Anne Habraken, A. Mertens, V. Vitry, Marie-Stéphane Colla, E. Bourhis
{"title":"Indentation : techniques expérimentales et modélisation multiéchelle","authors":"Anne Habraken, A. Mertens, V. Vitry, Marie-Stéphane Colla, E. Bourhis","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zainate Koadri, Azzedine Benyahia, Nadir Deghfel, K. Belmokre, B. Nouibat, Ali Redjem
Ce travail s’inscrit dans le développement de matériaux locaux, telle que la fibre végétale (fibre de palmier) et l’argile rouge du sud Algérien, largement utilisées dans la préparation des briques, comme matériaux de construction rurale. Les fibres végétales possèdent des propriétés très intéressantes, elles sont : renouvelables, biodégradables et le rapport coût/légèreté faible. Leurs propriétés mécaniques sont très importantes. Cependant, le problème prédominant dans ce type de matériaux composites est la faible adhésion de l’interface matrice-fibre, attribuée probablement, à la nature de la surface et au caractère hydrophobe des fibres naturelles, conduisant ainsi, à des propriétés mécaniques faibles pour le composite envisagé. Le but de cette étude consiste à traiter la fibre de palmier par une solution basique d’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH 4 % [m/v]) durant des périodes variables : 3, 7, 24 et 48 heures, afin d’améliorer l’adhésion interfaciale. Les résultats obtenus à partir des essais réalisés sur le composite renforcé par les fibres de palmier traitées durant 7 h ont montré une nette augmentation quant à la résistance, à la flexion et à la compression ; cette croissance est respectivement de l’ordre de 57 et 60 %, comparativement au composite renforcé par les fibres non traitées. On peut déduire que les fibres de palmier peuvent être considérées comme l’un des matériaux appropriés pour le renforcement de l’argile.
{"title":"Étude de l’effet du temps de traitement alcalin de fibres palmier sur le comportement mécanique des matériaux à base d’argile rouge de la région de M’sila","authors":"Zainate Koadri, Azzedine Benyahia, Nadir Deghfel, K. Belmokre, B. Nouibat, Ali Redjem","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019031","url":null,"abstract":"Ce travail s’inscrit dans le développement de matériaux locaux, telle que la fibre végétale (fibre de palmier) et l’argile rouge du sud Algérien, largement utilisées dans la préparation des briques, comme matériaux de construction rurale. Les fibres végétales possèdent des propriétés très intéressantes, elles sont : renouvelables, biodégradables et le rapport coût/légèreté faible. Leurs propriétés mécaniques sont très importantes. Cependant, le problème prédominant dans ce type de matériaux composites est la faible adhésion de l’interface matrice-fibre, attribuée probablement, à la nature de la surface et au caractère hydrophobe des fibres naturelles, conduisant ainsi, à des propriétés mécaniques faibles pour le composite envisagé. Le but de cette étude consiste à traiter la fibre de palmier par une solution basique d’hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH 4 % [m/v]) durant des périodes variables : 3, 7, 24 et 48 heures, afin d’améliorer l’adhésion interfaciale. Les résultats obtenus à partir des essais réalisés sur le composite renforcé par les fibres de palmier traitées durant 7 h ont montré une nette augmentation quant à la résistance, à la flexion et à la compression ; cette croissance est respectivement de l’ordre de 57 et 60 %, comparativement au composite renforcé par les fibres non traitées. On peut déduire que les fibres de palmier peuvent être considérées comme l’un des matériaux appropriés pour le renforcement de l’argile.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Montagne, V. Vitry, Luiza Bonin, Muhammad Zeeshan Mughal, M. Sebastiani, Edoardo Bemporad, A. Iost, Mariana Henriette Staia
Deux revêtements à base nickel obtenus par des bains réducteurs, l’un brut et l’autre ayant subi un traitement thermique sont étudiés. L’essai d’indentation a été mis en œuvre pour caractériser la dureté et le module de Young de ces dépôts. Les résultats montrent une bonne homogénéité des propriétés mécaniques dans l’épaisseur du revêtement, alors que le traitement thermique a eu pour effet d’augmenter sa dureté et son module de façon significative. Les contraintes résiduelles dans les revêtements sont étudiées par la méthode du micro anneau incrémental. Les contraintes calculées sont faibles, dispersées et ne semblent pas dépendre du traitement thermique. En l’absence de contraintes résiduelles avant et après traitement thermique, les variations de propriétés mécaniques ont été attribuées à la modification microstructurale du revêtement et à la précipitation de phases dures.
{"title":"Contraintes résiduelles et comportement mécanique de revêtements nickel-bore","authors":"A. Montagne, V. Vitry, Luiza Bonin, Muhammad Zeeshan Mughal, M. Sebastiani, Edoardo Bemporad, A. Iost, Mariana Henriette Staia","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019016","url":null,"abstract":"Deux revêtements à base nickel obtenus par des bains réducteurs, l’un brut et l’autre ayant subi un traitement thermique sont étudiés. L’essai d’indentation a été mis en œuvre pour caractériser la dureté et le module de Young de ces dépôts. Les résultats montrent une bonne homogénéité des propriétés mécaniques dans l’épaisseur du revêtement, alors que le traitement thermique a eu pour effet d’augmenter sa dureté et son module de façon significative. Les contraintes résiduelles dans les revêtements sont étudiées par la méthode du micro anneau incrémental. Les contraintes calculées sont faibles, dispersées et ne semblent pas dépendre du traitement thermique. En l’absence de contraintes résiduelles avant et après traitement thermique, les variations de propriétés mécaniques ont été attribuées à la modification microstructurale du revêtement et à la précipitation de phases dures.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengmei Geng, Yuting Long, Tongqing Liu, Zijuan Du, Hong Li, Zirui Liu, Yahong Xie
Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) fiber probe provides abundant interaction area between light and materials, permits detection within limited space and is especially useful for remote or in situ detection. A silver decorated SERS fiber optic probe was prepared by hydrothermal method. This method manages to accomplish the growth of silver nanoparticles and its adherence on fiber optic tip within one step, simplifying the synthetic procedure. The effects of reaction time on phase composition, surface plasmon resonance property and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-VIS absorption spectrum) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that when reaction time is prolonged from 4–8 hours at 180 °C, crystals size and size distribution of silver nanoparticles increase. Furthermore, the morphology, crystal size and distribution density of silver nanoparticles evolve along with reaction time. A growth mechanism based on two factors, equilibrium between nucleation and growth, and the existence of PVP, is hypothesized. The SERS fiber probe can detect rhodamin 6G (R6G) at the concentration of 10−6 M. This SERS fiber probe exhibits promising potential in organic dye and pesticide residue detection.
{"title":"Synthesis, performance and growth mechanism of silver nanoparticle coated SERS fiber probe","authors":"Mengmei Geng, Yuting Long, Tongqing Liu, Zijuan Du, Hong Li, Zirui Liu, Yahong Xie","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2018061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2018061","url":null,"abstract":"Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) fiber probe provides abundant interaction area between light and materials, permits detection within limited space and is especially useful for remote or in situ detection. A silver decorated SERS fiber optic probe was prepared by hydrothermal method. This method manages to accomplish the growth of silver nanoparticles and its adherence on fiber optic tip within one step, simplifying the synthetic procedure. The effects of reaction time on phase composition, surface plasmon resonance property and morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-VIS absorption spectrum) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that when reaction time is prolonged from 4–8 hours at 180 °C, crystals size and size distribution of silver nanoparticles increase. Furthermore, the morphology, crystal size and distribution density of silver nanoparticles evolve along with reaction time. A growth mechanism based on two factors, equilibrium between nucleation and growth, and the existence of PVP, is hypothesized. The SERS fiber probe can detect rhodamin 6G (R6G) at the concentration of 10−6 M. This SERS fiber probe exhibits promising potential in organic dye and pesticide residue detection.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhengyang Zhang, K. Takeyama, H. Ohno, K. Matsubae, K. Nakajima, T. Nagasaka
According to the concept of a circular economy, further promotion of reuse and recycling might aid in closing the loop. However, material recycling may cause various types of material losses due to thermodynamic limitations and product complexity. In this study, we focused on automobile engines and their reuse, with the aim of quantifying the amount of dissipated steel alloy and its constituent elements (nickel and chromium) from the engine recycling process. We also elaborated upon their dissipation paths by using the MaTrace model [S. Nakamura, et al., MaTrace: Tracing the fate of materials over time and across products in open-loop recycling, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7207 (2014)]. We evaluated the impact mitigation of material dissipation and the effects of reuse on the extension of product service life. We found that 22% of steel, 21% of nickel, and 63% of chromium was dissipated in total after 50 years; typically, nickel dissipates during the recovery process while chromium does so during the refinery process. Although the impacts on the reduction of material losses remained nearly the same after replacing 40 of 100% material recycling to parts reuse, greater possibilities could be achieved with respect to the service life extension of products when compared with 100% recycling.
{"title":"An estimation of the amount of dissipated alloy elements in special steel from automobile recycling","authors":"Zhengyang Zhang, K. Takeyama, H. Ohno, K. Matsubae, K. Nakajima, T. Nagasaka","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019007","url":null,"abstract":"According to the concept of a circular economy, further promotion of reuse and recycling might aid in closing the loop. However, material recycling may cause various types of material losses due to thermodynamic limitations and product complexity. In this study, we focused on automobile engines and their reuse, with the aim of quantifying the amount of dissipated steel alloy and its constituent elements (nickel and chromium) from the engine recycling process. We also elaborated upon their dissipation paths by using the MaTrace model [S. Nakamura, et al., MaTrace: Tracing the fate of materials over time and across products in open-loop recycling, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7207 (2014)]. We evaluated the impact mitigation of material dissipation and the effects of reuse on the extension of product service life. We found that 22% of steel, 21% of nickel, and 63% of chromium was dissipated in total after 50 years; typically, nickel dissipates during the recovery process while chromium does so during the refinery process. Although the impacts on the reduction of material losses remained nearly the same after replacing 40 of 100% material recycling to parts reuse, greater possibilities could be achieved with respect to the service life extension of products when compared with 100% recycling.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On cherche ici les propriétés mécaniques optimales de matériaux polymériques par mélangeage mécanique de deux polypropylènes et leur amélioration sous l’effet du vieillissement thermique. Ces mélanges de polypropylène homopolymère (PPH) et de polypropylène copolymère (PPC) sont élaborés sans additif ni compatibilisant. Leurs températures de fusion et leurs indices de fluidité sont déterminés par caractérisation physico-chimique. Les valeurs trouvées suggèrent l’injection comme procédé d’élaboration. Les caractérisations chimique et mécanique ont mis en évidence d’une part, la miscibilité des deux polymères et, d’autre part, des propriétés mécaniques intéressantes des deux polymères. Le PPH présente une bonne résistance à la traction avec un grand allongement à la rupture, mais une faible résistance aux chocs. Le PPC manifeste une bonne résistance aux chocs avec une faible contrainte limite élastique et un faible allongement à la rupture. L’introduction de 30 % de PPC dans la matrice PPH conduit, relativement au PPH, à accroître de 94 % la résistance aux chocs pour une diminution de 6 % seulement de la contrainte limite élastique et du module d’élasticité, l’allongement à la rupture restant égal à celui du PPH. Le vieillissement thermique accéléré améliore la rigidité et la contrainte limite élastique, mais diminue la résilience et l’allongement à la rupture.
{"title":"Optimisation des propriétés mécaniques de matériaux polymériques par les mélanges et effet bénéfique du vieillissement thermique","authors":"F. Djeddi, M. Mohellebi, A. Ouibrahim","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020001","url":null,"abstract":"On cherche ici les propriétés mécaniques optimales de matériaux polymériques par mélangeage mécanique de deux polypropylènes et leur amélioration sous l’effet du vieillissement thermique. Ces mélanges de polypropylène homopolymère (PPH) et de polypropylène copolymère (PPC) sont élaborés sans additif ni compatibilisant. Leurs températures de fusion et leurs indices de fluidité sont déterminés par caractérisation physico-chimique. Les valeurs trouvées suggèrent l’injection comme procédé d’élaboration. Les caractérisations chimique et mécanique ont mis en évidence d’une part, la miscibilité des deux polymères et, d’autre part, des propriétés mécaniques intéressantes des deux polymères. Le PPH présente une bonne résistance à la traction avec un grand allongement à la rupture, mais une faible résistance aux chocs. Le PPC manifeste une bonne résistance aux chocs avec une faible contrainte limite élastique et un faible allongement à la rupture. L’introduction de 30 % de PPC dans la matrice PPH conduit, relativement au PPH, à accroître de 94 % la résistance aux chocs pour une diminution de 6 % seulement de la contrainte limite élastique et du module d’élasticité, l’allongement à la rupture restant égal à celui du PPH. Le vieillissement thermique accéléré améliore la rigidité et la contrainte limite élastique, mais diminue la résilience et l’allongement à la rupture.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les Journées Annuelles de la SF2M 2019 se sont déroulées à Paris (Chimie Paris Tech) du 21 au 23 octobre. Plus de 150 participants ont pu assister à 50 présentations scientifiques dont 3 plénières, 1 conférence plénière sur l’histoire des matériaux et table ronde sur les carrières, organisée par le groupe « Jeunes » de la SF2M. Seize posters faisant l’objet d’un concours ont aussi été présentés. Les présentations scientifiques étaient regroupées en 3 thèmes génériques : Fabrication additive, de la fabrication de la matière première à la pièce fonctionnelle ; Ténacité et rupture brutale ; Mise en forme, microstructure et propriétés d’usage des superalliages base nickel polycristallins.
2019年SF2M年会于10月21日至23日在巴黎(Chimie Paris Tech)举行。超过150名与会者参加了由SF2M青年小组组织的50个科学报告，包括3个全体会议、1个关于材料历史的全体会议和关于职业的圆桌会议。还有16张海报参加了比赛。科学报告分为3个通用主题:增材制造，从原材料制造到功能部件;韧性和突然断裂;多晶镍基高温合金的成形、显微组织及使用性能。
{"title":"Retour sur les Journées Annuelles de la SF2M 2019","authors":"D. Quantin","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020010","url":null,"abstract":"Les Journées Annuelles de la SF2M 2019 se sont déroulées à Paris (Chimie Paris Tech) du 21 au 23 octobre. Plus de 150 participants ont pu assister à 50 présentations scientifiques dont 3 plénières, 1 conférence plénière sur l’histoire des matériaux et table ronde sur les carrières, organisée par le groupe « Jeunes » de la SF2M. Seize posters faisant l’objet d’un concours ont aussi été présentés. Les présentations scientifiques étaient regroupées en 3 thèmes génériques : Fabrication additive, de la fabrication de la matière première à la pièce fonctionnelle ; Ténacité et rupture brutale ; Mise en forme, microstructure et propriétés d’usage des superalliages base nickel polycristallins.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Words like palimpsest or heterotopia do not belong to the working vocabulary of materials or engineering sciences: they are used in Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH). A palimpsest is a manuscript written on an older document, the text of which has been erased. Heterotopia is a young word forged by Michel Foucault in 1967 to describe a closed space, the boundaries of which mark a discontinuity in terms of behavior: a jail or a monastery are thus a heterotopia. The Circular Economy (CE) is an essential concept in the framework of the ecological transition, pulled by a series of converging economic, ecological and political drivers. It is usually described as the adoption of a circular model of production to replace the “linear model”, but also as the new buzzword to describe material efficiency, the 3-R rule, the zero-waste ideal, the concepts of lean or frugal design or their reformulation by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation, as a societal challenge and an ethical necessity. Materials producers claim that they have been practicing the Circular Economy since long before the expression was ever invented, thus à la Monsieur Jourdain, etc. The point of this paper is to describe the Circular Economy as a palimpsest and as a heterotopia and to use the metaphors, if indeed they are only metaphors, to highlight some of the less obvious features of the CE. A palimpsest is a parchment or a papyrus, which is used several times to support a series of consecutive texts. Secondary raw materials are like a palimpsest, because there are retrieved from a previous life and used again in a second life: a new artefact made from that material is like a new text written on/with this material – a metaphor also used, mutatis mutandis, in expressions like 3-D printing or laser scribing. Some interesting features of the CE pointed out by the metaphor: a the palimpsest can be used several times, like a material can be recycled several times; the concept of the palimpsest posits that the parchment is somehow more important than the text that is written on it, therefore a material is more important than the goods that are made of it; the palimpsest was used before the invention of paper and, similarly, the Circular Economy was the standard model before mass production of cheap consumer goods imposed the so-called “linear model”; a palimpsest keeps a fragmented memory of the past, in the same way as recycled material maintains a link to its past lives, through its composition in tramp elements. Examples of heterotopia are a prison or a cemetery. The Circular Economy defines a space where a particular material/element exists in its various avatars, impersonations and reincarnations and this may tentatively be worked out as a heterotopia. This is a more complex endeavor than discussing the palimpsest metaphor, but a potentially more fruitful one. Foucault has provided criteria defining heterotopia which can help us explore the analogy: particularly the point that such a space i
{"title":"Palimpsest and heterotopia, metaphors of the Circular Economy","authors":"J. Birat","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019026","url":null,"abstract":"Words like palimpsest or heterotopia do not belong to the working vocabulary of materials or engineering sciences: they are used in Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH). A palimpsest is a manuscript written on an older document, the text of which has been erased. Heterotopia is a young word forged by Michel Foucault in 1967 to describe a closed space, the boundaries of which mark a discontinuity in terms of behavior: a jail or a monastery are thus a heterotopia. The Circular Economy (CE) is an essential concept in the framework of the ecological transition, pulled by a series of converging economic, ecological and political drivers. It is usually described as the adoption of a circular model of production to replace the “linear model”, but also as the new buzzword to describe material efficiency, the 3-R rule, the zero-waste ideal, the concepts of lean or frugal design or their reformulation by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation, as a societal challenge and an ethical necessity. Materials producers claim that they have been practicing the Circular Economy since long before the expression was ever invented, thus à la Monsieur Jourdain, etc. The point of this paper is to describe the Circular Economy as a palimpsest and as a heterotopia and to use the metaphors, if indeed they are only metaphors, to highlight some of the less obvious features of the CE. A palimpsest is a parchment or a papyrus, which is used several times to support a series of consecutive texts. Secondary raw materials are like a palimpsest, because there are retrieved from a previous life and used again in a second life: a new artefact made from that material is like a new text written on/with this material – a metaphor also used, mutatis mutandis, in expressions like 3-D printing or laser scribing. Some interesting features of the CE pointed out by the metaphor: a the palimpsest can be used several times, like a material can be recycled several times; the concept of the palimpsest posits that the parchment is somehow more important than the text that is written on it, therefore a material is more important than the goods that are made of it; the palimpsest was used before the invention of paper and, similarly, the Circular Economy was the standard model before mass production of cheap consumer goods imposed the so-called “linear model”; a palimpsest keeps a fragmented memory of the past, in the same way as recycled material maintains a link to its past lives, through its composition in tramp elements. Examples of heterotopia are a prison or a cemetery. The Circular Economy defines a space where a particular material/element exists in its various avatars, impersonations and reincarnations and this may tentatively be worked out as a heterotopia. This is a more complex endeavor than discussing the palimpsest metaphor, but a potentially more fruitful one. Foucault has provided criteria defining heterotopia which can help us explore the analogy: particularly the point that such a space i","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article is twofold. We first present a Life Cycle Costing methodology applied at different scales to compare between design options in terms of materials use: in an automobile vehicle part, a whole vehicle, and a car manufacturer’s portfolio. The Life Cycle Costs consider costs for different stakeholders, including environmental damage costs (supported by the civil society), fuel expenses (supported by the customer) and materials costs (supported by the car manufacturer). The second objective of the article is to bring a management and socio-technical vision to the issue of material use in the automobile industry, in order to challenge the idea that all decisions regarding material use depend on purely technical and economic criteria. Through a qualitative research, we investigated the barriers to material efficiency and integrating the environmental criterion in decision making from a French car manufacturer’s perspective. Within the same company, we also collected material experts’ feedbacks on the LCC tool developed in the first Part, both in terms of methodology and potential integration in decision-making.
{"title":"Towards a sustainable material use in the automotive industry: Life Cycle Costing and socio-technical approach to material use","authors":"N. Iken, Stéphane Morel, Franck Aggeri","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019027","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is twofold. We first present a Life Cycle Costing methodology applied at different scales to compare between design options in terms of materials use: in an automobile vehicle part, a whole vehicle, and a car manufacturer’s portfolio. The Life Cycle Costs consider costs for different stakeholders, including environmental damage costs (supported by the civil society), fuel expenses (supported by the customer) and materials costs (supported by the car manufacturer). The second objective of the article is to bring a management and socio-technical vision to the issue of material use in the automobile industry, in order to challenge the idea that all decisions regarding material use depend on purely technical and economic criteria. Through a qualitative research, we investigated the barriers to material efficiency and integrating the environmental criterion in decision making from a French car manufacturer’s perspective. Within the same company, we also collected material experts’ feedbacks on the LCC tool developed in the first Part, both in terms of methodology and potential integration in decision-making.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The measurable environmental impacts associated with space travel are still relatively low, compared to the total anthropogenic emissions. Yet, its significance will increase with a general increase in space travel. State-of-the-art assessments of space systems are limited to a cradle-to-launch scope and need to be extended to cover the whole life cycle. Previous work established that Life Cycle Assessment is a suitable tool to cover these additional impacts, with the impacts of space debris being identified as the most relevant at the moment. First, the work by Maury et al. on orbital scarcity, developing impact pathways of space debris as an impact on resource depletion, is discussed. Afterwards, this study takes an anthropocentric view and impact pathways of space debris as an impact on human health are developed. The two different areas of damage by space debris in space by collision and during the re-entry were identified and discussed separately. The chosen impact category for both damage categories is disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Calculation approaches for the physical damage caused in space and during re-entry are developed. To calculate the impacts of toxic and radioactive substances that are emitted or produced by collision or re-entry further research is needed. The work of Maury et al. complements the indicators, developed in this study. Yet, not all of the impacts of space debris are completely covered and need to be studied further. Nevertheless, as a next step towards integrating the impacts of space debris a practical implementation assessing changes to orbital scarcity and potential impacts on human health by space debris is considered as feasible and important.
{"title":"Fundamentals for the development of impact categories for the application of LCA in space − space debris","authors":"N. Ko, Raed Bouslama, T. Betten, Simon Pfeuffer","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019011","url":null,"abstract":"The measurable environmental impacts associated with space travel are still relatively low, compared to the total anthropogenic emissions. Yet, its significance will increase with a general increase in space travel. State-of-the-art assessments of space systems are limited to a cradle-to-launch scope and need to be extended to cover the whole life cycle. Previous work established that Life Cycle Assessment is a suitable tool to cover these additional impacts, with the impacts of space debris being identified as the most relevant at the moment. First, the work by Maury et al. on orbital scarcity, developing impact pathways of space debris as an impact on resource depletion, is discussed. Afterwards, this study takes an anthropocentric view and impact pathways of space debris as an impact on human health are developed. The two different areas of damage by space debris in space by collision and during the re-entry were identified and discussed separately. The chosen impact category for both damage categories is disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Calculation approaches for the physical damage caused in space and during re-entry are developed. To calculate the impacts of toxic and radioactive substances that are emitted or produced by collision or re-entry further research is needed. The work of Maury et al. complements the indicators, developed in this study. Yet, not all of the impacts of space debris are completely covered and need to be studied further. Nevertheless, as a next step towards integrating the impacts of space debris a practical implementation assessing changes to orbital scarcity and potential impacts on human health by space debris is considered as feasible and important.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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