Abstract:Mass migration of male Chinese merchants and laborers to maritime Southeast Asia in the 17th and 18th centuries fundamentally reshaped world trade networks and colonial state-building. However, it also catalyzed social and cultural interactions between Chinese migrants and the Europeans and Southeast Asians they encountered overseas. Chinese migrantsconstructed and adjusted their own group identity in response to the multilateral cultural interactions that were an inescapable part of life in overseas port cities. This study examines a central tension in the social and political lives of Chinese migrants in late 18th century Batavia (modern Jakarta). On one hand, elite Chinese merchants carved out a political and legal constituency that was premised on the self-evident existence of well-defined “Chinese households” and “Chinese customary law.” On the other hand, the daily lives of their constituents regularly transgressed these ethnic categories through cultural hybridization, driven by marriage practices that ensured that most nominally “Chinese” women were in fact of Indonesian descent. In response, the Chinese elite and their subjects turned various aspects of the Batavian legal system into a forum for the negotiation of what constituted proper Chinese behavior. Elite men on the Chinese council attempted to use Dutch legal codification projects to impose a Confucianized vision of proper gendered behavior within those households. At the same time, the minutes of the law court administered by the Chinese council reveal how ordinary male and female litigants articulated their own notions of justice, and how the judges of the Chinese council used their privileged position as judges to intervene in the lives of their subjects. The courts thus functioned as sites for the negotiation of gender norms, the production of a tenuous ideological hegemony about the duties of husbands and wives, and, in extremis, the use of coercion and spectacular punishment to discipline an unruly populace.
{"title":"Wounding Our Customs: Law, Gender, and Pluralism in Chinese Batavia, 1740–1811","authors":"L. Cenci","doi":"10.1353/late.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Mass migration of male Chinese merchants and laborers to maritime Southeast Asia in the 17th and 18th centuries fundamentally reshaped world trade networks and colonial state-building. However, it also catalyzed social and cultural interactions between Chinese migrants and the Europeans and Southeast Asians they encountered overseas. Chinese migrantsconstructed and adjusted their own group identity in response to the multilateral cultural interactions that were an inescapable part of life in overseas port cities. This study examines a central tension in the social and political lives of Chinese migrants in late 18th century Batavia (modern Jakarta). On one hand, elite Chinese merchants carved out a political and legal constituency that was premised on the self-evident existence of well-defined “Chinese households” and “Chinese customary law.” On the other hand, the daily lives of their constituents regularly transgressed these ethnic categories through cultural hybridization, driven by marriage practices that ensured that most nominally “Chinese” women were in fact of Indonesian descent. In response, the Chinese elite and their subjects turned various aspects of the Batavian legal system into a forum for the negotiation of what constituted proper Chinese behavior. Elite men on the Chinese council attempted to use Dutch legal codification projects to impose a Confucianized vision of proper gendered behavior within those households. At the same time, the minutes of the law court administered by the Chinese council reveal how ordinary male and female litigants articulated their own notions of justice, and how the judges of the Chinese council used their privileged position as judges to intervene in the lives of their subjects. The courts thus functioned as sites for the negotiation of gender norms, the production of a tenuous ideological hegemony about the duties of husbands and wives, and, in extremis, the use of coercion and spectacular punishment to discipline an unruly populace.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"42 1","pages":"131 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2021.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42676360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study discusses the production context, supporting networks, and circulation of a large multi-sheet map produced at the Yongzheng court in 1727–8. The 98-sheet map added the entire Russian empire to its Kangxi-era predecessor, which has featured prominently in the literature. By zooming in on this hitherto unexplored Yongzheng edition, new light is shed on the entire series of eighteenth-century Qing-era court maps, which emerge as snapshots of a rapidly evolving, specifically Manchu spatial imaginary rooted entirely in the geo-administrative make-up of the Qing polity.
{"title":"Reimagining Qing Space: Yongzheng’s Eurasian Atlas (1727–29)","authors":"Mario Cams","doi":"10.1353/late.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study discusses the production context, supporting networks, and circulation of a large multi-sheet map produced at the Yongzheng court in 1727–8. The 98-sheet map added the entire Russian empire to its Kangxi-era predecessor, which has featured prominently in the literature. By zooming in on this hitherto unexplored Yongzheng edition, new light is shed on the entire series of eighteenth-century Qing-era court maps, which emerge as snapshots of a rapidly evolving, specifically Manchu spatial imaginary rooted entirely in the geo-administrative make-up of the Qing polity.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"42 1","pages":"129 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2021.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44055319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This essay investigates literary approaches to objects in the wake of dynastic transition by examining Zhang Dai’s (1597–?1684) inscriptions on his family’s possessions. Zhang exploits the formal conventions of inscription (ming)¬¬—“praise” and “admonition”—to reconcile the imperatives of remembrance with pointed moral judgments, working to redeem Ming practices of connoisseurship, while assessing their imbrication in the destruction of inter-dynastic war. In doing so, he reimagines the literary conceit of “friendship” with things. Late Ming collectors had personified objects as “friends” to model an empathetic understanding for, or eccentric obsession with their belongings. Zhang Dai reconsiders the implications of this posture amid the ruins of the fallen dynasty, casting the object as a witness to historical trauma, one that observes and critiques the failings of its human custodians.
{"title":"The Inscription of Remnant Things: Zhang Dai’s “Twenty-Eight Friends”","authors":"T. Kelly","doi":"10.1353/late.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay investigates literary approaches to objects in the wake of dynastic transition by examining Zhang Dai’s (1597–?1684) inscriptions on his family’s possessions. Zhang exploits the formal conventions of inscription (ming)¬¬—“praise” and “admonition”—to reconcile the imperatives of remembrance with pointed moral judgments, working to redeem Ming practices of connoisseurship, while assessing their imbrication in the destruction of inter-dynastic war. In doing so, he reimagines the literary conceit of “friendship” with things. Late Ming collectors had personified objects as “friends” to model an empathetic understanding for, or eccentric obsession with their belongings. Zhang Dai reconsiders the implications of this posture amid the ruins of the fallen dynasty, casting the object as a witness to historical trauma, one that observes and critiques the failings of its human custodians.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"42 1","pages":"1 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2021.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article situates the agency of the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736–1795) as an imperial collector as well as his rhetoric and artistic strategies in the politico-cultural appropriation of imperial art collections by focusing on a case study of carved lacquer, the most labor-intensive and time-consuming decorating genre in lacquer industry. More specifically, I investigate the role of Ming (1368–1644) official carved lacquer part of pre-Qing antiquities from the Forbidden City in shaping the material and visual culture in the Qianlong court, in light of Ming and Qing official works as well as the imperial workshop archives. Examined through the text-image interplay, imperial poems inscribed on Ming official lacquerwares with Qianlong’s seals and marks reveal their afterlife in eighteenth-century China. Furthermore, I argue that the Ming visuality and technological exchanges between the court and Suzhou laid the foundation for Qianlong’s patronage under his commissions that, combined with Jiangnan-based craftsmanship, ultimately transformed carved lacquer from one dynastic transitional heritage into an artistic achievement.
{"title":"Artisanal Luxury and Confucian Statecraft: The Afterlife of Ming Official Carved Lacquer at the Qianlong Court","authors":"Zhenpeng Zhan","doi":"10.1353/late.2021.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2021.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article situates the agency of the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736–1795) as an imperial collector as well as his rhetoric and artistic strategies in the politico-cultural appropriation of imperial art collections by focusing on a case study of carved lacquer, the most labor-intensive and time-consuming decorating genre in lacquer industry. More specifically, I investigate the role of Ming (1368–1644) official carved lacquer part of pre-Qing antiquities from the Forbidden City in shaping the material and visual culture in the Qianlong court, in light of Ming and Qing official works as well as the imperial workshop archives. Examined through the text-image interplay, imperial poems inscribed on Ming official lacquerwares with Qianlong’s seals and marks reveal their afterlife in eighteenth-century China. Furthermore, I argue that the Ming visuality and technological exchanges between the court and Suzhou laid the foundation for Qianlong’s patronage under his commissions that, combined with Jiangnan-based craftsmanship, ultimately transformed carved lacquer from one dynastic transitional heritage into an artistic achievement.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"42 1","pages":"45 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2021.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42214258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article traces how the concept of the “Central State” (Zhongguo), the term used to refer to China in classical and modern Chinese, experienced thorough transformation and gained its modern meaning as a territorial, sovereign country during the second half of the nineteenth century. The Qing empire once defined its Other primarily diachronically as previous dynasties. As the Qing empire reconceptualized itself from a dynastic state to an imperial nation, its Other became redefined horizontally as foreign colonial powers. This article argues that the translation of international law and experiences of diplomats overseas, both facilitated by the Qing’s systematic engagement with the Euro-centric “family of nations” following the Arrow War (1856–60), played an important role in this conceptual revolution. By the last decade of Qing rule, the “Central State” was perceived by many of its own intellectuals and officials as but one “parallel” (pingxing) country competing for survival in a globe comparable to the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China; meanwhile, the Qing was viewed as but one regime in Chinese history whose fate warranted special concern only as a means to save the trans-dynastic entity that was the Chinese nation (Zhongguo). Boding ill for the fate of China’s last dynasty, this nineteenth-century reenvisioning shaped how the “Central State” has been imagined domestically and internationally ever since.
{"title":"From Dynastic State to Imperial Nation: International Law, Diplomacy, and the Conceptual Decentralization of China, 1860s–1900s","authors":"Yue Du","doi":"10.1353/late.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article traces how the concept of the “Central State” (Zhongguo), the term used to refer to China in classical and modern Chinese, experienced thorough transformation and gained its modern meaning as a territorial, sovereign country during the second half of the nineteenth century. The Qing empire once defined its Other primarily diachronically as previous dynasties. As the Qing empire reconceptualized itself from a dynastic state to an imperial nation, its Other became redefined horizontally as foreign colonial powers. This article argues that the translation of international law and experiences of diplomats overseas, both facilitated by the Qing’s systematic engagement with the Euro-centric “family of nations” following the Arrow War (1856–60), played an important role in this conceptual revolution. By the last decade of Qing rule, the “Central State” was perceived by many of its own intellectuals and officials as but one “parallel” (pingxing) country competing for survival in a globe comparable to the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China; meanwhile, the Qing was viewed as but one regime in Chinese history whose fate warranted special concern only as a means to save the trans-dynastic entity that was the Chinese nation (Zhongguo). Boding ill for the fate of China’s last dynasty, this nineteenth-century reenvisioning shaped how the “Central State” has been imagined domestically and internationally ever since.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"42 1","pages":"177 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2021.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42570069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Relations and Affective States in Classical Chinese Medical Practice: Zhang Jiebin and the Problem of Renqing","authors":"L. Struve","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45759460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Threats to Gong: Environmental Change and Social Transformation in Northwest China","authors":"Wesley Chaney","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"45 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43572847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Korean Scholarship on Sino-Korean Relations During the Ming-Qing Period","authors":"Seunghyun Han","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"181 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47275201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linguistic Compartmentalization and the Palace Memorial System in the Eighteenth Century","authors":"Mårten Söderblom Saarela","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"131 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48284190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Promotion, Patronage, and Poetic Socialization: The Tongqiu Society and its Role in Wang Duanshu's Shaoxing Years","authors":"E. Widmer","doi":"10.1353/late.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/late.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"41 1","pages":"130 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/late.2020.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47823249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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