We explain how the ancient Athenian democrats dealt effectively with these institutional inconsistencies. We finally conclude by offering some proposals for improving the quality of democracy nowadays, inspired by the functioning of the Athenian-related institutions.
在本文中,我们将从民主与问责的总体角度分析良好的立法。我们简要介绍了古典时期(公元前 508 年至公元前 323 年)古雅典直接民主制下的立法程序和问责制,并举了一个典型的例子,然后与代议制民主制下的现代立法进行了比较。我们认为,当今民主政体下的问责制有三个弊端,分别涉及:(i) 委托代理问题;(ii) 由于每四年举行一次选举,问责制只是阶段性的;(iii) 政府与公民之间的信息不对称,这使得公民难以深入了解(有关法律制定的)问题,或要求政府对其在各种事务上的行动和决定负责。我们将解释古代雅典民主主义者是如何有效处理这些制度上的不一致的。最后,我们从雅典相关机构的运作中得到启发,为提高当今民主的质量提出了一些建议。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Study of the Indian Penal Code and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita’s Gender-related Provisions 印度刑法典》与《印度尼雅圣训》中与性别相关条款的比较研究
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae033
Himanshu Shrivastava, Sabeeh Akhter
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) of 2023 replaces the existing Indian Penal Code (IPC) of 1860 as the primary penal law of India. The new BNS offers a potential pathway for the reformation of the legal landscape concerning gender-based offences in India. This paper analyzes all such changes introduced in the BNS (relating to provisions of gender-related offenses such as adultery, assault, cruelty, domestic violence, rape, sex trafficking, etc.) by comparing them to the previous Indian Penal Code (IPC, 1860). This paper explores the new bill’s potential to address long-standing gender inequalities in the existing code. It also assesses its limitations and suggests areas for improvement. In doing so, it also emphasizes the importance of recognizing and protecting LGBTQIA+ rights within the legal framework.
2023 年的《Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita》(BNS)取代了现行的 1860 年《印度刑法典》(IPC),成为印度的主要刑法。新的 BNS 为印度有关性别犯罪的法律改革提供了潜在的途径。本文通过与之前的《印度刑法典》(1860 年《印度刑法典》)进行比较,分析了 BNS 中引入的所有此类变化(与通奸、殴打、虐待、家庭暴力、强奸、性交易等性别相关犯罪的规定有关)。本文探讨了新法案解决现行法典中长期存在的性别不平等问题的潜力。本文还评估了其局限性,并提出了需要改进的地方。在此过程中,本文还强调了在法律框架内承认和保护 LGBTQIA+ 权利的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Transposition and Application of EU Acts in the Cyprus Jurisdiction 欧盟法律在塞浦路斯司法管辖区的转化和应用
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae031
Demetris Lysandrou
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引用次数: 0
Towards A Participatory Democracy—A Case For Inclusive Public Participation In Law-Making 走向参与式民主--公众参与法律制定的包容性案例
IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1093/slr/hmae029
Sayantani Bagchi, Prakhar Raghuvanshi
Any society is governed by a set of laws. In modern democratic nations, especially nations governed by post-war constitutions, such laws are enacted by an elected legislature. The legislature is bound by the constitution itself, both in procedure and in substance. In India, such protection exists in the forms of legislative competence, fundamental rights, and other provisions of the constitution. However, India lacks a direct say of the people in the law-making process which governs the citizenry. The recent controversy in India, including the farm laws reform undertaken in 2020, highlights the need for the participation of stakeholders, experts, and the public in general in the law-making process. The Supreme Court of India has interpreted the right to participation in a limited sense and majorly in cases relating to environmental pollution. There exists a lacuna in the rights-based framework with respect to the right to participate in law-making. India has had a Pre-Legislative Consultation Policy in place since 2014 that mandates publishing the bill thirty days prior to introduction in the parliament for public comments. However, data reflects disregard of the policy by the Government. Furthermore, there is a downward trend in the number of bills being referred to parliamentary committees for scrutiny. This impacts negatively in two ways—first, leading to a lacuna in legislative drafting, and second, depriving the stakeholder and public of the opportunity to submit their comments on a bill under consideration. The extra-parliamentary avenues like the Law Commission of India, which have a significant impact on the legal framework in the country, are under a shadow. The authors argue that there is a need to incorporate a binding consultation policy ensuring public consultation in the process of law-making. This will have both an intrinsic as well as instrumental value.
任何社会都受一套法律的管辖。在现代民主国家,尤其是受战后宪法管辖的国家,这些法律由选举产生的立法机构颁布。立法机构在程序和实质内容上都受到宪法本身的约束。在印度,这种保护以立法权限、基本权利和宪法其他条款的形式存在。然而,在管理公民的法律制定过程中,印度缺乏人民的直接发言权。印度最近的争议,包括 2020 年进行的农业法改革,凸显了利益相关者、专家和广大公众参与法律制定过程的必要性。印度最高法院在有限的意义上解释了参与权,主要是在与环境污染有关的案件中。基于权利的框架在参与立法权方面存在空白。印度自2014年起实施了一项立法前磋商政策,规定在向议会提交法案前30天公布法案,以征求公众意见。然而,数据显示政府无视该政策。此外,提交议会委员会审查的法案数量呈下降趋势。这造成了两方面的负面影响--首先,导致立法起草工作出现空白;其次,剥夺了利益攸关方和公众就审议中的法案提出意见的机会。像印度法律委员会这样对国家法律框架有重大影响的议会外渠道也被蒙上了阴影。作者认为,有必要制定一项具有约束力的协商政策,确保在法律制定过程中征求公众意见。这将具有内在价值和工具价值。
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引用次数: 0
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Statute Law Review
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