{"title":"Reconciling the Three Teachings: Tu Long's (1543–1605) Self-Cultivation and Playwriting","authors":"Mengxiao Wang","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41859348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editing Pipa Ji for the Late Ming Popular Theater: The Identity of the \"Singing Hermit\" and His Editorial Work","authors":"Peng Xu","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"159 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47129148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mushroom Cloud Over the Northern Capital: Writing the Tianqi Explosion in the Seventeenth Century","authors":"Naixi Feng","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"112 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48570890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines the ideal and reality of the Ming postal system. As revealed in early-Ming regulations, the Ming founder and his advisors sought to create a postal system that delivered mail quickly, securely, and at low costs. Yet sources from the mid- and late Ming suggest that few postmen met the speed requirement set out in official regulations. Although some Ming officials blamed such failures on the perceived laxity of postmen and their supervisors, a closer analysis of the evidence indicates that the problem stemmed rather from the state's inability to create appropriate risk-reward incentives for these underpaid postmen. By examining the discrepancy between how the Ming state sought to incentivize postmen and how postmen behaved in practice, this study shows that the effectiveness of Ming bureaucratic management depended not only on the familiar strategies of vertical supervision, but also on certain less-studied dynamics of lateral cooperation.
{"title":"More Haste, Less Speed: Sources of Friction in the Ming Postal System*","authors":"Chelsea Zi Wang","doi":"10.1353/late.2019.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2019.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines the ideal and reality of the Ming postal system. As revealed in early-Ming regulations, the Ming founder and his advisors sought to create a postal system that delivered mail quickly, securely, and at low costs. Yet sources from the mid- and late Ming suggest that few postmen met the speed requirement set out in official regulations. Although some Ming officials blamed such failures on the perceived laxity of postmen and their supervisors, a closer analysis of the evidence indicates that the problem stemmed rather from the state's inability to create appropriate risk-reward incentives for these underpaid postmen. By examining the discrepancy between how the Ming state sought to incentivize postmen and how postmen behaved in practice, this study shows that the effectiveness of Ming bureaucratic management depended not only on the familiar strategies of vertical supervision, but also on certain less-studied dynamics of lateral cooperation.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"40 1","pages":"140 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2019.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42874116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The 1689 peace negotiations in Nerchinsk between Muscovite Russia and Qing China resulted in the first bilateral settlement of the territorial disputes between the two empires and led to extensive surveys in the frontier region. More importantly, the surviving textual and material evidence qualifies this encounter as a site of knowledge exchange that provides exemplary insights into the Jesuits' activities as knowledge brokers in late imperial China. By using Jesuit, Russian, and Qing sources, this article reconstructs the exchange of geographic information in Nerchinsk and traces the knowledge fragments that made up the Jesuits' new spatial imagination of these lands. In arguing that their European cartographic training ultimately prevented them from successfully integrating the fragments of local geographic knowledge that were exchanged at the negotiations, it presents the Jesuits as highly problematic go-betweens and their allegedly "superior" knowledge as essentially refracted.Despite these deficiencies, the Jesuits were nonetheless successful in devaluing local practices of knowledge production while at the same time diffusing and consolidating their self-purported image as experts in geography and cartography through their connections to the European Republic of Letters. By matching the Jesuits' accounts with contemporary maps, travelogues, and geographic descriptions produced by Muscovites, Manchus, and the native peoples of Northeast Asia, this study rehabilitates the supposedly inferior knowledge of these local actors and traces the distorted picture of the Northeast Asian coast found in many historical European atlases to the Jesuits' failed knowledge brokerage.
{"title":"The Negotiated Geography of the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and the Role of the Jesuits","authors":"Helena Jaskov","doi":"10.1353/late.2019.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2019.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The 1689 peace negotiations in Nerchinsk between Muscovite Russia and Qing China resulted in the first bilateral settlement of the territorial disputes between the two empires and led to extensive surveys in the frontier region. More importantly, the surviving textual and material evidence qualifies this encounter as a site of knowledge exchange that provides exemplary insights into the Jesuits' activities as knowledge brokers in late imperial China. By using Jesuit, Russian, and Qing sources, this article reconstructs the exchange of geographic information in Nerchinsk and traces the knowledge fragments that made up the Jesuits' new spatial imagination of these lands. In arguing that their European cartographic training ultimately prevented them from successfully integrating the fragments of local geographic knowledge that were exchanged at the negotiations, it presents the Jesuits as highly problematic go-betweens and their allegedly \"superior\" knowledge as essentially refracted.Despite these deficiencies, the Jesuits were nonetheless successful in devaluing local practices of knowledge production while at the same time diffusing and consolidating their self-purported image as experts in geography and cartography through their connections to the European Republic of Letters. By matching the Jesuits' accounts with contemporary maps, travelogues, and geographic descriptions produced by Muscovites, Manchus, and the native peoples of Northeast Asia, this study rehabilitates the supposedly inferior knowledge of these local actors and traces the distorted picture of the Northeast Asian coast found in many historical European atlases to the Jesuits' failed knowledge brokerage.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"40 1","pages":"45 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2019.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article argues for rethinking the significance of state-run Manchu language education in the Qing, suggesting that Manchu schools were designed not to maintain Manchu ethnic identity, but to produce a cohort of competent translators from all three of the major ethnic constituencies of the Eight Banners. Official efforts to improve Manchu knowledge in the banners, which took off in the Yongzheng period, were initially directed primarily at Hanjun. Han bannermen would continue to study Manchu, achieving their fair share of success in translation examinations, through the end of the dynasty. In addition, the article argues that Manchu was only one of several languages, albeit the most important, in which bannermen were intended to provide expertise. The official schools for foreign languages that opened in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly the Guangzhou Tongwen Guan, were not new innovations. Rather, they were directly based on the model of Manchu language schools, and most of the students enrolled in them were bannermen. The article concludes that translation work, not just military service, was one of the core functions of bannermen, and that language learning, even of Manchu, was thus tied far more to banner status than to ethnic background.
{"title":"Bannermen As Translators: Manchu Language Education in the Hanjun Banners","authors":"David C. Porter","doi":"10.1353/late.2019.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2019.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article argues for rethinking the significance of state-run Manchu language education in the Qing, suggesting that Manchu schools were designed not to maintain Manchu ethnic identity, but to produce a cohort of competent translators from all three of the major ethnic constituencies of the Eight Banners. Official efforts to improve Manchu knowledge in the banners, which took off in the Yongzheng period, were initially directed primarily at Hanjun. Han bannermen would continue to study Manchu, achieving their fair share of success in translation examinations, through the end of the dynasty. In addition, the article argues that Manchu was only one of several languages, albeit the most important, in which bannermen were intended to provide expertise. The official schools for foreign languages that opened in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly the Guangzhou Tongwen Guan, were not new innovations. Rather, they were directly based on the model of Manchu language schools, and most of the students enrolled in them were bannermen. The article concludes that translation work, not just military service, was one of the core functions of bannermen, and that language learning, even of Manchu, was thus tied far more to banner status than to ethnic background.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2019.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45734755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Detailing the traumatic experiences an individual, a family, and a local community in Jiangnan area underwent amidst the Taiping-Qing civil war (18511864), Shen Zi's Bikou riji raises questions about the diary as a literary, cultural, and historical phenomenon during catastrophic times. Written on used slips of paper of various sizes and pasted on the back of old account books, the manuscript registers numerous temporal dimensions for which the war serves as a reference point. Exploring this collage-like, patchwork manuscript as an archeological site reveals two essential aspects of diaries: the references to the self and the temporal structure with implied narrativity. Ultimately, Shen Zi's heavily edited, patchwork manuscript diary showcases how a diary synthesizes the experiences from the realms of both the personal and the historical within the temporal structure of the everyday in catastrophic times.
{"title":"Stitching Words to Suture Wounds: A Manuscript Diary from the Taiping-Qing Civil War (1851–64)","authors":"Huan Jin","doi":"10.1353/late.2019.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2019.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Detailing the traumatic experiences an individual, a family, and a local community in Jiangnan area underwent amidst the Taiping-Qing civil war (1851<en>1864), Shen Zi's Bikou riji raises questions about the diary as a literary, cultural, and historical phenomenon during catastrophic times. Written on used slips of paper of various sizes and pasted on the back of old account books, the manuscript registers numerous temporal dimensions for which the war serves as a reference point. Exploring this collage-like, patchwork manuscript as an archeological site reveals two essential aspects of diaries: the references to the self and the temporal structure with implied narrativity. Ultimately, Shen Zi's heavily edited, patchwork manuscript diary showcases how a diary synthesizes the experiences from the realms of both the personal and the historical within the temporal structure of the everyday in catastrophic times.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"40 1","pages":"141 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2019.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45736464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generations of sinologists worldwide have relied on congshu — texts published in print as collections — for their training and research, yet the term has resisted straightforward translation.1 Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (1884–1975) in 1931 endorsed the Latinate term collectanea, defining it as “a collection of reprints on several subjects by several authors.” Hummel also noted the continued popularity of these “miniature libraries” in modern times, including their instrumental role in building the great sinological collections in the United States.2 In our present age of electronic catalogs and full-text databases, a few clicks allow the scholar access to individual titles without going through the intermediate steps of locating the congshu in which the text was printed. Libraries have begun to pull the great boxes of congshu off the shelves. Ironically, the
{"title":"Re-Collecting the Glorious Age: Yang Fuji and the Disciplining of Zhaodai Congshu, 1772–1844","authors":"H. Bian","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2019.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2019.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Generations of sinologists worldwide have relied on congshu — texts published in print as collections — for their training and research, yet the term has resisted straightforward translation.1 Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (1884–1975) in 1931 endorsed the Latinate term collectanea, defining it as “a collection of reprints on several subjects by several authors.” Hummel also noted the continued popularity of these “miniature libraries” in modern times, including their instrumental role in building the great sinological collections in the United States.2 In our present age of electronic catalogs and full-text databases, a few clicks allow the scholar access to individual titles without going through the intermediate steps of locating the congshu in which the text was printed. Libraries have begun to pull the great boxes of congshu off the shelves. Ironically, the","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2019.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46299492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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