Police interviewers in England and Wales engage in the practice of investigative interviewing that is based on obtaining neutral, institutionally accepted account from suspects. This involves a process not only of eliciting information from suspects, but also of managing the interview by choosing topics for questioning, seeking clarification and additional details, and shaping the account to fulfil institutional requirements. Interviewers must therefore be sensitive to any unclear meanings from the suspect and avoid potential misunderstandings in order to avoid misrepresentation of account. This study uses authentic police interview data to exemplify the interactional process of meaning negotiation between police officers and suspects, examining how multiple constraints of this very restrictive communication context can affect which meanings are put on record and resolved, and which are ignored or left unresolved. The paper finishes by offering practical applicable insights about how interviewers can avoid misunderstandings in the interview room.
{"title":"“I never said that”","authors":"Chi-Hé Elder, Luna Filipović","doi":"10.1075/ps.21080.eld","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.21080.eld","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Police interviewers in England and Wales engage in the practice of investigative interviewing that is based on\u0000 obtaining neutral, institutionally accepted account from suspects. This involves a process not only of eliciting information from\u0000 suspects, but also of managing the interview by choosing topics for questioning, seeking clarification and additional details, and\u0000 shaping the account to fulfil institutional requirements. Interviewers must therefore be sensitive to any unclear meanings from\u0000 the suspect and avoid potential misunderstandings in order to avoid misrepresentation of account. This study uses authentic police\u0000 interview data to exemplify the interactional process of meaning negotiation between police officers and suspects, examining how\u0000 multiple constraints of this very restrictive communication context can affect which meanings are put on record and resolved, and\u0000 which are ignored or left unresolved. The paper finishes by offering practical applicable insights about how interviewers can\u0000 avoid misunderstandings in the interview room.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This EMCA (Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis) study concerns carers’ multimodal methods for including residents living with dementia in social activities in remote locations. It illustrates how groups of residents are pre-arranged and how the residents are subsequently singled out one by one through requests to come along. Though the request may be the second one, it may be designed as a first request. Subsequently, carers employ multimodal methods to solicit moving and to escort the singled-out residents. The paper concludes that carers’ methods are employed with a view to difficulties resulting from dementia and to pre-empt confusion in the residents. However, the methods may lead to exclusion. Except for one instance, this is not problematized by the residents. The paper argues that some residents may understand they will be included next or in a while. For other residents, forthcoming activities are not relevant unless extra efforts are made to reintroduce their relevance to them.
{"title":"Singling out","authors":"Gitte Rasmussen","doi":"10.1075/ps.23049.ras","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23049.ras","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This EMCA (Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis) study concerns carers’ multimodal methods for including\u0000 residents living with dementia in social activities in remote locations. It illustrates how groups of residents are pre-arranged\u0000 and how the residents are subsequently singled out one by one through requests to come along. Though the request may be the second\u0000 one, it may be designed as a first request. Subsequently, carers employ multimodal methods to solicit moving and to escort the\u0000 singled-out residents.\u0000 The paper concludes that carers’ methods are employed with a view to difficulties resulting from dementia and to\u0000 pre-empt confusion in the residents. However, the methods may lead to exclusion. Except for one instance, this is not\u0000 problematized by the residents. The paper argues that some residents may understand they will be included next or in a while. For\u0000 other residents, forthcoming activities are not relevant unless extra efforts are made to reintroduce their relevance to them.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139607515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines how the value of rule of law is negotiated through public prosecutors’ attitudinal positioning of themselves and defendants in courtroom discourse. A corpus-based analysis of 120 recent Chinese digital indictments revealed that the evaluative stances of public prosecutors toward themselves invariably imply positive judgment of capacity and legal propriety in their legal investigation, thus constructing a stable and authoritative image of law enforcers. Their attitudes toward defendants are mainly negative judgments of both moral and legal propriety through various criminal actions, creating a predominantly evil image of law violators with different personae. It is through these sharply different patterns of discourse representation that public prosecutors tactically construct and negotiate attitudes toward crime and justice, thus establishing mainstream judicial values during legal proceedings. This study may shed new light on the research of legal argumentation for negotiating judicial values under the civil law system in this digital era.
{"title":"Negotiating the value of rule of law through attitudinal positioning","authors":"Chunxu Shi","doi":"10.1075/ps.23026.shi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23026.shi","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines how the value of rule of law is negotiated through public prosecutors’ attitudinal\u0000 positioning of themselves and defendants in courtroom discourse. A corpus-based analysis of 120 recent Chinese digital indictments\u0000 revealed that the evaluative stances of public prosecutors toward themselves invariably imply positive judgment of capacity and\u0000 legal propriety in their legal investigation, thus constructing a stable and authoritative image of law enforcers. Their attitudes\u0000 toward defendants are mainly negative judgments of both moral and legal propriety through various criminal actions, creating a\u0000 predominantly evil image of law violators with different personae. It is through these sharply different patterns of discourse\u0000 representation that public prosecutors tactically construct and negotiate attitudes toward crime and justice, thus establishing\u0000 mainstream judicial values during legal proceedings. This study may shed new light on the research of legal argumentation for\u0000 negotiating judicial values under the civil law system in this digital era.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139609271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper contributes to ongoing research on memory work with a focus on “memory work markers” (mwm), affirmative and negative constructions with first person singular verbs such as ‘I remember’ and ‘I know’. We observe them in a longitudinal approach, based on a hexagonal French corpus of biographical interviews, and compare speakers with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and cognitive impairment (CI) with matched speakers in normal aging. We observe a general tendency to use negative mwm more frequently in normal aging, while the speaker with AD uses positive as well as negative mwm for memory work performance, and the speaker with CI as tools for topic self-selection. We conclude that framing the process of remembering with mwm can preserve speakers’ autonomy and that an inclusive conversation style could be enhanced by the nuanced awareness of mwm and their relevance in interaction.
{"title":"“That was a long time ago”","authors":"Elena Bandt, A. Gerstenberg","doi":"10.1075/ps.23054.ban","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23054.ban","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The paper contributes to ongoing research on memory work with a focus on “memory work markers” (mwm), affirmative and negative constructions with first person singular verbs such as ‘I remember’ and ‘I know’. We observe them in a longitudinal approach, based on a hexagonal French corpus of biographical interviews, and compare speakers with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and cognitive impairment (CI) with matched speakers in normal aging. We observe a general tendency to use negative mwm more frequently in normal aging, while the speaker with AD uses positive as well as negative mwm for memory work performance, and the speaker with CI as tools for topic self-selection. We conclude that framing the process of remembering with mwm can preserve speakers’ autonomy and that an inclusive conversation style could be enhanced by the nuanced awareness of mwm and their relevance in interaction.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139606106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scalar implicature is a very interesting topic in linguistic pragmatics. This study is intended to argue that, based on the Cognitive Grammar paradigm, scalar implicature is contextually activated by schematic networks. From a hierarchical perspective, those linguistic units sharing the same schema can be compared; from a horizontal perspective, these units are distributed from the stronger to the weaker in terms of semantic inclusion. The encyclopedic nature of context determines that using a weaker lexical item to implicate the denial of a stronger statement has become a cognitive routine which is presumed to be shared by the speaker and hearer. The study concludes that scalar implicature lies in between semantics and pragmatics.
{"title":"Scalar implicature","authors":"Yanfei Zhang, Nina Liang, Shaojie Zhang","doi":"10.1075/ps.22090.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.22090.zha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scalar implicature is a very interesting topic in linguistic pragmatics. This study is intended to argue that,\u0000 based on the Cognitive Grammar paradigm, scalar implicature is contextually activated by schematic networks. From a hierarchical\u0000 perspective, those linguistic units sharing the same schema can be compared; from a horizontal perspective, these units are\u0000 distributed from the stronger to the weaker in terms of semantic inclusion. The encyclopedic nature of context determines that\u0000 using a weaker lexical item to implicate the denial of a stronger statement has become a cognitive routine which is presumed to be\u0000 shared by the speaker and hearer. The study concludes that scalar implicature lies in between semantics and pragmatics.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139614896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study suggests that the concept of proto-conversation may be used to describe and understand communication with people with late-stage dementia who have lost their abilities to produce verbal language. In the study, a multimodal conversation analytic method is used to analyze sequences of interactions between professional caregivers in an elderly care home and people with late-stage dementia. The study shows how minimal actions (shift of gaze directions, vocalizations or bodily movements) not instantly recognizable as intentional, communicative conduct, may be recognized and treated as communicative contributions by engaging the person living with dementia in proto-conversations. In such interactional sequences, the caregivers do not only turn the contributions of persons with dementia into actions through their responses, but they also treat the persons as agentive actors and position them as partners in interaction.
{"title":"‘Proto-conversation’ as a practice in late-stage dementia care","authors":"L. Hydén, Anna Ekström, A. Majlesi","doi":"10.1075/ps.23048.hyd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23048.hyd","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study suggests that the concept of proto-conversation may be used to describe and understand communication with people with late-stage dementia who have lost their abilities to produce verbal language. In the study, a multimodal conversation analytic method is used to analyze sequences of interactions between professional caregivers in an elderly care home and people with late-stage dementia. The study shows how minimal actions (shift of gaze directions, vocalizations or bodily movements) not instantly recognizable as intentional, communicative conduct, may be recognized and treated as communicative contributions by engaging the person living with dementia in proto-conversations. In such interactional sequences, the caregivers do not only turn the contributions of persons with dementia into actions through their responses, but they also treat the persons as agentive actors and position them as partners in interaction.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139614866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experimental research recommends that climate change debaters actively contradict misinformation. This study examines discursively how participants do so during prominent televised Danish debates, that is, how they orient towards elements in other participants’ preceding talk about climate change causes and implications as factually wrong. Three types are considered: (i) contradictions produced by the interviewer in the next turn; (ii) contradictions produced by a co-participant after being allocated the turn by the interviewer; and (iii) contradictions produced by a co-participant in a self-selected turn. Analysis reveals that the contradictions are attuned to and limited by these sequential circumstances. The study overall finds that sequential context significantly impacts climate change debaters’ possibilities for contradicting misinformation; in particular, potential misinformation may be ‘smuggled’ into multi-unit turns, which can prove difficult for co-panelists to confront because of the format’s turn-taking provision.
{"title":"Contradicting potential climate misinformation during televised debates","authors":"Søren Beck Nielsen","doi":"10.1075/ps.23011.bec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23011.bec","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Experimental research recommends that climate change debaters actively contradict misinformation. This study\u0000 examines discursively how participants do so during prominent televised Danish debates, that is, how they orient towards elements\u0000 in other participants’ preceding talk about climate change causes and implications as factually wrong. Three types are considered:\u0000 (i) contradictions produced by the interviewer in the next turn; (ii) contradictions produced by a co-participant after being\u0000 allocated the turn by the interviewer; and (iii) contradictions produced by a co-participant in a self-selected turn. Analysis\u0000 reveals that the contradictions are attuned to and limited by these sequential circumstances. The study overall finds that\u0000 sequential context significantly impacts climate change debaters’ possibilities for contradicting misinformation; in particular,\u0000 potential misinformation may be ‘smuggled’ into multi-unit turns, which can prove difficult for co-panelists to confront because\u0000 of the format’s turn-taking provision.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139615059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This case study explores the dynamics of code choices in interactions involving bilingual people living with dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (DAT) and their primary care partners, focusing on two narrative interviews held in private settings. Drawing on a combination of Communication Accommodation Theory and Conversation Analysis, it takes account of the patterns, communicative functions and effects of code choices and code switching as practices of interactional adjustment. The qualitative analysis sheds light on inclusive and non-inclusive interactional adjustments expressed through code choices by individual speakers, especially focusing on code accommodation at turn boundaries. Results indicate a high language awareness in the two speakers living with DAT and positive communicational outcomes when code accommodation is performed by the conversational partner.
本案例研究探讨了双语阿尔茨海默型痴呆症（DAT）患者及其主要护理伙伴在互动中的语码选择动态，重点是在私人场合进行的两次叙述性访谈。该研究结合了交流调适理论和会话分析法，考虑到了作为互动调适实践的语码选择和语码转换的模式、交流功能和效果。定性分析揭示了个别说话者通过语码选择所表达的包容性和非包容性互动调整，尤其侧重于转折界限处的语码调适。结果表明，两名患有 DAT 的说话者具有较高的语言意识，当对话伙伴进行代码调适时，会产生积极的交际效果。
{"title":"Code accommodation as a measure of inclusion for bilingual people living with dementia of the Alzheimer’s\u0000 type","authors":"C. Schneider, Birte Bös","doi":"10.1075/ps.23042.sch","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23042.sch","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This case study explores the dynamics of code choices in interactions involving bilingual people living with\u0000 dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (DAT) and their primary care partners, focusing on two narrative interviews held in private\u0000 settings. Drawing on a combination of Communication Accommodation Theory and Conversation Analysis, it takes account of the\u0000 patterns, communicative functions and effects of code choices and code switching as practices of interactional adjustment. The\u0000 qualitative analysis sheds light on inclusive and non-inclusive interactional adjustments expressed through code choices by\u0000 individual speakers, especially focusing on code accommodation at turn boundaries. Results indicate a high language awareness in\u0000 the two speakers living with DAT and positive communicational outcomes when code accommodation is performed by the conversational\u0000 partner.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boyd H. Davis, M. Maclagan, Meredith Troutman-Jordan
This study traces the initial processes in creating and assessing ‘comics,’ or graphic materials of various sorts, which illustrate situations in dementia caregiving. Dementia care materials intended for paid caregivers need to accommodate three related work situations (home care aides, residential care aides and nursing assistants), and be comprehensible for low-literacy and second-language caregivers. Their creation draws on pragmatic constructs underlying an emphasis on reading oneself into the materials and on interpersonal interaction between caregiver and recipient. While our focus here is on English, we also illustrate our work with Filipino, Latin American Spanish, and Taiwanese Mandarin.
{"title":"Learning from initial reviews of multilingual graphics illustrating dementia caregiving","authors":"Boyd H. Davis, M. Maclagan, Meredith Troutman-Jordan","doi":"10.1075/ps.23065.dav","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23065.dav","url":null,"abstract":"This study traces the initial processes in creating and assessing ‘comics,’ or graphic materials of various sorts, which illustrate situations in dementia caregiving. Dementia care materials intended for paid caregivers need to accommodate three related work situations (home care aides, residential care aides and nursing assistants), and be comprehensible for low-literacy and second-language caregivers. Their creation draws on pragmatic constructs underlying an emphasis on reading oneself into the materials and on interpersonal interaction between caregiver and recipient. While our focus here is on English, we also illustrate our work with Filipino, Latin American Spanish, and Taiwanese Mandarin.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139166144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using recorded interactions between nursing home residents and care staff, this study demonstrates interactional strategies of younger recreation workers during a weekly recreational activity named Tea Time Talk that serves to reduce generational as well as epistemic gaps with the residents. This study focuses on how older residents’ reference to memory loss or forgetfulness is deindividuated and trivialized by humorously framing it as something the participants can forget together. I will claim that such intergenerational interactions on a regular basis help create solidarity between the residents and nursing home staff, as well as maintain dignity of and respect towards the older residents who often experience a sense of exclusion from the ‘here and now’ which affects their life satisfaction at the end-of-life stage.
{"title":"“Let’s Just Forget It!”","authors":"Toshiko Hamaguchi","doi":"10.1075/ps.23057.ham","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.23057.ham","url":null,"abstract":"Using recorded interactions between nursing home residents and care staff, this study demonstrates interactional strategies of younger recreation workers during a weekly recreational activity named Tea Time Talk that serves to reduce generational as well as epistemic gaps with the residents. This study focuses on how older residents’ reference to memory loss or forgetfulness is deindividuated and trivialized by humorously framing it as something the participants can forget together. I will claim that such intergenerational interactions on a regular basis help create solidarity between the residents and nursing home staff, as well as maintain dignity of and respect towards the older residents who often experience a sense of exclusion from the ‘here and now’ which affects their life satisfaction at the end-of-life stage.","PeriodicalId":44036,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics and Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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