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Creating the Innovative University 创建创新型大学
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.21300/21.4.2020.3
R. Hall
Universities are among the oldest institutions in the world. In America, most of the highest-ranked universities were founded in the 19th century or earlier. Despite their age, universities need to innovate, perhaps now more than ever, to serve evolving societal needs, modernize through use of technology, stay financially viable, and fulfill their missions. University innovation is more than inventorship, technology transfer, and commercialization. It entails developing a culture that stimulates novel and integrated change through education, research, and public service as well as clinical care, athletics, the arts, and various auxiliary activities. This article shows how innovation appears in university rankings and in university mission statements, providing insights into how universities can become innovative universities.
大学是世界上最古老的机构之一。在美国,大多数排名最高的大学都成立于19世纪或更早。尽管历史悠久,但大学需要创新,也许现在比以往任何时候都更需要创新,以满足不断变化的社会需求,通过使用技术实现现代化,保持经济上的可行性,并完成他们的使命。大学创新不仅仅是发明、技术转让和商业化。它需要发展一种文化,通过教育、研究、公共服务、临床护理、体育、艺术和各种辅助活动来激发新颖和综合的变化。本文展示了创新如何出现在大学排名和大学使命宣言中,为大学如何成为创新型大学提供了见解。
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引用次数: 3
Innovating the Medical Imaging Course 创新医学影像学课程
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.21300/21.4.2020.5
Christopher Wiedeman, Huidong Xie, X. Mou, Ge Wang
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), especially deep learning, have generated tremendous impacts throughout our society, including the tomographic medical imaging field. In contrast to computer vision and image analysis, which have been major application examples of deep learning and deal with existing images, tomographic medical imaging mainly produces cross-sectional or volumetric images of internal structures from sensor measurements. Recently, deep learning has started being actively developed worldwide for medical imaging, including both tomographic reconstruction and image analysis. While medical imaging is a well-established field, in which extensive teaching experience has been accumulated over the past few decades, updating the medical imaging course to reflect AI/ML influence is a new challenge given the rapidly changing landscape of AI-based medical imaging, particularly deep tomographic imaging. In the 2019 fall semester, the medical imaging course at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute was modified to include an AI framework with positive feedback from students. Encouragingly, many students showed a strong motivation to learn AI in classes and hands-on projects, as confirmed in their survey reports. In the 2020 fall semester, we improved this course further, incorporating new advances. This article describes our teaching philosophy, practice, and considerations with respect to integrating deep learning, tomographic imaging, and hands-on programming to redefine the medical imaging course. Furthermore, given the persistent pandemic, online teaching and examination have become an integral part of higher education. These needs will be addressed as well, with the hope of developing an open course in the future.
人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML),特别是深度学习,已经在整个社会产生了巨大的影响,包括断层医学成像领域。计算机视觉和图像分析是深度学习和处理现有图像的主要应用实例,与之相反,断层医学成像主要通过传感器测量产生内部结构的横截面或体积图像。最近,深度学习在世界范围内开始积极发展,用于医学成像,包括断层成像重建和图像分析。虽然医学成像是一个成熟的领域,在过去的几十年里积累了丰富的教学经验,但鉴于基于人工智能的医学成像领域,特别是深度断层成像领域的快速变化,更新医学成像课程以反映AI/ML的影响是一个新的挑战。在2019年秋季学期,伦斯勒理工学院(Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)的医学成像课程进行了修改,加入了一个人工智能框架,并得到了学生的积极反馈。令人鼓舞的是,正如他们的调查报告所证实的那样,许多学生在课堂上和实践项目中表现出了学习人工智能的强烈动机。在2020年秋季学期,我们进一步完善了这门课程,纳入了新的进展。这篇文章描述了我们的教学理念、实践以及关于整合深度学习、层析成像和动手编程来重新定义医学成像课程的考虑。此外,鉴于疫情持续蔓延,在线教学和考试已成为高等教育的一个组成部分。这些需要也将得到解决,希望将来能开设一门公开课程。
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引用次数: 0
Issues to Consider Before Asserting A Software Patent 主张软件专利之前要考虑的问题
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.205
M. Greenbaum, S. Herrman
Software patents have garnered a lot of attention in recent years due, at least in part, to the proliferation of software-enabled devices, such as smartphones and tablets, and the use of software to control a range of devices from automobiles to kitchen appliances. Enforcement of software patents involves unique legal issues that should be considered before asserting a patent against an accused infringer. A primary issue to consider is whether the patent claims are still patent-eligible under recent changes in the law. Also, certain types of software patents are vulnerable to attack in U.S. Patent Office proceedings, but these proceedings are not available unless the patent owner takes step to provoke them. In addition, software inventions are often implemented as method patents, which have unique requirements and restrictions that should be considered. For example, steps of a method patent must all be performed by an accused infringer in the United States and must all be performed by the same entity (or under the direction or control of that entity). Where a software invention is not implemented as a method patent, pre-suit damages may not be available unless the patentee's own products are properly marked with the patent number, and software has very different requirements for marking than more tangible products. A careful consideration of each of these issues is essential before moving forward with a lawsuit.
近年来,软件专利获得了很多关注,至少部分原因是智能手机和平板电脑等软件设备的激增,以及软件用于控制从汽车到厨房电器等一系列设备。软件专利的执行涉及独特的法律问题,在对被指控的侵权者主张专利之前应该考虑这些问题。要考虑的一个主要问题是,根据最近法律的变化,专利权利要求是否仍然具有专利资格。此外,某些类型的软件专利在美国专利局的诉讼程序中很容易受到攻击,但除非专利所有者采取措施激怒他们,否则这些诉讼程序是不可用的。此外,软件发明往往以方法专利的形式实施,方法专利具有独特的要求和限制,需要加以考虑。例如,方法专利的所有步骤都必须由美国的被指控侵权人执行,并且必须由同一实体执行(或在该实体的指导或控制下)。软件发明不作为方法专利实施的,除非专利权人自己的产品正确地标注了专利号,否则不能获得诉前损害赔偿,而软件的标注要求与更有形的产品有很大的不同。在提起诉讼之前,仔细考虑这些问题是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
Infringement Battles: A Case Study Illustrates The Need for Reforms 侵权之战:一个案例研究说明了改革的必要性
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.237
Kevin J. Parker
237 We present a case of a university invention and the long, costly legal process that was required to challenge prominent infringing products. This history highlights a number of areas where reforms are urgently needed so that small entities can defend their intellectual property with realistic budgets, timelines, and solid facts—and without baseless recriminations. A call for coordinated action is made to restore the ability of the National Academy of Inventors members and other inventors and small entities to access the law in defense of issued patents.
237本案例涉及一所大学的发明,以及为挑战著名的侵权产品而进行的漫长而昂贵的法律程序。这段历史凸显了一些迫切需要改革的领域,以便小实体能够用现实的预算、时间表和确凿的事实来保护自己的知识产权,而不是毫无根据的相互指责。我们呼吁采取协调一致的行动,恢复美国国家发明人学会成员和其他发明人以及小型实体利用法律保护已颁发专利的能力。
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引用次数: 0
How the U.S. Courts View the Rights of Individual Patentees: A Case Study 美国法院如何看待个人专利权人的权利:一个案例研究
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.229
F. Tehrani
This article presents a case study of patent litigation involving an individual academic inventor and three manufacturers that were using her invention and marketing it worldwide. The article provides an overview of the invention, the patent covering it, and the manner in which the case was handled at different levels in the U.S. courts. A brief discussion of the recent trends in restricting patent litigation and some recommendations for improving and streamlining the process are provided. In addition, some of the possible impacts of implementing recently suggested measures that bear on the ability of individual and academic inventors to assert their patent rights are also discussed.
本文提出了一个专利诉讼的案例研究,涉及一位学术发明人个人和三家使用其发明并在世界范围内进行营销的制造商。本文概述了该发明、涉及该发明的专利,以及美国法院在不同级别处理该案件的方式。简要讨论了限制专利诉讼的最新趋势,并提出了一些改进和简化程序的建议。此外,本文还讨论了实施最近提出的对个人和学术发明人主张其专利权的能力可能产生的一些影响。
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引用次数: 0
The NAI Profile: An Interview With Dr. Dereje Agonafer NAI简介:采访deeje Agonafer博士
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.251
D. Agonafer, Kimberly A. Macuare
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引用次数: 0
The NAI Chapter Spotlight: Virginia Commonwealth University 聚焦:弗吉尼亚联邦大学
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.259
I. Metcheva, Kimberly A. Macuare
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引用次数: 0
From the USPTO: A New Publication Offers Inventors and Businesses Guidance on Protecting Their Intellectual Property in China 美国专利商标局:一份新出版物为发明人和企业提供了在中国保护其知识产权的指导
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.247
S. Perlmutter
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引用次数: 0
An Idea That Has Come of Age—Organized Innovation: a Blueprint for Renewing America's Prosperity 有组织的创新:重振美国繁荣的蓝图
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.243
P. Sanberg, K. Burg
Universities have long recognized the need to create pathways for ideas and new technologies to advance from academic labs to market; however, the decentralized and haphazard nature of American innovation means that some discoveries may be neglected. In order to more effectively address the issues with innovation, a research team led by Steven Currall produced a new framework in the book Organized Innovation: A Blueprint for Renewing America's Prosperity. Because of the current drive of universities to increase innovation, economic development, and corporate partnerships, we thought it was timely to revisit this book and offer commentary on its lessons for navigating these demands.
大学早就认识到有必要为思想和新技术从学术实验室推向市场创造途径;然而,美国创新的分散性和随意性意味着一些发现可能会被忽视。为了更有效地解决创新问题,Steven Currall领导的一个研究小组在《有组织的创新:重振美国繁荣的蓝图》一书中提出了一个新的框架。由于当前大学推动创新、经济发展和企业合作,我们认为是时候重新审视这本书,并对其指导这些需求的经验教训进行评论。
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引用次数: 0
Extending Exclusivity for Biopharmaceuticals to Deter Competing Generics: A Review of Strategies, Potential Mitigation, and Similarities to Infringement 延长生物制药专有权以阻止竞争仿制药:策略、潜在缓解和侵权相似之处的回顾
IF 0.5 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-08-29 DOI: 10.21300/21.3.2020.215
C. Phelps
Some patents confront infringement—unauthorized use of the inventions in the patent—thus violating the exclusive use intent of the U.S. Constitution's creation of the patent system to encourage innovation. In other situations, the reverse occurs—patent holders seek to extend their exclusivity period to prevent competitive entrants. This commonly occurs in biopharmaceutical products markets, where annual revenues on many patented drugs exceed $1 billion per year and (most importantly) where several pathways allow extension of exclusivity. This paper reviews the relevant legislation (Bayh-Dole Act, Orphan Drug Act, Hatch-Waxman Act, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act) as well as the safety and efficacy regulations of the FDA that control marketing of biopharmaceutical products. The paper then assesses methods used to extend patent exclusivity—some legal, some clearly illegal, and some with ambiguous legal status—in order to deter generic entrants. These methods include using FDA "citizen's petitions," creating generic equivalents of branded drugs to block other generic entrants, deterring potential generic competitors from gaining samples to prove bioequivalence to original formulations, seeking additional patents to extend exclusivity (sometimes for trivial changes), paying potential entrants to delay entry, subdividing the potential patient population to qualify for extensions granted by "orphan drug" status, and (most recently) selling patents to Native American tribes to prevent challenges to their validity. The paper concludes by discussing remedies—primarily legislative—that could either eliminate these actions and/or clarify their legality. Then follows a comparison between these entry-delaying strategies and patent infringement itself.
有些专利面临侵权——未经授权使用专利中的发明——因此违反了美国宪法为鼓励创新而建立专利制度的独占使用意图。在其他情况下,情况正好相反——专利持有人试图延长其独占期,以阻止有竞争力的进入者。这通常发生在生物制药产品市场,其中许多专利药物的年收入超过每年10亿美元,而且(最重要的是)有几种途径允许延长专有权。本文回顾了相关立法(Bayh-Dole法案、Orphan Drug法案、Hatch-Waxman法案和FDA现代化法案)以及FDA控制生物制药产品上市的安全性和有效性法规。然后,论文评估了用于延长专利独占性的方法——有些是合法的,有些显然是非法的,还有一些具有模糊的法律地位——以阻止仿制药进入者。这些方法包括使用FDA的“公民请愿”,创建品牌药的仿制药以阻止其他仿制药进入者,阻止潜在的仿制药竞争对手获得样品以证明与原始配方的生物等效性,寻求额外的专利以延长排他性(有时是微不足道的变化),付钱给潜在的进入者以延迟进入,细分潜在的患者群体以获得“孤儿药”地位授予的延长资格。以及(最近)向美洲土著部落出售专利,以防止对其有效性的挑战。本文最后讨论了补救措施——主要是立法——可以消除这些行为和/或澄清其合法性。然后将这些延迟进入策略与专利侵权本身进行比较。
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Technology and Innovation
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