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Synergetic effects of Cu-Zn bimetallic ions exchanged in NaX on acid sites of M(x)X zeolites (M = Cu2+ and/or Zn2+, x = level of exchange). An in situ FTIR study using pyridine adsorption/desorption 在NaX中交换Cu-Zn双金属离子对M(x) x沸石酸位的协同作用(M = Cu2+和/或Zn2+, x =交换水平)。吡啶吸附/解吸的原位红外研究
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/MATTECH/2019019
H. Hammoudi, Souhila Bendenia, I. Batonneau-Gener, J. Comparot, K. Marouf-Khelifa, A. Khelifa
X zeolites were prepared by ion-exchange with Cu2+ and/or Zn2+ cations, at different concentrations of the exchange solution, and characterized by thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption. The acidity of the samples was investigated by pyridine adsorption–desorption followed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Desorption was carried out at 150, 250 and 350 °C. The objective is to estimate the nature and concentration of acid sites. A comparison between the binary (Cu(x)X, Zn(x)X) and ternary (CuZn(x)X) exchanges was also established (x = level of exchange) through the Cu(43)X, Zn(48)X and CuZn(50)X samples. Lewis acidity decreases overall with desorption temperature and the level of exchange. As the latter increases, there is a conversion of some Lewis sites into those of Brønsted during thermal treatment. In return, the concentration of Brønsted sites increases with the degree of exchange. The Brønsted acidity of CuZn(50)X at 350 °C is more important than the sum of those of Cu(43)X and Zn(48)X with respectively values of 73, 32 and 15 μmol g−1. Besides, the concentration of Brønsted sites for CuZn(50)X increases with desorption temperature. These features indicate the presence of a synergetic effect amplifying the strength of these sites when Cu2+ and Zn2+ cations compete for the occupancy of sites distributed in zeolite cavities.
用不同浓度的交换溶液与Cu2+和/或Zn2+阳离子进行离子交换制备了X分子筛,并用热分析和氮吸附对其进行了表征。采用吡啶吸附-解吸-原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了样品的酸度。在150、250和350℃下进行解吸。目的是估计酸位点的性质和浓度。通过Cu(43) x, Zn(48) x和CuZn(50) x样品,还建立了二元(Cu(x) x, Zn(x) x)和三元(CuZn(x) x)交换的比较(x =交换水平)。路易斯酸度随脱附温度和交换水平的升高而降低。随着后者的增加,一些路易斯位在热处理过程中转化为Brønsted位。反过来,Brønsted位点的浓度随着交换程度的增加而增加。350℃时CuZn(50)X的Brønsted酸性比Cu(43)X和Zn(48)X(分别为73、32和15 μmol g−1)的Brønsted酸性更重要。CuZn(50)X的Brønsted位点浓度随解吸温度的升高而升高。这些特征表明,当Cu2+和Zn2+离子竞争分布在沸石腔中的位置时,存在一种增强这些位置强度的协同效应。
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引用次数: 0
A review of hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries and their environmental assessment 钠离子电池用硬碳负极材料及其环境评价研究进展
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2019029
J. Peters, M. Abdelbaky, M. Baumann, M. Weil
Sodium-ion batteries are increasingly being promoted as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion batteries. The substitution of lithium by sodium offers potential advantages under environmental aspects due to its higher abundance and availability. However, sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries cannot rely on graphite for the anodes, requiring amorphous carbon materials (hard carbons). Since no established market exists for hard carbon anode materials, these are synthesised individually for each Na-ion battery from selected precursors. The hard carbon anode has been identified as a relevant driver for environmental impacts of sodium-ion batteries in a recent work, where a significant improvement potential was found by minimising the impacts of the hard carbon synthesis process. In consequence, this work provides a detailed process model of hard carbon synthesis processes as basis for their environmental assessment. Starting from a review of recent studies about hard carbon synthesis processes from different precursors, three promising materials are evaluated in detail. For those, the given laboratory synthesis processes are scaled up to a hypothetical industrial level, obtaining detailed energy and material balances. The subsequent environmental assessment then quantifies the potential environmental impacts of the different hard carbon materials and their potential for further improving the environmental performance of future Na-ion batteries by properly selecting the hard carbon material. Especially organic waste materials (apple pomace) show a high potential as precursor for hard carbon materials, potentially reducing environmental impacts of Na-ion cells between 10 and 40% compared to carbohydrate (sugar) based hard carbons (the hard carbon material used by the current reference work). Waste tyres are also found to be a promising hard carbon precursor, but require a more complex pre-treatment prior to carbonisation, why they do not reach the same performance as the pomace based one. Finally, hard carbons obtained from synthetic resins, another promising precursor, score significantly worse. They obtain results in the same order of magnitude as the sugar based hard carbon, mainly due to the high emissions and energy intensity of the resin production processes.
钠离子电池作为目前锂离子电池的一种有前途的替代品正日益得到推广。钠替代锂由于其更高的丰度和可用性,在环境方面具有潜在的优势。然而,钠离子(钠离子)电池不能依靠石墨作为阳极,需要无定形碳材料(硬碳)。由于硬碳负极材料没有成熟的市场,这些材料是由选定的前体单独合成的,用于每个钠离子电池。在最近的一项工作中,硬碳阳极已被确定为钠离子电池对环境影响的相关驱动因素,其中通过最大限度地减少硬碳合成过程的影响,发现了显著的改进潜力。因此,本工作提供了一个详细的硬碳合成过程模型,作为其环境评价的基础。本文从不同前体材料合成硬碳工艺的研究现状出发,详细评价了三种有发展前景的材料。对于这些,给定的实验室合成过程被放大到一个假设的工业水平,获得详细的能量和物质平衡。随后的环境评估量化了不同硬碳材料的潜在环境影响,以及通过正确选择硬碳材料进一步提高未来钠离子电池环境性能的潜力。特别是有机废物(苹果渣)显示出作为硬碳材料前体的高潜力,与碳水化合物(糖)基硬碳(目前参考工作中使用的硬碳材料)相比,钠离子细胞对环境的影响可能减少10%至40%。废轮胎也被发现是一种很有前途的硬碳前体,但在碳化之前需要更复杂的预处理,为什么它们不能达到与渣基轮胎相同的性能。最后,另一种很有前途的前体——从合成树脂中获得的硬碳得分明显更低。他们得到的结果与糖基硬碳相同的数量级,主要是由于树脂生产过程的高排放和能源强度。
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引用次数: 11
Case study of industrial symbiosis for improved residual material utilisation in the steel industry 提高钢铁工业剩余材料利用率的工业共生案例研究
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2020004
Katarina Lundkvist, S. Rosendahl, E. Sandberg, Björn Haase, Jeanette Stemne, P. Peltola, R. Eriksson
Steel production is a material and energy intensive industry which, in addition to steel products, generates residual materials such as metallurgical slag, dust and sludge. These residual materials are recycled and used to a great extent as well in-house as for external purposes. Even so, some materials are currently landfilled due to difficulties in finding use or recycling possibilities. This applies, for example, to zinc-containing sludge and dust from ore-based steel production and certain iron-rich, lime and carbon-containing materials from scrap-based steel production. A case study has been performed with the aim to develop a methodology for evaluating industrial symbiosis possibilities in regard to increased material efficiency in steel production systems. The methodology is based on system analysis of steel production routes in combination with economical assessment of hypothetical business concepts by using residual materials from one industry as secondary raw materials in another. The paper presents case study results and indicates how this methodology could be applied to maximise the residual materials utilisation. By the methodology discussed and with a circular-economic perspective, it is shown that high economic potential for one material could be used to increase the utilisation of other materials with lower economic potential.
钢铁生产是一个材料和能源密集型产业,除了钢铁产品外,还会产生冶金渣、粉尘和污泥等残余物质。这些残余材料被回收利用,并在很大程度上用于内部和外部目的。尽管如此,由于难以找到使用或回收的可能性,一些材料目前被填埋。例如,这适用于从矿石制钢生产中产生的含锌污泥和粉尘,以及从废料制钢生产中产生的某些富铁、石灰和含碳材料。已经进行了一项个案研究,目的是制订一种方法,评价在提高钢铁生产系统的材料效率方面工业共生的可能性。该方法基于对钢铁生产路线的系统分析,结合对假设的商业概念的经济评估,将一个行业的剩余材料作为另一个行业的次要原材料。本文介绍了案例研究结果,并指出如何应用这种方法来最大限度地利用剩余材料。通过所讨论的方法并从循环经济的角度来看,可以利用一种材料的高经济潜力来增加经济潜力较低的其他材料的利用率。
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引用次数: 2
A quadratic programming model for the optimization of off-gas networks in integrated steelworks 综合钢厂废气管网优化的二次规划模型
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2019025
Alessandro Maddaloni, Ruben Matino, I. Matino, S. Dettori, A. Zaccara, V. Colla
The European steel industry is constantly promoting developments, which can increase efficiency and lower the environmental impact of the steel production processes. In particular, a strong focus refers to the minimization of the energy consumption. This paper presents part of the work of the research project entitled “Optimization of the management of the process gas network within the integrated steelworks” (GASNET), which aims at developing a decision support system supporting energy managers and other concerned technical personnel in the implementation of an optimized off-gases management and exploitation considering environmental and economic objectives. A mathematical model of the network as a capacitated digraph with costs on arcs is proposed and an optimization problem is formulated. The objective of the optimization consists in minimizing the wastes of process gases and maximizing the incomes. Several production constraints need to be accounted. In particular, different types of gases are mixing in the same network. The constraints that model the mixing make the problem computationally difficult: it is a non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP). Two formulations of the problem are presented: the first one is a minimum cost flow problem, which is a linear program and is thus computationally fast to solve, but suitable only for a single gas network. The second formulation is a quadratically constrained quadratic program, which is slower, but covers more general cases, such as the ones, which are characterized by the interaction among multiple gas networks. A user-friendly graphical interface has been developed and tests over existing plant networks are performed and analyzed.
欧洲钢铁工业正在不断推动发展,这可以提高效率,降低钢铁生产过程对环境的影响。特别地,一个强大的焦点是指最小化的能源消耗。本文介绍了题为“综合钢铁厂内工艺气体网络管理的优化”(GASNET)研究项目的一部分工作,该项目旨在开发一个决策支持系统,支持能源管理人员和其他有关技术人员在考虑环境和经济目标的情况下实施优化的废气管理和开发。提出了一个有能力有向图的网络的数学模型,并提出了一个优化问题。优化的目标是使工艺气体的浪费最小化,使收益最大化。需要考虑几个生产限制。特别是,不同类型的气体在同一网络中混合。模拟混合的约束使得问题的计算困难:它是一个非凸二次约束二次规划(QCQP)。给出了该问题的两种表述:第一种是最小成本流问题,它是一个线性规划,因此计算速度快,但只适用于单个燃气网络。第二个公式是一个二次约束的二次规划,它较慢,但涵盖了更一般的情况,例如那些以多个气体网络之间的相互作用为特征的情况。开发了一个用户友好的图形界面,并对现有工厂网络进行了测试和分析。
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引用次数: 9
7e Journées Protection Cathodique et Revêtements Associés 第7天阴极保护和相关涂层
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2019033
Sylvain Fontaine
Le CEFRACOR organise, du 9 au 11 juin 2020, les 7e Journées Protection Cathodique et Revêtements Associés, destinées à rassembler toutes les personnes intéressées par ces techniques, qu’elles soient expertes, spécialistes ou encore peu familières de ces domaines. Elles s’adressent aux donneurs d’ordre et utilisateurs comme aux concepteurs, fournisseurs, sociétés de service ou encore aux administrations, laboratoires, universités et centres de recherche. Cet évènement est enregistré par la Fédération européenne de corrosion (EFC) sous la désignation EFC Event n° 455.
CEFRACOR将于2020年6月9日至11日组织第七届阴极保护和相关涂料日,旨在聚集所有对这些技术感兴趣的人,无论他们是专家、专家还是不熟悉这些领域的人。它们针对的是客户和用户,以及设计师、供应商、服务公司或行政部门、实验室、大学和研究中心。该事件由欧洲腐蚀联盟(EFC)注册为EFC事件n°455。
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引用次数: 0
Le phosphore dans les fers et aciers. Points de vue historiques et thermochimiques 铁和钢中的磷。历史和热化学观点
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2020003
J. L. Coze
Les effets de la présence du phosphore dans les aciers modernes et dans les fers anciens sont passés en revue. Des fers phosphoreux, décrits par les archéologues, ont été fabriqués depuis de nombreux siècles à partir de minerais phosphoreux, soit par la voie indirecte (haut-fourneau + affinerie), soit par réduction directe du minerai. Avant la découverte du phosphore élémentaire, on parlait des « fers cassants à froid ». Ces fers, à fortes teneurs en phosphore, ne posaient pas de problème de forgeage à chaud, car leurs teneurs en carbone étaient très basses. Il a fallu attendre le début du 19esiècle pour trouver des remèdes à cette maladie. Les aciers modernes à très faibles teneurs en phosphore résiduel présentent généralement des risques de fragilité, différents des fers anciens.
研究了磷在现代钢和旧铁中存在的影响。正如考古学家所描述的,几个世纪以来,磷矿铁已经通过间接(高炉+精炼厂)或直接还原矿石制造出来。在元素磷被发现之前,人们谈论的是“冷脆铁”。这些铁磷含量高,在热锻中没有问题,因为它们的碳含量很低。直到19世纪初,人们才找到治疗这种疾病的方法。与旧铁不同,磷含量极低的现代钢通常有脆性风险。
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引用次数: 0
Utilisation des sédiments d’envasement de barrages comme matières premières locales dans la production des briques 利用大坝泥沙作为当地生产砖的原料
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/MATTECH/2019009
Fatima Nedloussi, L. Benamara, K. Ouhba
L’objectif de notre travail est d’utiliser les sédiments de dragage du barrage de Gargar (Algérie) dans le domaine de l’industrie des matériaux de construction. Cette industrie possède un caractère stratégique dans les pays en développement : outre son poids économique considérable, elle favorise le dynamisme de son principal client, l’industrie du bâtiment et des travaux publics. Celle-ci contribue pour une large part à l’investissement national et au développement de l’industrie des matériaux de construction locaux. La disponibilité locale de matériaux de construction est un enjeu vital du développement pour les raisons suivantes : elle correspond à une demande essentielle des populations les plus démunies pour obtenir un logement à un coût acceptable, elle structure le développement des autres branches et elle constitue l’une des principales articulation des secteurs modernes et informels de production. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les caractéristiques physiques et minéralogiques des sédiments d’envasement du barrage de Gargar (wilaya de Relizane) permettent leur utilisation dans l’industrie des briques, en comparaison avec celles produites actuellement, et ceci pour réduire les coûts de dévasement des barrages et protéger l’environnement des quantités importantes que présentent ces particules qui ne sont pas exploitées.
我们工作的目标是将阿尔及利亚Gargar大坝的疏浚沉积物用于建筑材料行业。这个行业在发展中国家具有战略意义:除了其相当大的经济权重外,它还促进了其主要客户——建筑和公共工程行业的活力。它对国家投资和当地建筑材料工业的发展作出了重大贡献。有无当地建筑材料是发展的一个关键问题,因为下列原因:它相当于最贫困人口的基本需求,以获得住房的可接受的成本,它的结构和其他行业的发展也是一个主要的生产现代和非正式部门的衔接。本研究结果显示,泥沙淤积的矿物学的物理特性和大坝Gargar雷利赞(wilaya),允许其使用砖瓦行业相比,目前生产的食品,这对于降低成本并dévasement水坝及保护环境的这些粒子不显示的大量开采。
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引用次数: 2
The (love & hate) role of entropy in process metallurgy 熵在过程冶金中的(爱与恨)作用
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/mattech/2019028
H. Tveit, L. Kolbeinsen
Process metallurgy is the basis for the production, refining and recycling of metals and is based on knowledge of transport phenomena, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, and of their interaction in high-temperature, heterogeneous metallurgical processes. The entropy concept is crucial in describing such systems, but, because entropy is not directly observable, some effort is required to grasp the role of entropy in process metallurgy. In this paper, we will give some examples of how entropy has a positive effect on efforts to reach the process objectives in some cases, while in other cases, entropy acts in contradiction to the desired results. In order to do this, it is necessary to have a closer look at both the entropy concept itself as well as at other functions like free energy and exergy since they encompass entropy. The chosen case is the production of silicon. It is the huge entropy change in the process that is utilized. The case is not chosen arbitrary. Indeed, it is the authors’ strong belief that silicon will be one of the foundations for the environmental and energy future planned for in the “Paris-agreement”. We will also explore relatively recent research in physics and thermodynamics that led to the description of the concepts like “dissipative systems and structures”. Dissipative systems are thermodynamically open systems, operating out of, and often far from thermodynamic equilibrium and exhibit dynamical regimes that are in some sense in a reproducible self-organized steady state. Such structures can arise almost everywhere provided this structure, feeding on low entropy resources, dissipates entropy generated in the form of heat and waste material in parallel with the wanted products/results. Examples range from metallurgical processes to the emergence of industrial symbiosis.
过程冶金学是金属生产、精炼和回收的基础,它建立在传输现象、热力学和反应动力学以及它们在高温、非均相冶金过程中的相互作用的基础上。熵的概念在描述这样的系统是至关重要的,但是,由于熵是不能直接观察到的,需要一些努力来掌握熵在过程冶金中的作用。在本文中,我们将给出一些例子,说明熵在某些情况下如何对实现过程目标的努力产生积极影响,而在其他情况下,熵的行为与期望的结果相矛盾。为了做到这一点,有必要仔细研究熵概念本身以及其他函数,如自由能和火能用,因为它们包含熵。选择的例子是硅的生产。利用的是过程中巨大的熵变。这种情况不是任意选择的。事实上,这两位作者坚信,硅将成为《巴黎协定》所规划的环境和能源未来的基础之一。我们还将探讨物理学和热力学中相对较新的研究,这些研究导致了对“耗散系统和结构”等概念的描述。耗散系统是热力学开放系统,在热力学平衡之外运行,通常远离热力学平衡,并表现出在某种意义上处于可复制的自组织稳态的动力学体系。这样的结构几乎可以在任何地方出现,只要这种结构以低熵资源为食,在需要的产品/结果的同时,以热量和废物的形式消散熵。例子包括从冶金过程到工业共生的出现。
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引用次数: 2
Prediction of impact damage in composite sandwich plates 复合材料夹层板冲击损伤预测
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/MATTECH/2019006
M. A. Wahab, Tony Jabbour, P. Davies
This study tracks the development of an analytical model, designed to investigate the dynamic response of a composite sandwich plate subjected to a low-velocity impact. The model is based on the thick anisotropic plate theory, developed by Reddy and Pagano, which takes into account a through-thickness shear. An indentation law, as proposed by Hertz, is used to model the local response under the impactor. The good correlation between the shock and the simulation results testifies the validity of the method as far as the prediction of the contact force and the shear deformation in the core are concerned.
本研究跟踪了一个分析模型的发展,旨在研究复合材料夹层板在低速撞击下的动态响应。该模型基于Reddy和Pagano提出的厚各向异性板理论,该理论考虑了贯穿厚度的剪切作用。采用赫兹提出的压痕律来模拟冲击器作用下的局部响应。冲击与仿真结果的良好相关性证明了该方法在预测岩心接触力和剪切变形方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 2
Laser-induced modification of amorphous GST225 phase change materials 非晶GST225相变材料的激光诱导改性
IF 0.9 Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/MATTECH/2019008
S. Kozyukhin, P. Lazarenko, Y. Vorobyov, M. Savelyev, A. Polokhin, V. Glukhenkaya, A. Sherchenkov, A. Gerasimenko
In this paper, we have studied the crystallization behavior of amorphous GST225 thin films upon irradiation with nanosecond laser pulses. Crystalline and melt-quenched amorphous regions were produced by exposure to laser single or multipulses, and were characterized by the optical microscopy and by the micro-Raman spectroscopy. Transition region between the amorphous and crystalline parts of the laser-modified area was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Using irradiation by single laser pulses with varying fluence, it was verified that crystallization was possible if the fluence is more than 90.4 mJ/cm2.
本文研究了非晶GST225薄膜在纳秒激光脉冲照射下的结晶行为。在单脉冲或多脉冲激光照射下产生结晶和熔融淬火的非晶态区域,并通过光学显微镜和微拉曼光谱对其进行了表征。利用原子力显微镜研究了激光修饰区非晶态和晶态之间的过渡区域。采用不同辐照辐照强度的单脉冲激光辐照,验证了辐照辐照强度大于90.4 mJ/cm2时可以结晶。
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引用次数: 3
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