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La trempe des aciers, points de vue techniques, historiques et scientifiques. Vingt-cinq siècles d’évolution de la trempe des aciers 钢的淬火,技术,历史和科学的观点。25个世纪的钢淬火演变
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021026
Jean Le Coze
Le verbe tremper vient du latin « temperare » qui contient la notion de tempérer, modérer, très éloignée de l’action, plutôt violente, de plonger dans l’eau une pièce d’acier porté au rouge, ce qui est aujourd’hui la définition de « tremper l’acier ». Par contre, dans les siècles passés, « tremper l’acier » a eu différentes significations, allant jusqu’au processus complet de chauffage, durcissement à l’eau et revenu, avec de nombreuses variantes. L’objectif était d’obtenir un état optimisé entre la dureté et la fragilité, ce que contenait le verbe « temperare ». Ce premier article présente les différents traitements appelés « trempe », puis les anciens moyens de contrôler les températures, les bains de trempe aux compositions parfois magiques et les défauts induits par la trempe. Le dernier paragraphe déroule l’historique du vocabulaire de ces traitements depuis Homère, jusqu’à l’apparition de « temperare » dans les écrits du 12e siècle et à la normalisation du langage à la fin du 19e siècle. Un deuxième article analysera la lente évolution, depuis le Moyen Âge, des descriptions des mécanismes de la trempe, largement fondées sur les conceptions de la matière par Aristote, jusqu’à l’apparition des nouveaux concepts cristallographiques et atomiques de la constitution des métaux, au début du 20e siècle, exposés dans un troisième article.
“tremper”这个词来自拉丁语“temperare”,它包含了“temperare”的概念,与将一块红色的钢浸入水中的动作相去甚远,这是今天“淬火钢”的定义。然而,在过去的几个世纪里,“淬火钢”有不同的含义,包括加热、水淬和回火的整个过程,有许多变体。其目的是在硬度和脆性之间达到最佳状态,这就是动词temperare所包含的。第一篇文章介绍了被称为“淬火”的不同处理方法,然后是控制温度的旧方法,有时具有神奇成分的淬火浴和淬火引起的缺陷。最后一段描述了这些治疗词汇的历史,从荷马到12世纪著作中出现的temperare,以及19世纪末语言的标准化。第二篇分析发展缓慢,自中世纪以来,增韧机制的描述,基本上基于概念方面由亚里士多德与晶体的新概念,直到出现金属原子和宪法,20世纪初的第三篇中展出。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of H2 combustion on scale growth and steel surface quality in reheating furnaces 加热炉中H2燃烧对水垢生长和钢表面质量的影响
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021024
F. Cirilli, G. Jochler, M. Mosconi, F. Praolini
The use of hydrogen as fuel in the reheating furnaces, to replace (partially or totally) natural gas, causes a modification in the composition of the furnace atmosphere, with low or null concentration of CO2 and an increased concentration of H2O. The new atmosphere may change the scale growth kinetic and may affect the surface properties, in terms of scale removal and formation of decarburized layer. These effects can be studied at laboratory scale simulating the atmosphere generated by H2 combustion considering the working conditions of the burner and the excess oxygen. Hence, the comprehension and quantification of this effect is a fundamental pre-requisite for the use of hydrogen as fuel in reheating and treatment furnaces. For this reason, TenarisDalmine and Rina CSM carried out an experimental activity to simulate reheating and heat treatment process selecting two steels grades: one for line pipe production and one for casing production, two steels in which the more remarkable differences for scale growth and adherence are in the C and Ni content [1,2]. The experimental scenario was defined to verify the effects of the combustion atmosphere simulating the heating of a 20 mm thick pipe at 920 °C and the reheating process at 1230 °C for 180 min. The trials included two possible combustion atmospheres having different H2O concentration and corresponding to 100% natural gas and 100% H2. The steel oxidation and scale formation were studied by TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analysis) tests. Results showed some increase in scale growth up to 10% during heating at 920 °C and up to 16% in case of re-heating at 1230 °C. The differences between line pipe and casing steel grades were minimal with a slight tendency to higher oxidation for line pipe steel. No decarburization was observed in steel sample heated at 920 °C oxidized in both atmospheres (with 100% natural gas or 100% H2 combustion). Metallographic analysis on TGA samples confirms, for the test with atmosphere form 100%H2, at 1230 °C, the increased thickness of the scale; in these tests, the interface between scale and steel appears more complex and entangled.
在加热炉中使用氢气作为燃料,以取代(部分或全部)天然气,导致炉内气氛的组成发生变化,二氧化碳浓度很低或为零,而H2O浓度增加。新气氛可能会改变结垢的生长动力学,并影响表面性能,如结垢的去除和脱碳层的形成。这些影响可以在实验室规模上模拟H2燃烧产生的气氛,考虑燃烧器的工作条件和过量的氧气。因此,理解和量化这种影响是在再加热和处理炉中使用氢作为燃料的基本先决条件。为此,TenarisDalmine和Rina CSM进行了一项实验活动,模拟再加热和热处理过程,选择了两种钢种:一种用于管道生产,一种用于套管生产,这两种钢种中C和Ni含量在水垢生长和粘附方面的差异更显着[1,2]。为了验证燃烧气氛模拟20 mm厚管道在920℃加热和1230℃再加热180 min的效果,定义了实验场景。试验包括两种不同H2O浓度的燃烧气氛,分别对应100%天然气和100% H2。采用热重分析(TGA)方法对钢的氧化和结垢进行了研究。结果表明,在920℃加热时,水垢生长增加了10%,在1230℃再次加热时,水垢生长增加了16%。管线钢和套管钢等级之间的差异很小,管线钢有轻微的高氧化倾向。在两种气氛(100%天然气或100% H2燃烧)下加热920℃的钢样品未观察到脱碳现象。对TGA样品的金相分析证实,在1230℃下,以100%H2的气氛形式进行测试,鳞片的厚度增加;在这些试验中,水垢与钢之间的界面显得更加复杂和纠缠。
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引用次数: 3
Étude de l’influence de l’incorporation de la poudre de bois d’Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn algérien sur la cinétique d’hydratation du coulis de ciment 研究加入阿尔及利亚桉树木粉对水泥灌浆水化动力学的影响
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021021
Linda Anes, Mansour Tazrout, Alexandre Govin
Pour réduire le problème d’incompatibilité entre le bois et le ciment, un traitement du renfort bois, par de l’eau bouillante peut être une solution afin d’éliminer les composés qui inhibent la prise du ciment. L’effet de la teneur de poudre de bois d’Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn naturel et traité thermiquement à l’eau bouillante sur la cinétique d’hydratation a été étudié par calorimétrie isotherme, conductimétrie et thermogravimétrie (ATG). La poudre de bois diminue légèrement la consommation du gypse et retarde l’hydratation des phases silicates. À des concentrations massiques élevées de 25 % et 30 %, le bois retarde fortement la précipitation de la portlandite. À des teneurs de 10 % en masse de poudre de bois, le traitement n’a pas montré d’efficacité sur la cinétique d’hydratation ; à 20 % de bois traité, l’hydratation du ciment est accélérée par rapport au témoin. Les extractibles du bois n’ont pas affecté la formation de l’ettringite due à la présence d’ions de sulfate de bois.
为了减少木材和水泥之间的不相容问题,用沸水处理木材增强材料可能是一种解决方案,以消除抑制水泥粘结的化合物。采用等温量热法、电导率法和热重法研究了天然和沸水热处理桉树木粉含量对水化动力学的影响。木粉稍微减少了石膏的消耗,延迟了硅酸盐相的水化。在25%和30%的高质量浓度下,木材大大延迟了portlandite的沉淀。当木粉含量按质量计算为10%时,处理对水化动力学没有效果;在20%处理过的木材中,水泥的水化速度比对照快。由于硫酸木离子的存在,木材提取物不影响乙烯石的形成。
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引用次数: 1
Feasibility study for the utilization of natural gas and hydrogen blends on industrial furnaces 天然气和氢气混合燃料在工业炉上应用的可行性研究
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2022006
Irene Luzzo, F. Cirilli, G. Jochler, Alessio Gambato, Jacopo Longhi, Gabriele Rampinini
In the deep steel industry decarbonization, green hydrogen plays a pivotal role as alternative energy to replace natural gas and carbon bearing materials. In this frame, technical aspects and in general criticalities relevant to the use of mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas in industrial processes were investigated: in particular its effect was analyzed on employ of existing industrial burners for treatment furnace and on oxidability and descaling susceptibility of forged material as Grade F22V and Inconel® 625. The experimental campaign on burner using blends with 30% and 50%vol. of hydrogen in natural gas highlighted that it is possible to ignite the burner for both mixtures, but that the burner is more stable with the 30%vol. of hydrogen in natural gas. The detected emissions of nitrogen oxides compared to the natural gas increase up to 15%. The results indicated that selected high speed burner should be used in industrial plant with a 30% of hydrogen in volume with no need of hardware modifications. The oxidation investigation on atmospheres deriving from the combustion of 100% of hydrogen, at 1230 °C, showed a moderate scale increase up to 14% for F22V grade and 8% for Inconel® 625. This increase of scale growth has not detrimental effect on the scale removability. For the selected reference industrial scenario, the burner was positively tested in industrial furnace with a 30% of hydrogen in volume with no need of hardware modifications. Moderate scale growth was observed, but with no detrimental effect on the scale removability. Moreover, the H2 addition allows to get CO2 reductions, without any noticeable drawback on other process parameters or product quality for this industrial scenario.
在钢铁工业深度脱碳中,绿色氢作为替代天然气和含碳材料的替代能源发挥着举足轻重的作用。在此框架下,研究了与工业过程中使用氢气和天然气混合物相关的技术方面和一般关键问题:特别是分析了其对处理炉使用现有工业燃烧器的影响,以及对F22V级和Inconel®625级锻造材料的氧化性和除锈敏感性的影响。在燃烧器上使用30%和50%体积的混合气进行实验。天然气中的氢强调了两种混合物都有可能点燃燃烧器,但燃烧器在30%的体积下更稳定。天然气中的氢。与天然气相比,检测到的氮氧化物排放量增加了15%。结果表明,所选择的高速燃烧器在不需要硬件改造的情况下,可用于氢含量为30%的工业装置。在1230°C下,对100%氢气燃烧产生的气氛进行氧化研究,结果表明,F22V等级的氧化垢增加了14%,Inconel®625的氧化垢增加了8%。这种水垢生长的增加对去除水垢的能力没有不利影响。对于选定的参考工业场景,燃烧器在不需要硬件修改的情况下,在氢气体积为30%的工业炉中进行了积极的测试。观察到适度的水垢生长,但对水垢的去除性没有不利影响。此外,氢气的加入可以减少二氧化碳的排放,而在其他工艺参数或产品质量方面没有任何明显的缺点。
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引用次数: 5
Charpy V notch tests – Risks associated with testing with 3 samples 夏比V型缺口测试-与3个样本测试相关的风险
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021017
M. Huther, H. Lieurade
To estimate the risk of brittle fracture of a component in service, Charpy tests are generally carried out on 3 samples at the same temperature. Work done over many years on welded joint fatigue using probability and statistics has shown that to have a good assessment of minimum strength, it is clearly necessary to have a larger number of test results. In order to analyse the risks associated with this practice of 3 samples tested at the same temperature, a series of 17 Charpy impact test results of samples of the same steel plate was chosen. From this series, by translation, 2 series were generated, one with a test of 3 specimens showing acceptable steel and one with a test of 3 specimens showing unacceptable steel. The 3-test method was applied to these series leading to a possible simulation of 12 tests each. It was found that the 3-test practice leads to a risk of error of 30 to 40%. It is also found that the determination of the transition curve of a DH36 steel finally shows that its temperature for a CV of 27 J is of the order of −50 °C whereas the regulations require only −20 °C. In conclusion, a possible improvement of the test procedure is indicated, which is the subject of a study within the framework of the “CCRS rupture and fatigue” working groups of the Société des Ingénieurs Soudeurs (SIS).
为了评估使用中部件脆性断裂的风险,通常在相同温度下对3个样品进行夏比试验。多年来利用概率和统计方法对焊接接头疲劳进行的研究表明,要对最小强度进行良好的评估,显然需要大量的试验结果。为了分析在相同温度下测试的3个样品的风险,选择了同一钢板样品的一系列17个Charpy冲击试验结果。从这个系列中,通过翻译,产生了2个系列,一个是3个样品的测试,显示可接受的钢,另一个是3个样品的测试,显示不可接受的钢。3测试方法应用于这些系列,导致每个系列可能模拟12个测试。结果发现,3次测试的做法会导致30 - 40%的错误风险。对DH36钢的转变曲线的测定表明,当CV为27j时,其温度约为- 50℃,而规范要求的温度仅为- 20℃。最后,指出了可能改进试验程序的方法,这是在ingingennieurs Soudeurs社会组织(SIS)的“CCRS断裂和疲劳”工作组框架内进行的一项研究的主题。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of phosphogypsum conversion into calcium carbonate and lithium sulfate monohydrate 磷石膏转化碳酸钙和一水硫酸锂的优化
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021020
Y. Ennaciri, M. Bettach
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an acidic by-product generated during the production of phosphoric acid. Usually this by-product is stockpiled or dumped into water bodies, which causes several environmental pollution problems. The aim of this work is to reduce this environmental risk by producing CaCO3 and Li2SO4.H2O from the conversion of PG by Li2CO3. To optimize the reaction conditions, four parameters have been investigated such as the initial concentration of the reagents, the reaction duration, the temperature and the gypsum purity. In addition, the nature of the resulting products was proved principally by X-ray diffraction technic. The obtained results show that the initial concentration of the reagents and the reaction duration are the most influential parameters, while the temperature has no significance effect on this reaction. Also, the acidity and the presence of impurities into PG induce its reactivity compared than commercial gypsum. The purity of the formed CaCO3 and Li2SO4.H2O at the optimum conversion of PG is 96.08 and 98.71% respectively.
磷石膏是磷酸生产过程中产生的一种酸性副产物。通常这种副产品被储存或倾倒到水体中,这造成了一些环境污染问题。这项工作的目的是通过生产CaCO3和Li2SO4来降低这种环境风险。由Li2CO3转化PG生成的H2O。为了优化反应条件,考察了反应物的初始浓度、反应时间、反应温度和石膏纯度四个参数。另外,主要通过x射线衍射技术证实了产物的性质。结果表明,反应物的初始浓度和反应时间是影响该反应的主要参数,而温度对该反应的影响不显著。此外,与商品石膏相比,PG的酸度和杂质的存在诱导了其反应性。生成的CaCO3和Li2SO4的纯度。PG的最佳转化率分别为96.08和98.71%。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of the sample form on the corrosion behavior of steels for concrete in 3% NaCl medium 试样形态对混凝土用钢在3% NaCl介质中腐蚀行为的影响
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021018
Laidi Babouri, Cheikh Mokrani, Y. El Mendili
Corrosion of steel constitutes a major preoccupation in the field of civil engineering and the building sector. In this paper, we investigated the electrochemical behavior of two steel specimens with different forms (latched steel and smooth steel) in a 3 wt.% NaCl solution. For this purpose, we studied the steel samples by linear polarization, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphologies of the substrates were examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy diffraction spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Results of linear polarization, Tafel polarization curves and EIS show that latched steel (LS) is more susceptible to corrosion than smooth steel (SS) in saline solution. Gravimetric and SEM/EDS analysis after 10 days of immersion confirmed the results obtained by electrochemical methods. All of our results are in agreement and demonstrate that the sample form plays a key role in corrosion resistance.
钢的腐蚀是土木工程和建筑领域的一个主要问题。在本文中,我们研究了两种不同形式的钢试样(锁紧钢和光滑钢)在3wt中的电化学行为。% NaCl溶液。为此,我们利用线性极化、动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对钢样品进行了研究。利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪(SEM/EDS)对衬底的表面形貌进行了表征。线性极化、Tafel极化曲线和EIS分析结果表明,锁扣钢(LS)在盐溶液中比光滑钢(SS)更容易受到腐蚀。浸渍10天后的重量和SEM/EDS分析证实了电化学方法得到的结果。我们所有的结果都是一致的,并表明样品的形式在耐腐蚀性中起着关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
L’influence de la carbonatation sur la biocolonisation de matériaux cimentaires dans le milieu marin 碳化对海洋环境中胶凝材料生物定殖的影响
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2020020
Mahmoud Hayek, M. Salgues, F. Habouzit, S. Bayle, Jean-Claude Souche, Klartjee De Weerdt, Sylvain Pioch
Les ingénieurs spécialisés en génie civil doivent intégrer dans leur design des mesures de protection de la biodiversité marine de qui autorise le concept d’écoconception d’infrastructures marines respectueuses de l’environnement. Les matériaux cimentaires sont privilégiés pour concevoir les infrastructures marines et interagissent avec le milieu marin. Ces structures seront colonisées par des micro-organismes et macroorganismes marins. Dans un premier temps, les organismes forment un biofilm à la surface du béton en fonction des facteurs environnementaux et des propriétés physico-chimiques du matériau. Dans cette étude, il a été démontré que la pré-carbonatation des matériaux cimentaires accélère la croissance des micro-organismes formant le biofilm à leur surface en abaissant le pH de la surface. Il a été démontré en laboratoire que la colonisation de la surface par des micro-organismes augmente également l’hydrophobicité de la surface et pourrait ainsi améliorer la durabilité du matériau en diminuant l’absorption d’eau de mer contenant des agents agressifs.
土木工程专业工程师必须在其设计中纳入保护海洋生物多样性的措施,这允许生态设计尊重环境的海洋基础设施的概念。水泥材料是设计海洋基础设施和与海洋环境相互作用的首选材料。这些结构将被海洋微生物和大型生物定殖。首先,生物根据环境因素和材料的物理化学性质在混凝土表面形成生物膜。本研究表明,水泥材料的预碳化通过降低表面pH值加速了表面形成生物膜的微生物的生长。实验室已经证明,微生物对表面的定殖也增加了表面疏水性,因此可以通过减少对含有侵蚀剂的海水的吸收来提高材料的耐久性。
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引用次数: 6
(Im-)material flow analysis framework implementation on repair and reuse initiatives 物料流分析框架在维修和再利用方面的实施
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021012
J. Gobert, Romain Allais
This research aims at understanding better the nature of stakeholders’ resistance to and interest in repair and reuse. In fact, the authors assume that in the future waste management could be less centralized using a network of territorialized initiatives based on repair and reuse activities with high social and environmental values. Such system innovation requires tools and methods to support analysis and facilitate decision-making in multi-stakeholders, multi-scales systems. The framework for spatiotemporal analysis of territorial projects considers a project’s stakeholder network and the way they mobilize resources. These resources may be tangible or intangible, brought by individuals, organizations or even the territory. This communication focuses on the implementation of such an analysis in the community of communes Coeur de Savoie, to understand how local initiatives emerge and on which interactions and resources they are based. This paper proposes feedback on the implementation of the spatio-temporal analysis in one case study (Coeur de Savoie), and provides insights to build new networks promoting reuse and repair.
本研究旨在更好地理解利益相关者对修复和重用的抵制和兴趣的本质。事实上,作者认为,在未来,废物管理可以通过基于具有高社会和环境价值的修复和再利用活动的地域性倡议网络来减少集中化。这种系统创新需要工具和方法来支持多利益相关者、多尺度系统中的分析和促进决策。地域项目的时空分析框架考虑了项目的利益相关者网络及其调动资源的方式。这些资源可能是有形的,也可能是无形的,由个人、组织甚至领土带来。本来文的重点是在萨瓦之心社区实施这种分析,以了解地方倡议是如何产生的,以及这些倡议是基于哪些相互作用和资源。本文以一个案例(Coeur de Savoie)为例,对时空分析的实施提出了反馈意见,并为构建促进重用和修复的新网络提供了见解。
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引用次数: 1
Reinventing exergy as indicator for resource depletion impacts in LCA 重新定义作为LCA中资源枯竭影响指标的能源消耗
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2021003
J. Peters
While resource aspects are gaining increasing importance for the sustainability assessment of new technologies, the question of how to assess the depletion of abiotic resources is still controversially discussed. Different methodologies exist for their quantification within life cycle assessment (LCA). Among them, thermodynamic approaches have the advantage of considering aspects of absolute quantity (reserves or amount of a substance contained in total in earth’s crust) and of quality (concentration of the target element in the mined resource), making them a potentially appealing approach for assessing resource depletion. However, existing approaches are either far from the original thermodynamic idea of exergy or far too complex and not applicable for resource accounting. This work briefly discusses the suitability of exergy-based approaches for resource assessment, and then suggests a simple but comprehensive methodology for quantifying resource depletion related with the concept of chemical concentration exergy (MDPces). It provides a calculation approach for quantifying the MDPces and estimates the corresponding values for some representative key metals.
虽然资源方面对新技术的可持续性评估越来越重要,但如何评估非生物资源的枯竭问题仍在讨论中存在争议。在生命周期评估(LCA)中存在不同的量化方法。其中,热力学方法具有考虑绝对数量(地壳中所含物质的储量或总量)和质量(开采资源中目标元素的浓度)方面的优点,使其成为评估资源枯竭的潜在吸引人的方法。然而,现有的方法要么与原始的热力学思想相去甚远,要么过于复杂,不适用于资源核算。本工作简要讨论了基于火能用的资源评估方法的适用性,然后提出了一种简单而全面的方法,用于量化与化学浓度火能用(MDPces)概念相关的资源枯竭。给出了一种量化mdpce的计算方法,并估计了一些具有代表性的关键金属的相应值。
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引用次数: 3
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