Following prolonged political controversy, the provisions from the initial Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill which abolish general principles of EU law, as well as its supremacy, have been enacted. This article investigates whether this is likely to affect the principle of EU-law conforming construction, and contemplates three scenarios how EU-derived UK law might be interpreted in the future.
{"title":"How Will the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 Affect the Principle of EU-Law Conforming Construction in UK Law?","authors":"Fabian Barth","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad009","url":null,"abstract":"Following prolonged political controversy, the provisions from the initial Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill which abolish general principles of EU law, as well as its supremacy, have been enacted. This article investigates whether this is likely to affect the principle of EU-law conforming construction, and contemplates three scenarios how EU-derived UK law might be interpreted in the future.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138560554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relevance of the chosen problem is conditioned by the need to develop theoretical ideas about the institution of disclosure of documents in the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the experience of the UK, which will emphasize the potential of this measure to improve procedural discipline and ensure legal certainty in making court decisions and increase the level of legal culture in Kazakhstan, which may affect the effectiveness of this procedure or this institution in practice. The purpose of this study was to characterize the institute of disclosure of documents in civil proceedings using methods of comparative legal analysis of English contract law and the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodological basis of the study consists of dialectical method, comparative legal analysis, analysis and synthesis, formal and logical, formal and legal, classification and grouping, and questionnaire methods. There is an urgent need to develop theoretical ideas about the disclosure of documents in the Republic of Kazakhstan, especially in light of the introduction of new elements of disclosure such as pre-trial protocol in the civil process.
{"title":"Disclosure in Civil Proceedings in the UK and Kazakhstan: Comparative Analysis","authors":"Aizhan Satayeva","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad010","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the chosen problem is conditioned by the need to develop theoretical ideas about the institution of disclosure of documents in the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the experience of the UK, which will emphasize the potential of this measure to improve procedural discipline and ensure legal certainty in making court decisions and increase the level of legal culture in Kazakhstan, which may affect the effectiveness of this procedure or this institution in practice. The purpose of this study was to characterize the institute of disclosure of documents in civil proceedings using methods of comparative legal analysis of English contract law and the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodological basis of the study consists of dialectical method, comparative legal analysis, analysis and synthesis, formal and logical, formal and legal, classification and grouping, and questionnaire methods. There is an urgent need to develop theoretical ideas about the disclosure of documents in the Republic of Kazakhstan, especially in light of the introduction of new elements of disclosure such as pre-trial protocol in the civil process.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138531535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract On its inception, the non-conviction-based asset confiscation and forfeiture regime attracted both praise and criticism. Using the Rule of Law as an analytic framework, this paper evaluates the non-conviction-based asset confiscation and forfeiture regime under Botswana’s Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act, 2014. The paper finds that whilst the regime has withstood constitutional attacks, it still retains some shortcomings. For instance, there is lack of clarity on the standards of proof, procedures and inadequate protection of third-party rights. The paper recommends reforms.
{"title":"A Rule of Law Analysis: Botswana’s Non-Conviction-Based Confiscation and Forfeiture Regime Under the Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act, 2014","authors":"Gosego Rockfall Lekgowe","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract On its inception, the non-conviction-based asset confiscation and forfeiture regime attracted both praise and criticism. Using the Rule of Law as an analytic framework, this paper evaluates the non-conviction-based asset confiscation and forfeiture regime under Botswana’s Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act, 2014. The paper finds that whilst the regime has withstood constitutional attacks, it still retains some shortcomings. For instance, there is lack of clarity on the standards of proof, procedures and inadequate protection of third-party rights. The paper recommends reforms.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135253854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The legislative drafting process has recently undergone dramatic changes in Saudi Arabia. This development was motivated by the country’s desire to create a more transparent, efficient, and effective legal system. Despite the advancements achieved in legislative drafting, there remain significant challenges that impede the quality of proposed legislation in the country. This article aims to contribute to the evolution of the regulatory framework governing the legislative drafting and law-making process. It embarks on a comprehensive examination of the existing legislative drafting mechanisms, highlighting the need for further improvement in the regulatory framework of legislative drafting to improve the efficiency and clarity of legislation. Furthermore, the article elucidates the complexities and challenges associated with drafting effective laws within the legal system and clarifies the pivotal function of manual drafting and regulatory impact assessments in augmenting the effectiveness and quality of enacted laws. This article concludes with various recommendations such as the need to launch a drafting manual and systematic approach to regulatory impact assessment which can strengthen the evidence base for the development and review of proposed and existing legislation. This article is expected to serve as a cornerstone for similar studies in other jurisdictions within the Middle East.
{"title":"Toward the Development of the Regulatory Framework of Legislative Drafting and Law-Making Process in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Rakan Alharbi","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The legislative drafting process has recently undergone dramatic changes in Saudi Arabia. This development was motivated by the country’s desire to create a more transparent, efficient, and effective legal system. Despite the advancements achieved in legislative drafting, there remain significant challenges that impede the quality of proposed legislation in the country. This article aims to contribute to the evolution of the regulatory framework governing the legislative drafting and law-making process. It embarks on a comprehensive examination of the existing legislative drafting mechanisms, highlighting the need for further improvement in the regulatory framework of legislative drafting to improve the efficiency and clarity of legislation. Furthermore, the article elucidates the complexities and challenges associated with drafting effective laws within the legal system and clarifies the pivotal function of manual drafting and regulatory impact assessments in augmenting the effectiveness and quality of enacted laws. This article concludes with various recommendations such as the need to launch a drafting manual and systematic approach to regulatory impact assessment which can strengthen the evidence base for the development and review of proposed and existing legislation. This article is expected to serve as a cornerstone for similar studies in other jurisdictions within the Middle East.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135253855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract For the first time in the history of South African pension laws, a system is proposed that will enable pension fund members to access a portion of their pension benefits while still actively employed. The proposed system seeks to provide pension fund members with financial relief without requiring them to quit their jobs due to financial strain. This paper commends the government’s initiative in response, among others, to the financial problems caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper argues, however, that despite the potential beneficial effects the system may have on pension fund members, it may introduce new challenges that pension fund stakeholders have never faced before. This paper aims to highlight a potential defect in the proposed system, particularly in cases where pension benefits are included in the joint estate of a pension fund member. South African customary marriages, whether or not they are registered, are by default in community of property. The pension benefits of a member who is a spouse in these marriages form a part of the joint estate. This paper examines and proposes solutions to the challenges that the proposed system may present to spouses in unrecorded customary marriages.
{"title":"A Critical Legal Analysis of the Effect of the Proposed ‘Two-Pot System’ on Spouses in Unregistered Customary Marriages in South Africa","authors":"Teron Rikhotso","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the first time in the history of South African pension laws, a system is proposed that will enable pension fund members to access a portion of their pension benefits while still actively employed. The proposed system seeks to provide pension fund members with financial relief without requiring them to quit their jobs due to financial strain. This paper commends the government’s initiative in response, among others, to the financial problems caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper argues, however, that despite the potential beneficial effects the system may have on pension fund members, it may introduce new challenges that pension fund stakeholders have never faced before. This paper aims to highlight a potential defect in the proposed system, particularly in cases where pension benefits are included in the joint estate of a pension fund member. South African customary marriages, whether or not they are registered, are by default in community of property. The pension benefits of a member who is a spouse in these marriages form a part of the joint estate. This paper examines and proposes solutions to the challenges that the proposed system may present to spouses in unrecorded customary marriages.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135482112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Data protection and competition law are perhaps two of the most enmeshed legal arenas in the contemporary data-driven world. This essay ingresses into this intersection, appraising the competitive implications of India’s Data Protection Bill, 2022 through key arenas of conflict such as jurisdictional tussles, data portability, the remedy of mandatory data sharing, and compliance costs. Although the intersection of privacy and competition law has been discussed in Indian scholarship, an analysis of the competitive implications of the Data Protection Bill has been absent. This is precisely the gap that this piece aims to fill, by appraising the host of new implications of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDPB) on Indian competition and providing a framework to evaluate various competition concerns such as jurisdiction, compliance, and data sharing of any subsequent data protection bill in India. It does this by first analyzing the extent to which competitive concerns can be addressed in the Indian data protection system. With this premise, it secondly considers the question of jurisdictional primacy between the Competition Commission and the Data Protection Board, arguing for the primacy of the Competition Commission. Thirdly, it discusses the questions of data portability, mandatory data sharing and compliance costs in the DPDBP which could affect India’s competition, critically discussing the trade-offs and suggesting potential solutions. The goal of the piece is to critically examine the implications of the 2022 version of the bill to suggest ways forward for its future iterations in India.
{"title":"Balancing Privacy and Competition: Evaluating the Competitive Effects of India’s Data Protection Bill","authors":"Priyansh Dixit, Sukarm Sharma","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Data protection and competition law are perhaps two of the most enmeshed legal arenas in the contemporary data-driven world. This essay ingresses into this intersection, appraising the competitive implications of India’s Data Protection Bill, 2022 through key arenas of conflict such as jurisdictional tussles, data portability, the remedy of mandatory data sharing, and compliance costs. Although the intersection of privacy and competition law has been discussed in Indian scholarship, an analysis of the competitive implications of the Data Protection Bill has been absent. This is precisely the gap that this piece aims to fill, by appraising the host of new implications of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDPB) on Indian competition and providing a framework to evaluate various competition concerns such as jurisdiction, compliance, and data sharing of any subsequent data protection bill in India. It does this by first analyzing the extent to which competitive concerns can be addressed in the Indian data protection system. With this premise, it secondly considers the question of jurisdictional primacy between the Competition Commission and the Data Protection Board, arguing for the primacy of the Competition Commission. Thirdly, it discusses the questions of data portability, mandatory data sharing and compliance costs in the DPDBP which could affect India’s competition, critically discussing the trade-offs and suggesting potential solutions. The goal of the piece is to critically examine the implications of the 2022 version of the bill to suggest ways forward for its future iterations in India.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135287138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract National Visions are policy instruments characterized by an outlook that is constitutional in nature, while also appealing to a country’s external relations, as well as its citizens. They are unique to the law and policy of Gulf States and set out decade-long policy aims that are subsequently translated into legislation or/and foreign policy objectives. This article examines the sports-related dimension of the Qatari National Vision, which was the basis for the country’s bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. It is demonstrated that the constitutional nature of the sports dimension of the Vision helped to shape social attitudes in Qatar, as well as facilitate a rapid legislative reform in the field of labor relations, such that would have been unthinkable in the absence of strong sports-oriented policy underpinning the entire nation. National Visions should therefore be viewed as accelerators of social change and drivers of rapid legislative reform, even if they themselves do not outward display normative qualities.
{"title":"Legislating Through Policy Statements: The Authority of National Visions in the Arabian Gulf","authors":"Ilias Bantekas","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract National Visions are policy instruments characterized by an outlook that is constitutional in nature, while also appealing to a country’s external relations, as well as its citizens. They are unique to the law and policy of Gulf States and set out decade-long policy aims that are subsequently translated into legislation or/and foreign policy objectives. This article examines the sports-related dimension of the Qatari National Vision, which was the basis for the country’s bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. It is demonstrated that the constitutional nature of the sports dimension of the Vision helped to shape social attitudes in Qatar, as well as facilitate a rapid legislative reform in the field of labor relations, such that would have been unthinkable in the absence of strong sports-oriented policy underpinning the entire nation. National Visions should therefore be viewed as accelerators of social change and drivers of rapid legislative reform, even if they themselves do not outward display normative qualities.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135961419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Surveillance of digital communications invokes both commendation and criticism. Whereas it may serve justifiable and legitimate purposes, it is also susceptible to abuse if it is undertaken in the absence of adequate safeguards. In 2022, Botswana enacted the Criminal Procedure and Evidence (Controlled Investigations) Act. The Act is intended to regulate the surveillance of digital communications for law enforcement purposes. This article assesses whether the Act provides adequate procedural safeguards to protect against undue infringement of fundamental rights, particularly, the right to privacy. In this regard, the article examines how the constitutionally entrenched right to privacy has been interpreted and applied by the courts in Botswana. Consequently, the article interrogates whether the surveillance of digital communications under the auspices of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence (Controlled Investigations) Act falls within the parameters of justifiable inroads into the right to privacy. The analysis of the Act is undertaken drawing inspiration from international jurisprudence on how to balance the necessity for surveillance with respect for fundamental rights.
{"title":"Surveillance within the Law: A Critique of the Legal Framework for Surveillance of Digital Communications by Law Enforcement Authorities in Botswana","authors":"Badala Tachilisa Balule, Baboki Jonathan Dambe","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmad003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Surveillance of digital communications invokes both commendation and criticism. Whereas it may serve justifiable and legitimate purposes, it is also susceptible to abuse if it is undertaken in the absence of adequate safeguards. In 2022, Botswana enacted the Criminal Procedure and Evidence (Controlled Investigations) Act. The Act is intended to regulate the surveillance of digital communications for law enforcement purposes. This article assesses whether the Act provides adequate procedural safeguards to protect against undue infringement of fundamental rights, particularly, the right to privacy. In this regard, the article examines how the constitutionally entrenched right to privacy has been interpreted and applied by the courts in Botswana. Consequently, the article interrogates whether the surveillance of digital communications under the auspices of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence (Controlled Investigations) Act falls within the parameters of justifiable inroads into the right to privacy. The analysis of the Act is undertaken drawing inspiration from international jurisprudence on how to balance the necessity for surveillance with respect for fundamental rights.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135914890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I have been using and enjoying Thornton’s Legislative Drafting for over 30 years, and although I cannot say that I have consulted it regularly or frequently, my occasional resorts to its wisdom have generally been rewarded with something of value, particularly in my early years as a drafter. One thing that all practitioners of the art of legislative drafting agree (and it is very possibly the only thing on which they all agree) is that you cannot teach legislative drafting at a theoretical level, and one can learn the art only by performing it under constructive supervision. For that reason, office manuals in legislative drafting offices that attempt to constrain the drafter to follow set devices and patterns to deal with particular legislative situations are notoriously doomed to failure, because the drafter needs to be free to apply her or his mind to the widest possible set of legal, political and other circumstances in crafting each provision, whether it appears to follow well-trodden policy paths or to be entirely novel.
{"title":"Thornton’s Legislative Drafting","authors":"Daniel Greenberg","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmac014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmac014","url":null,"abstract":"I have been using and enjoying Thornton’s Legislative Drafting for over 30 years, and although I cannot say that I have consulted it regularly or frequently, my occasional resorts to its wisdom have generally been rewarded with something of value, particularly in my early years as a drafter. One thing that all practitioners of the art of legislative drafting agree (and it is very possibly the only thing on which they all agree) is that you cannot teach legislative drafting at a theoretical level, and one can learn the art only by performing it under constructive supervision. For that reason, office manuals in legislative drafting offices that attempt to constrain the drafter to follow set devices and patterns to deal with particular legislative situations are notoriously doomed to failure, because the drafter needs to be free to apply her or his mind to the widest possible set of legal, political and other circumstances in crafting each provision, whether it appears to follow well-trodden policy paths or to be entirely novel.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135274615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper it is shown that interpretive canons are either constitutionally invalid because of the principles of interpretation it establishes, or a theory of interpretation can be made to be inconsistent: where a theory of interpretation says do p, then a new canon can say do not-p. This is called the Canon Dilemma. Whichever horn of the dilemma is taken as acceptable (accept invalidity or possible inconsistency), this shows that canons cause more problems for theorising about interpretation than currently realised. Some might interpret the Canon Dilemma as a process of theory change (p is replaced with not-p rather than being contradicted by it), but even then problems of incoherence still persist. This paper also shows a connection between debates on the constitutionality of interpretive canons and the descriptive accuracy of linguistic theories of interpretation.
{"title":"The Problem of Interpretive Canons","authors":"David Tan","doi":"10.1093/slr/hmac017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmac017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper it is shown that interpretive canons are either constitutionally invalid because of the principles of interpretation it establishes, or a theory of interpretation can be made to be inconsistent: where a theory of interpretation says do p, then a new canon can say do not-p. This is called the Canon Dilemma. Whichever horn of the dilemma is taken as acceptable (accept invalidity or possible inconsistency), this shows that canons cause more problems for theorising about interpretation than currently realised. Some might interpret the Canon Dilemma as a process of theory change (p is replaced with not-p rather than being contradicted by it), but even then problems of incoherence still persist. This paper also shows a connection between debates on the constitutionality of interpretive canons and the descriptive accuracy of linguistic theories of interpretation.","PeriodicalId":43737,"journal":{"name":"Statute Law Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46725227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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