H. Hammoudi, Souhila Bendenia, I. Batonneau-Gener, J. Comparot, K. Marouf-Khelifa, A. Khelifa
X zeolites were prepared by ion-exchange with Cu2+ and/or Zn2+ cations, at different concentrations of the exchange solution, and characterized by thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption. The acidity of the samples was investigated by pyridine adsorption–desorption followed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Desorption was carried out at 150, 250 and 350 °C. The objective is to estimate the nature and concentration of acid sites. A comparison between the binary (Cu(x)X, Zn(x)X) and ternary (CuZn(x)X) exchanges was also established (x = level of exchange) through the Cu(43)X, Zn(48)X and CuZn(50)X samples. Lewis acidity decreases overall with desorption temperature and the level of exchange. As the latter increases, there is a conversion of some Lewis sites into those of Brønsted during thermal treatment. In return, the concentration of Brønsted sites increases with the degree of exchange. The Brønsted acidity of CuZn(50)X at 350 °C is more important than the sum of those of Cu(43)X and Zn(48)X with respectively values of 73, 32 and 15 μmol g−1. Besides, the concentration of Brønsted sites for CuZn(50)X increases with desorption temperature. These features indicate the presence of a synergetic effect amplifying the strength of these sites when Cu2+ and Zn2+ cations compete for the occupancy of sites distributed in zeolite cavities.
{"title":"Synergetic effects of Cu-Zn bimetallic ions exchanged in NaX on acid sites of M(x)X zeolites (M = Cu2+ and/or Zn2+, x = level of exchange). An in situ FTIR study using pyridine adsorption/desorption","authors":"H. Hammoudi, Souhila Bendenia, I. Batonneau-Gener, J. Comparot, K. Marouf-Khelifa, A. Khelifa","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019019","url":null,"abstract":"X zeolites were prepared by ion-exchange with Cu2+ and/or Zn2+ cations, at different concentrations of the exchange solution, and characterized by thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption. The acidity of the samples was investigated by pyridine adsorption–desorption followed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Desorption was carried out at 150, 250 and 350 °C. The objective is to estimate the nature and concentration of acid sites. A comparison between the binary (Cu(x)X, Zn(x)X) and ternary (CuZn(x)X) exchanges was also established (x = level of exchange) through the Cu(43)X, Zn(48)X and CuZn(50)X samples. Lewis acidity decreases overall with desorption temperature and the level of exchange. As the latter increases, there is a conversion of some Lewis sites into those of Brønsted during thermal treatment. In return, the concentration of Brønsted sites increases with the degree of exchange. The Brønsted acidity of CuZn(50)X at 350 °C is more important than the sum of those of Cu(43)X and Zn(48)X with respectively values of 73, 32 and 15 μmol g−1. Besides, the concentration of Brønsted sites for CuZn(50)X increases with desorption temperature. These features indicate the presence of a synergetic effect amplifying the strength of these sites when Cu2+ and Zn2+ cations compete for the occupancy of sites distributed in zeolite cavities.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sodium-ion batteries are increasingly being promoted as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion batteries. The substitution of lithium by sodium offers potential advantages under environmental aspects due to its higher abundance and availability. However, sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries cannot rely on graphite for the anodes, requiring amorphous carbon materials (hard carbons). Since no established market exists for hard carbon anode materials, these are synthesised individually for each Na-ion battery from selected precursors. The hard carbon anode has been identified as a relevant driver for environmental impacts of sodium-ion batteries in a recent work, where a significant improvement potential was found by minimising the impacts of the hard carbon synthesis process. In consequence, this work provides a detailed process model of hard carbon synthesis processes as basis for their environmental assessment. Starting from a review of recent studies about hard carbon synthesis processes from different precursors, three promising materials are evaluated in detail. For those, the given laboratory synthesis processes are scaled up to a hypothetical industrial level, obtaining detailed energy and material balances. The subsequent environmental assessment then quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the different hard carbon materials and their potential for further improving the environmental performance of future Na-ion batteries by properly selecting the hard carbon material. Especially organic waste materials (apple pomace) show a high potential as precursor for hard carbon materials, potentially reducing environmental impacts of Na-ion cells between 10 and 40% compared to carbohydrate (sugar) based hard carbons (the hard carbon material used by the current reference work). Waste tyres are also found to be a promising hard carbon precursor, but require a more complex pre-treatment prior to carbonisation, why they do not reach the same performance as the pomace based one. Finally, hard carbons obtained from synthetic resins, another promising precursor, score significantly worse. They obtain results in the same order of magnitude as the sugar based hard carbon, mainly due to the high emissions and energy intensity of the resin production processes.
{"title":"A review of hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries and their environmental assessment","authors":"J. Peters, M. Abdelbaky, M. Baumann, M. Weil","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019029","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium-ion batteries are increasingly being promoted as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion batteries. The substitution of lithium by sodium offers potential advantages under environmental aspects due to its higher abundance and availability. However, sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries cannot rely on graphite for the anodes, requiring amorphous carbon materials (hard carbons). Since no established market exists for hard carbon anode materials, these are synthesised individually for each Na-ion battery from selected precursors. The hard carbon anode has been identified as a relevant driver for environmental impacts of sodium-ion batteries in a recent work, where a significant improvement potential was found by minimising the impacts of the hard carbon synthesis process. In consequence, this work provides a detailed process model of hard carbon synthesis processes as basis for their environmental assessment. Starting from a review of recent studies about hard carbon synthesis processes from different precursors, three promising materials are evaluated in detail. For those, the given laboratory synthesis processes are scaled up to a hypothetical industrial level, obtaining detailed energy and material balances. The subsequent environmental assessment then quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the different hard carbon materials and their potential for further improving the environmental performance of future Na-ion batteries by properly selecting the hard carbon material. Especially organic waste materials (apple pomace) show a high potential as precursor for hard carbon materials, potentially reducing environmental impacts of Na-ion cells between 10 and 40% compared to carbohydrate (sugar) based hard carbons (the hard carbon material used by the current reference work). Waste tyres are also found to be a promising hard carbon precursor, but require a more complex pre-treatment prior to carbonisation, why they do not reach the same performance as the pomace based one. Finally, hard carbons obtained from synthetic resins, another promising precursor, score significantly worse. They obtain results in the same order of magnitude as the sugar based hard carbon, mainly due to the high emissions and energy intensity of the resin production processes.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katarina Lundkvist, S. Rosendahl, E. Sandberg, Björn Haase, Jeanette Stemne, P. Peltola, R. Eriksson
Steel production is a material and energy intensive industry which, in addition to steel products, generates residual materials such as metallurgical slag, dust and sludge. These residual materials are recycled and used to a great extent as well in-house as for external purposes. Even so, some materials are currently landfilled due to difficulties in finding use or recycling possibilities. This applies, for example, to zinc-containing sludge and dust from ore-based steel production and certain iron-rich, lime and carbon-containing materials from scrap-based steel production. A case study has been performed with the aim to develop a methodology for evaluating industrial symbiosis possibilities in regard to increased material efficiency in steel production systems. The methodology is based on system analysis of steel production routes in combination with economical assessment of hypothetical business concepts by using residual materials from one industry as secondary raw materials in another. The paper presents case study results and indicates how this methodology could be applied to maximise the residual materials utilisation. By the methodology discussed and with a circular-economic perspective, it is shown that high economic potential for one material could be used to increase the utilisation of other materials with lower economic potential.
{"title":"Case study of industrial symbiosis for improved residual material utilisation in the steel industry","authors":"Katarina Lundkvist, S. Rosendahl, E. Sandberg, Björn Haase, Jeanette Stemne, P. Peltola, R. Eriksson","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2020004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020004","url":null,"abstract":"Steel production is a material and energy intensive industry which, in addition to steel products, generates residual materials such as metallurgical slag, dust and sludge. These residual materials are recycled and used to a great extent as well in-house as for external purposes. Even so, some materials are currently landfilled due to difficulties in finding use or recycling possibilities. This applies, for example, to zinc-containing sludge and dust from ore-based steel production and certain iron-rich, lime and carbon-containing materials from scrap-based steel production. A case study has been performed with the aim to develop a methodology for evaluating industrial symbiosis possibilities in regard to increased material efficiency in steel production systems. The methodology is based on system analysis of steel production routes in combination with economical assessment of hypothetical business concepts by using residual materials from one industry as secondary raw materials in another. The paper presents case study results and indicates how this methodology could be applied to maximise the residual materials utilisation. By the methodology discussed and with a circular-economic perspective, it is shown that high economic potential for one material could be used to increase the utilisation of other materials with lower economic potential.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"320 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le CEFRACOR organise, du 9 au 11 juin 2020, les 7e Journées Protection Cathodique et Revêtements Associés, destinées à rassembler toutes les personnes intéressées par ces techniques, qu’elles soient expertes, spécialistes ou encore peu familières de ces domaines. Elles s’adressent aux donneurs d’ordre et utilisateurs comme aux concepteurs, fournisseurs, sociétés de service ou encore aux administrations, laboratoires, universités et centres de recherche. Cet évènement est enregistré par la Fédération européenne de corrosion (EFC) sous la désignation EFC Event n° 455.
{"title":"7e Journées Protection Cathodique et Revêtements Associés","authors":"Sylvain Fontaine","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019033","url":null,"abstract":"Le CEFRACOR organise, du 9 au 11 juin 2020, les 7e Journées Protection Cathodique et Revêtements Associés, destinées à rassembler toutes les personnes intéressées par ces techniques, qu’elles soient expertes, spécialistes ou encore peu familières de ces domaines. Elles s’adressent aux donneurs d’ordre et utilisateurs comme aux concepteurs, fournisseurs, sociétés de service ou encore aux administrations, laboratoires, universités et centres de recherche. Cet évènement est enregistré par la Fédération européenne de corrosion (EFC) sous la désignation EFC Event n° 455.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Maddaloni, Ruben Matino, I. Matino, S. Dettori, A. Zaccara, V. Colla
The European steel industry is constantly promoting developments, which can increase efficiency and lower the environmental impact of the steel production processes. In particular, a strong focus refers to the minimization of the energy consumption. This paper presents part of the work of the research project entitled “Optimization of the management of the process gas network within the integrated steelworks” (GASNET), which aims at developing a decision support system supporting energy managers and other concerned technical personnel in the implementation of an optimized off-gases management and exploitation considering environmental and economic objectives. A mathematical model of the network as a capacitated digraph with costs on arcs is proposed and an optimization problem is formulated. The objective of the optimization consists in minimizing the wastes of process gases and maximizing the incomes. Several production constraints need to be accounted. In particular, different types of gases are mixing in the same network. The constraints that model the mixing make the problem computationally difficult: it is a non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP). Two formulations of the problem are presented: the first one is a minimum cost flow problem, which is a linear program and is thus computationally fast to solve, but suitable only for a single gas network. The second formulation is a quadratically constrained quadratic program, which is slower, but covers more general cases, such as the ones, which are characterized by the interaction among multiple gas networks. A user-friendly graphical interface has been developed and tests over existing plant networks are performed and analyzed.
{"title":"A quadratic programming model for the optimization of off-gas networks in integrated steelworks","authors":"Alessandro Maddaloni, Ruben Matino, I. Matino, S. Dettori, A. Zaccara, V. Colla","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019025","url":null,"abstract":"The European steel industry is constantly promoting developments, which can increase efficiency and lower the environmental impact of the steel production processes. In particular, a strong focus refers to the minimization of the energy consumption. This paper presents part of the work of the research project entitled “Optimization of the management of the process gas network within the integrated steelworks” (GASNET), which aims at developing a decision support system supporting energy managers and other concerned technical personnel in the implementation of an optimized off-gases management and exploitation considering environmental and economic objectives. A mathematical model of the network as a capacitated digraph with costs on arcs is proposed and an optimization problem is formulated. The objective of the optimization consists in minimizing the wastes of process gases and maximizing the incomes. Several production constraints need to be accounted. In particular, different types of gases are mixing in the same network. The constraints that model the mixing make the problem computationally difficult: it is a non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP). Two formulations of the problem are presented: the first one is a minimum cost flow problem, which is a linear program and is thus computationally fast to solve, but suitable only for a single gas network. The second formulation is a quadratically constrained quadratic program, which is slower, but covers more general cases, such as the ones, which are characterized by the interaction among multiple gas networks. A user-friendly graphical interface has been developed and tests over existing plant networks are performed and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les effets de la présence du phosphore dans les aciers modernes et dans les fers anciens sont passés en revue. Des fers phosphoreux, décrits par les archéologues, ont été fabriqués depuis de nombreux siècles à partir de minerais phosphoreux, soit par la voie indirecte (haut-fourneau + affinerie), soit par réduction directe du minerai. Avant la découverte du phosphore élémentaire, on parlait des « fers cassants à froid ». Ces fers, à fortes teneurs en phosphore, ne posaient pas de problème de forgeage à chaud, car leurs teneurs en carbone étaient très basses. Il a fallu attendre le début du 19esiècle pour trouver des remèdes à cette maladie. Les aciers modernes à très faibles teneurs en phosphore résiduel présentent généralement des risques de fragilité, différents des fers anciens.
{"title":"Le phosphore dans les fers et aciers. Points de vue historiques et thermochimiques","authors":"J. L. Coze","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2020003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2020003","url":null,"abstract":"Les effets de la présence du phosphore dans les aciers modernes et dans les fers anciens sont passés en revue. Des fers phosphoreux, décrits par les archéologues, ont été fabriqués depuis de nombreux siècles à partir de minerais phosphoreux, soit par la voie indirecte (haut-fourneau + affinerie), soit par réduction directe du minerai. Avant la découverte du phosphore élémentaire, on parlait des « fers cassants à froid ». Ces fers, à fortes teneurs en phosphore, ne posaient pas de problème de forgeage à chaud, car leurs teneurs en carbone étaient très basses. Il a fallu attendre le début du 19esiècle pour trouver des remèdes à cette maladie. Les aciers modernes à très faibles teneurs en phosphore résiduel présentent généralement des risques de fragilité, différents des fers anciens.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’objectif de notre travail est d’utiliser les sédiments de dragage du barrage de Gargar (Algérie) dans le domaine de l’industrie des matériaux de construction. Cette industrie possède un caractère stratégique dans les pays en développement : outre son poids économique considérable, elle favorise le dynamisme de son principal client, l’industrie du bâtiment et des travaux publics. Celle-ci contribue pour une large part à l’investissement national et au développement de l’industrie des matériaux de construction locaux. La disponibilité locale de matériaux de construction est un enjeu vital du développement pour les raisons suivantes : elle correspond à une demande essentielle des populations les plus démunies pour obtenir un logement à un coût acceptable, elle structure le développement des autres branches et elle constitue l’une des principales articulation des secteurs modernes et informels de production. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les caractéristiques physiques et minéralogiques des sédiments d’envasement du barrage de Gargar (wilaya de Relizane) permettent leur utilisation dans l’industrie des briques, en comparaison avec celles produites actuellement, et ceci pour réduire les coûts de dévasement des barrages et protéger l’environnement des quantités importantes que présentent ces particules qui ne sont pas exploitées.
{"title":"Utilisation des sédiments d’envasement de barrages comme matières premières locales dans la production des briques","authors":"Fatima Nedloussi, L. Benamara, K. Ouhba","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019009","url":null,"abstract":"L’objectif de notre travail est d’utiliser les sédiments de dragage du barrage de Gargar (Algérie) dans le domaine de l’industrie des matériaux de construction. Cette industrie possède un caractère stratégique dans les pays en développement : outre son poids économique considérable, elle favorise le dynamisme de son principal client, l’industrie du bâtiment et des travaux publics. Celle-ci contribue pour une large part à l’investissement national et au développement de l’industrie des matériaux de construction locaux. La disponibilité locale de matériaux de construction est un enjeu vital du développement pour les raisons suivantes : elle correspond à une demande essentielle des populations les plus démunies pour obtenir un logement à un coût acceptable, elle structure le développement des autres branches et elle constitue l’une des principales articulation des secteurs modernes et informels de production. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les caractéristiques physiques et minéralogiques des sédiments d’envasement du barrage de Gargar (wilaya de Relizane) permettent leur utilisation dans l’industrie des briques, en comparaison avec celles produites actuellement, et ceci pour réduire les coûts de dévasement des barrages et protéger l’environnement des quantités importantes que présentent ces particules qui ne sont pas exploitées.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Process metallurgy is the basis for the production, refining and recycling of metals and is based on knowledge of transport phenomena, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, and of their interaction in high-temperature, heterogeneous metallurgical processes. The entropy concept is crucial in describing such systems, but, because entropy is not directly observable, some effort is required to grasp the role of entropy in process metallurgy. In this paper, we will give some examples of how entropy has a positive effect on efforts to reach the process objectives in some cases, while in other cases, entropy acts in contradiction to the desired results. In order to do this, it is necessary to have a closer look at both the entropy concept itself as well as at other functions like free energy and exergy since they encompass entropy. The chosen case is the production of silicon. It is the huge entropy change in the process that is utilized. The case is not chosen arbitrary. Indeed, it is the authors’ strong belief that silicon will be one of the foundations for the environmental and energy future planned for in the “Paris-agreement”. We will also explore relatively recent research in physics and thermodynamics that led to the description of the concepts like “dissipative systems and structures”. Dissipative systems are thermodynamically open systems, operating out of, and often far from thermodynamic equilibrium and exhibit dynamical regimes that are in some sense in a reproducible self-organized steady state. Such structures can arise almost everywhere provided this structure, feeding on low entropy resources, dissipates entropy generated in the form of heat and waste material in parallel with the wanted products/results. Examples range from metallurgical processes to the emergence of industrial symbiosis.
{"title":"The (love & hate) role of entropy in process metallurgy","authors":"H. Tveit, L. Kolbeinsen","doi":"10.1051/mattech/2019028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019028","url":null,"abstract":"Process metallurgy is the basis for the production, refining and recycling of metals and is based on knowledge of transport phenomena, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, and of their interaction in high-temperature, heterogeneous metallurgical processes. The entropy concept is crucial in describing such systems, but, because entropy is not directly observable, some effort is required to grasp the role of entropy in process metallurgy. In this paper, we will give some examples of how entropy has a positive effect on efforts to reach the process objectives in some cases, while in other cases, entropy acts in contradiction to the desired results. In order to do this, it is necessary to have a closer look at both the entropy concept itself as well as at other functions like free energy and exergy since they encompass entropy. The chosen case is the production of silicon. It is the huge entropy change in the process that is utilized. The case is not chosen arbitrary. Indeed, it is the authors’ strong belief that silicon will be one of the foundations for the environmental and energy future planned for in the “Paris-agreement”. We will also explore relatively recent research in physics and thermodynamics that led to the description of the concepts like “dissipative systems and structures”. Dissipative systems are thermodynamically open systems, operating out of, and often far from thermodynamic equilibrium and exhibit dynamical regimes that are in some sense in a reproducible self-organized steady state. Such structures can arise almost everywhere provided this structure, feeding on low entropy resources, dissipates entropy generated in the form of heat and waste material in parallel with the wanted products/results. Examples range from metallurgical processes to the emergence of industrial symbiosis.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study tracks the development of an analytical model, designed to investigate the dynamic response of a composite sandwich plate subjected to a low-velocity impact. The model is based on the thick anisotropic plate theory, developed by Reddy and Pagano, which takes into account a through-thickness shear. An indentation law, as proposed by Hertz, is used to model the local response under the impactor. The good correlation between the shock and the simulation results testifies the validity of the method as far as the prediction of the contact force and the shear deformation in the core are concerned.
{"title":"Prediction of impact damage in composite sandwich plates","authors":"M. A. Wahab, Tony Jabbour, P. Davies","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019006","url":null,"abstract":"This study tracks the development of an analytical model, designed to investigate the dynamic response of a composite sandwich plate subjected to a low-velocity impact. The model is based on the thick anisotropic plate theory, developed by Reddy and Pagano, which takes into account a through-thickness shear. An indentation law, as proposed by Hertz, is used to model the local response under the impactor. The good correlation between the shock and the simulation results testifies the validity of the method as far as the prediction of the contact force and the shear deformation in the core are concerned.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kozyukhin, P. Lazarenko, Y. Vorobyov, M. Savelyev, A. Polokhin, V. Glukhenkaya, A. Sherchenkov, A. Gerasimenko
In this paper, we have studied the crystallization behavior of amorphous GST225 thin films upon irradiation with nanosecond laser pulses. Crystalline and melt-quenched amorphous regions were produced by exposure to laser single or multipulses, and were characterized by the optical microscopy and by the micro-Raman spectroscopy. Transition region between the amorphous and crystalline parts of the laser-modified area was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Using irradiation by single laser pulses with varying fluence, it was verified that crystallization was possible if the fluence is more than 90.4 mJ/cm2.
{"title":"Laser-induced modification of amorphous GST225 phase change materials","authors":"S. Kozyukhin, P. Lazarenko, Y. Vorobyov, M. Savelyev, A. Polokhin, V. Glukhenkaya, A. Sherchenkov, A. Gerasimenko","doi":"10.1051/MATTECH/2019008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/MATTECH/2019008","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have studied the crystallization behavior of amorphous GST225 thin films upon irradiation with nanosecond laser pulses. Crystalline and melt-quenched amorphous regions were produced by exposure to laser single or multipulses, and were characterized by the optical microscopy and by the micro-Raman spectroscopy. Transition region between the amorphous and crystalline parts of the laser-modified area was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Using irradiation by single laser pulses with varying fluence, it was verified that crystallization was possible if the fluence is more than 90.4 mJ/cm2.","PeriodicalId":43816,"journal":{"name":"Materiaux & Techniques","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57959676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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