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Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of a Marine Diesel Engine with Machine Learning Techniques 基于机器学习技术的船用柴油机状态监测与故障诊断
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.31217/p.37.1.4
G. Koçak, Veysel Gokcek, Yakup Genç
A marine engine room is a complex system in which many different subsystems are interacting with each other. At the center of this system is the main diesel engine which produces the propulsion force. Many other components such as compressed air, cooling, heating, lubricating oil, fuel, and pumping systems act as auxiliary machines to the main engine. Automation of many functions in the engine room is starting to play an important role in new generation ships to provide better control using sensors monitoring the engine and its environment. Sensors exist in the current generation ships, but engineers evaluate the sensor data for the presence of any problems. Maintenance actions are taken based on these manual analyses or regular maintenance is carried out at times determined by manufacturers, whether such actions are needed or not. With machine learning, it is possible to develop an algorithm using past evaluations made by engineers. Recent studies show that highly accurate results can be obtained using machine learning methods when there is sufficient data. In this study, we develop new learning-based algorithms and evaluate them on data obtained from a realistic ship engine room simulator. Data for a predetermined set of parameters of a high-power diesel engine were collected and analyzed for their role in a set of fault situations. These fault conditions and the associated sensor data are used to train a set of classifiers achieving fault detection up to 99% accuracy. These are promising results in preventing future damage to the engine or its supporting components by predicting failures before they occur.
船舶机舱是一个复杂的系统,其中许多不同的子系统相互作用。这个系统的中心是产生推进力的主柴油机。许多其他部件,如压缩空气、冷却、加热、润滑油、燃料和泵系统,都是主机的辅助设备。在新一代船舶中,机舱许多功能的自动化开始发挥重要作用,通过传感器监测发动机及其环境,提供更好的控制。传感器存在于当前的舰船上,但工程师们会评估传感器数据是否存在任何问题。根据这些人工分析采取维护措施,或者在制造商确定的时间进行定期维护,无论是否需要此类措施。通过机器学习,可以利用工程师过去的评估开发出一种算法。最近的研究表明,当有足够的数据时,使用机器学习方法可以获得高度精确的结果。在这项研究中,我们开发了新的基于学习的算法,并在真实船舶机舱模拟器的数据上对它们进行了评估。收集了大功率柴油机的一组预定参数的数据,并分析了它们在一组故障情况下的作用。这些故障条件和相关的传感器数据被用来训练一组分类器,达到高达99%的故障检测精度。这些都是很有希望的结果,通过在故障发生之前预测故障,可以防止未来对发动机或其支持部件的损坏。
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引用次数: 0
International Marine Tourism 国际海洋旅游
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.31217/p.37.1.3
M. Troian, O. Prokopenko, M. Järvis, V. Saichuk, Igor Komarnitskyi, V. Glybovets
In today’s globalised and open world, international marine tourism needs renewal, reorganisation and definition of perspectives, including in the context of the concept of sustainable development. In order to determine the state and possible prospects for the development of international marine tourism in the context of sustainable development priorities, a bibliometric and contextual analysis of the conclusions and recommendations of selected scientific publications was carried out. Relevant publications since 1987 were searched using the Dimensions research database search engine. This analysis identified the trend in the number of publications, the most numerous research categories according to Fields of Research and the Sustainable Development Goals, the most productive journals and the network of authors. As a result of the contextual analysis of the selected articles, the need for (1) management reforms and (2) scientific research at all levels, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development and the Global Code of Ethics in Tourism, (3) clustering and externalization of marine tourism in accordance with the orientation towards specific community and (4) further development of the blue economy and protection and restoration of natural resources of coastal areas as a basis for marine tourism activities. The results of the research can be useful for the scientific community, the general public and specialists in the field of bibliography.
在当今全球化和开放的世界中,国际海洋旅游需要更新、重组和定义视角,包括在可持续发展概念的背景下。为了确定可持续发展优先事项背景下国际海洋旅游发展的现状和可能的前景,对选定的科学出版物的结论和建议进行了文献计量学和背景分析。使用Dimensions研究数据库搜索引擎检索1987年以来的相关出版物。该分析确定了出版物数量的趋势,根据研究领域和可持续发展目标,数量最多的研究类别,最具生产力的期刊和作者网络。根据所选文章的背景分析,需要(1)管理改革和(2)各级科学研究,按照可持续发展的概念和全球旅游业道德准则;(3)以特定社区为导向的海洋旅游集群化和外部化;(4)进一步发展蓝色经济,保护和恢复沿海地区的自然资源,作为海洋旅游活动的基础。研究结果对科学界、公众和目录学领域的专家都是有用的。
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引用次数: 2
Systematic Review of Port Choice Criteria for Evaluating Port Attractiveness Determinants (PART I) 港口吸引力决定因素评价的港口选择标准系统综述(上)
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.31217/p.37.1.8
Abdelhamid Adarrab, Mohamed Mamad, A. Houssaini, Mohamed Behlouli
The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify the Port Attractiveness Determinants (PADs) and their attributes. These attributes have been extracted from 87 references published between 1970 and 2022. In addition to the conceptual contribution, this review has added value at the methodological and empirical levels. Split in two parts, Part I of this paper presents the findings about the nine PADs identified in the sample screened, which stem from both bibliometric and content analyses performed using software programs and an in-depth screening performed by four reviewers. Part II of this review details the 116 items measuring the PADs.
本系统文献综述的目的是确定港口吸引力决定因素及其属性。这些属性是从1970年至2022年间发表的87篇参考文献中提取的。除了概念上的贡献外,这篇综述还在方法和实证层面上增加了价值。本文的第一部分分为两部分,介绍了在筛选的样本中确定的九个PAD的发现,这些发现源于使用软件程序进行的文献计量和内容分析,以及由四名评审员进行的深入筛选。本综述的第二部分详细介绍了测量PAD的116个项目。
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引用次数: 0
Schedule Reliability in Liner Shipping 班轮运输的调度可靠性
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.22
İlknur Gizem Yazar Okur, Okan Tuna
Due to the complex structure of the transportation systems, disruptions in transport operations may occur from time to time. In liner shipping, it is seen that shipping lines frequently deviate from the transit times announced in their vessel schedules, and this leads to schedule unreliability. This leads to schedule unreliability and affects all stakeholders. Based on actual transportation data, this study aims to evaluate the transit time reliability performance of shipping lines and the factors that may affect transit time reliability to investigate schedule reliability in liner shipping. To evaluate the transit time reliability of shipping lines’, transit time deviations were calculated based on observations containing 5080 transport data of shipping lines and current performances are discussed. Hypotheses were tested with independent sample t-test and Welch’s ANOVA to examine the factors affecting transit time reliability. Tamhane’s T2 post-hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups. Results show that transit time reliability of shipping lines is low. It has been observed that the type of service, season, vessel age, and TEU capacity of the vessel factors affect the transit time reliabillity. With this study, shipping lines can evaluate their reliability performances according to the competition. At the same time, lines can use these results to understand, evaluate and manage factors that affect their transit time reliability. In this direction, suggestions have been made to the shipping lines to contribute to improving transit time reliability and service quality. This article is regarded to close the gap in evaluating transit time reliability in liner transportation because it relies on actual transportation data.
由于运输系统结构复杂,运输运营中断可能不时发生。在班轮运输中,可以看出,航运公司经常偏离其船舶时间表中公布的运输时间,这导致了时间表的不可靠性。这会导致进度不可靠,并影响到所有利益相关者。基于实际运输数据,本研究旨在评估航运公司的运输时间可靠性性能以及可能影响运输时间可靠性的因素,以研究班轮运输中的时间表可靠性。为了评估航运公司的运输时间可靠性,基于包含5080条航运公司运输数据的观测结果,计算了运输时间偏差,并讨论了当前的表现。假设采用独立样本t检验和Welch方差分析来检验影响运输时间可靠性的因素。Tamhane的T2事后检验用于确定各组之间的差异。结果表明,航运公司的运输时间可靠性较低。据观察,服务类型、季节、船龄和船舶标准箱容量等因素会影响运输时间的可靠性。通过这项研究,航运公司可以根据竞争情况评估其可靠性性能。同时,线路可以利用这些结果来了解、评估和管理影响其运输时间可靠性的因素。在这个方向上,已经向航运公司提出了建议,以帮助提高运输时间的可靠性和服务质量。由于本文依赖于实际运输数据,因此被认为是填补了班轮运输中运输时间可靠性评估的空白。
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引用次数: 0
Marina Business in Relation to Development 与开发有关的码头业务
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.20
Damir Piplica, I. Peronja, T. Luković
Marina Business, or Marina in&with Business is a new term in the terminology of nautical tourism, introduced in Croatia in the conditions of COVID-19. In other words, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the old, disorganized relationships of entities operating in and with marinas. The damaged relations during the pandemic showed all the illogic in their existing relations as well as the damage to the better results of Croatian charters and ports of nautical tourism, especially marinas. The fact that the state distanced itself from the economy and the development of entrepreneurship was reflected in the development of nautical tourism in Croatia, which developed independently in all its sub-forms after the Homeland War. Favourable post-war opportunities on the market of nautical tourism offer, i.e. lagging in the development of nautical tourism capacities and high dynamics of tourism demand, favoured nautical tourism enterprises that achieved positive business results until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. If the problem of cruising is excluded, both large world cruises and small domestic cruises, nautical tourism ports, especially marinas and charters, developed dynamically, but with the intention of doing profitable business, the problems gradually deepened. At the same time, the relationship problem could not be solved due to the good mutual business results. The emergence of the pandemic in 2020 showed the other side of the cooperative relationship between charterers and marinas, which for both subjects led to the distancing of the state in aid programs that should have been specific and not general for subjects of all types of businesses. In addition to the problems of charters and marinas, it is also necessary to consider the activity of skippers, who are of great importance for Croatian charter, which is considered the largest in the world. The services of skippers are used by about 40% of sailors, and they are an important segment for the success of the Croatian charter business. It should be noted here that in the further paragraphs of this paper the terms nautical tourism ports and marinas will be used, and this is because charter is mainly located in marinas and only to a lesser extent in other forms of nautical tourism ports, so it is also mentioned in nautical tourism ports. Thus, the relationship “marina-charter-skippers” represents a working symbiosis that links it to the intention of all successful businesses. The goal of the research is to valorise the factors of the quality of business cooperation and good business relationships that ensure profitable business for everyone. The research hypothesis states that the necessary good business cooperation can be achieved through a higher level of cooperation than before.
Marina Business或Marina in&with Business是航海旅游术语中的一个新术语,在新冠肺炎的条件下引入克罗地亚。换言之,新冠肺炎疫情暴露了在码头内和与码头运营的实体之间陈旧而无序的关系。疫情期间受损的关系表明了他们现有关系的所有不合逻辑之处,也损害了克罗地亚包机和航海旅游港口,特别是码头的更好结果。国家与经济和创业发展保持距离的事实反映在克罗地亚航海旅游业的发展中,该旅游业在国土战争后以各种形式独立发展。战后航海旅游市场上的有利机会,即航海旅游能力发展滞后和旅游需求动态较高,有利于在新冠肺炎疫情爆发前取得积极经营成果的航海旅游企业。如果排除巡航问题,无论是大型世界邮轮还是小型国内邮轮,航海旅游港口,尤其是码头和包机,都是动态发展的,但为了做有利可图的生意,问题逐渐加深。同时,由于双方良好的业务成果,关系问题未能得到解决。2020年疫情的出现表明了租船人和码头之间合作关系的另一面,这对双方来说都导致了国家在援助计划中的距离,而这些援助计划本应是针对所有类型企业的特定而非一般性的。除了包机和码头的问题外,还必须考虑船长的活动,他们对克罗地亚包机非常重要,克罗地亚包机被认为是世界上最大的包机。船长的服务被大约40%的水手使用,他们是克罗地亚包机业务成功的重要组成部分。这里应该注意的是,在本文的后续段落中,将使用航海旅游港口和码头这两个术语,这是因为包机主要位于码头,而在其他形式的航海旅游港口中仅在较小程度上,因此在航海旅游港口也提到了包机。因此,“码头租船船长”的关系代表了一种工作共生关系,将其与所有成功企业的意图联系起来。这项研究的目标是评估商业合作质量和良好商业关系的因素,以确保每个人都能获得盈利。研究假设指出,必要的良好商业合作可以通过比以前更高水平的合作来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the cost-benefit method in the feasibility analysis of the Pelješac Bridge construction Pelješac大桥施工可行性分析中成本效益方法的评估
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.10
Hrvoje Baričević, Vlatka Ružić, Mile Perić
In the context of the construction of road infrastructure facilities, there is no doubt that the construction of new roads leads to an increase in the quality of transport services. A new road fosters the development of settlements through which it passes, and indirect benefits are achieved through new investments. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a method involves consideration of a project’s financial returns, and most data on project costs and benefits are obtained through a relatively detailed financial analysis. Any independent variable reflected in the change results in a set share in project analysis; it is a critical variable and must be evaluated as reliably as possible. The implementation of a historical capital project in the Republic of Croatia has been highlighted in this paper – the construction of the Pelješac Bridge. Based on the transport criterion, the research has shown significant advantages achieved by bridge construction in the surrounding and wider area. The positive effects of demographic, economic, and social parameters are multiplying. The economic effects of bridge construction are highly favourable since, on the one hand, they are expressed as benefits in terms of savings on the costs of all activities from primary to quintary. On the other hand, they represent multiplications regarding the use and revitalisation of employment and natural resources. In accordance with the expected faster economic growth, the offer structure will cause a change in the relations within service activities in the direction of strengthening investments, intellectual services, tourism with all of its accompanying activities, etc. In the case considered, non-measurable benefits have not been quantified, although, independently from the CBA, their feasibility is fundamental. Nota bene, this primarily refers to the political component in strategic decision-making, such as the integration of regions, i.e., the achievement of the state territory integrity.
在道路基础设施建设的背景下,毫无疑问,新道路的建设导致运输服务质量的提高。一条新的道路促进了它所经过的定居点的发展,并通过新的投资实现了间接的利益。成本效益分析(Cost-benefit analysis, CBA)是一种考虑项目财务回报的方法,大多数关于项目成本和效益的数据都是通过比较详细的财务分析获得的。变化中反映的任何自变量在项目分析中都是固定份额;它是一个关键变量,必须尽可能可靠地进行评估。本文强调了克罗地亚共和国历史性资本项目的实施- Pelješac大桥的建设。基于运输准则的研究表明,在周边和更广泛的地区进行桥梁建设具有显著的优势。人口、经济和社会因素的积极影响正在成倍增加。桥梁建设的经济影响是非常有利的,因为一方面,它们以节省从初级到初级的所有活动的费用来表示。另一方面,它们代表了就业和自然资源的使用和恢复活力方面的多重问题。与预期的更快的经济增长相一致,报价结构将导致服务活动之间的关系发生变化,方向是加强投资,智力服务,旅游及其所有伴随活动等。在考虑的情况下,不可衡量的收益尚未量化,尽管,独立于CBA,其可行性是基本的。这主要是指战略决策中的政治成分,如区域一体化,即实现国家领土完整。
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引用次数: 0
Cross examinations of maritime trade disruptions in Africa during COVID-19 pandemic 对2019冠状病毒病大流行期间非洲海上贸易中断的交叉审查
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.2
O. M. Olapoju
This study examined the influence of the disruption of COVID-19 on maritime shipping activities in Africa. Particular attention was paid to the variations in the performance of selected African countries in container ship calls, container throughput, and liner shipping connectivity between 2019 and 2020. Eighteen (18) African countries were selected from all the geographical regions of the continent based on data availability. Secondary data was drawn from records of maritime trade in the publications of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2019, 2020, and 2021) as well as World Bank Development Indicators for the selected countries. Explorative data analysis was used to organize and present the data. Results showed that the North African region alone recorded an improved percentage of container ship calls in 2020 than in 2019. Results by individual countries showed that Ghana recorded the highest positive increase in ship calls in 2020 from her record in 2019. In addition, Morocco, recorded the highest container throughput in 2020 than the record in 2019 while all the countries exhibited a winding record of liner connectivity between the last quarter of 2019 through the last quarter of 2020.The study concluded that the disruption of maritime activity by the COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on African countries’ performance. However, Africa has the potential to be more resilient to unforeseen shocks and become competitive if it is more integrated into the global supply chain and deploys modern and efficient technology and innovation to the shipping business more than it ever did.
本研究考察了2019冠状病毒病中断对非洲海运活动的影响。特别关注了2019年至2020年期间选定非洲国家在集装箱船停靠、集装箱吞吐量和班轮运输连通性方面的表现变化。根据数据的可得性,从非洲大陆的所有地理区域中选出十八(18)个非洲国家。次级数据来自联合国贸易和发展会议(UNCTAD)出版物(2019年、2020年和2021年)的海上贸易记录以及选定国家的世界银行发展指标。探索性数据分析用于组织和呈现数据。结果显示,仅北非地区在2020年的集装箱船停靠率就比2019年有所提高。各个国家的结果显示,与2019年的记录相比,加纳在2020年的船舶停靠量实现了最高的正增长。此外,摩洛哥在2020年的集装箱吞吐量超过了2019年的记录,而所有国家在2019年最后一个季度至2020年最后一个季度之间的班轮连通性都呈现出蜿蜒的记录。该研究得出结论,2019冠状病毒病大流行对海上活动的破坏对非洲国家的表现产生了复杂的影响。然而,如果非洲更多地融入全球供应链,并比以往更多地为航运业务部署现代高效技术和创新,非洲就有可能更有弹性地应对不可预见的冲击,并变得更具竞争力。
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引用次数: 0
Navigational safety assessment based on Markov-Model approach 基于马尔可夫模型方法的航海安全评价
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.16
O. Melnyk, S. Onyshchenko
Safety analysis of complex technical systems currently operating in the transport sector is an urgent challenge for the global maritime industry, which suffers from a lack of information about the levels of risk and the consequences of their incorrect assessment. Among the requirements for vessel management and operations the importance of having a highly professional crew and up-to-date navigational equipment. Navigational safety is one of the components of the integral concept of “safety” for a seagoing ship. Assessment of integral safety is based on assessments of the individual safety components. In this study, the focus is on “navigational safety”, which is primarily understood as ensuring safe operation of a vessel in specific navigation conditions, ensuring safe control and maneuvering of the vessel, ship position monitoring, heading control, sufficient depth margin under the keel along the route, taking into account its actual draft and subsidence in shallow water, and sea disturbance. In the offered research on the basis of the identified states of navigational safety, the graphic model of process and matrix of transition probabilities in the general form with use of homogeneous Markov model of change of navigational safety of a vessel, with discrete time and presence of absorbing state is formed. The proposed Markov process model can be used to assess vessel navigational safety when establishing possible states of navigational safety with significant probability to assess ship safety and make decisions to ensure safe vessel operation.
对运输部门目前运行的复杂技术系统进行安全分析是全球海运业面临的一项紧迫挑战,因为缺乏关于风险水平及其错误评估后果的信息。船舶管理和运营的要求包括拥有高度专业的船员和最新的导航设备的重要性。航行安全是海船“安全”概念的组成部分之一。整体安全评估是基于对单个安全组件的评估。在这项研究中,重点是“航行安全”,它主要被理解为确保船舶在特定航行条件下的安全操作,确保船舶的安全控制和操纵,船舶位置监测,航向控制,航线龙骨下有足够的深度裕度,考虑到其在浅水中的实际吃水和下沉,以及海洋扰动。在所提供的研究中,在识别航行安全状态的基础上,利用船舶航行安全变化的齐次马尔可夫模型,形成了具有离散时间和吸收状态的一般形式的过程图形模型和转移概率矩阵。当建立可能的航行安全状态时,所提出的马尔可夫过程模型可用于评估船舶航行安全,具有很大的概率,以评估船舶安全并做出确保船舶安全运行的决策。
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引用次数: 2
Risk assessment of the extraordinary pollution in the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia 对亚得里亚海作为克罗地亚共和国一个重要的经济地区的严重污染进行风险评估
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.4
Teo Malnar, Đani Šabalja, M. Đorđević, Pavao Komadina
Risk assessment links the likelihood of adverse events occurring to their consequences. Such assessment is used in labour management and trade-off determination to identify the safety and impacts associated with a particular interest. In the maritime sector, it is mainly used to raise safety standards, prevent pollution, and maintain a healthy marine ecosystem. Risk control itself is traditionally focused on the relationships between individual actions and consequences, which are later considered in groups to assess their acceptability in accordance with safety requirements. Therefore, the risk assessment for the extraordinary pollution of the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia are described in this paper. First, the area of analysis is defined, and a meteorological description of the eastern Adriatic coast is provided. The risk assessment is carried out in three steps. The first step is a description of waterways, and the analysis of traffic density, regulations, and types of vessels in individual areas. The second step is a detailed analysis of statistical data on accidents in the Adriatic Sea. Finally, the most probable and the most undesirable extraordinary pollution events and their impact on the Croatian economy are analysed. In addition, examples and procedures for determining risk acceptability and its control in a part of the Croatian coast are presented.
风险评估将不良事件发生的可能性与其后果联系起来。此类评估用于劳动力管理和权衡确定,以确定与特定利益相关的安全和影响。在海事部门,它主要用于提高安全标准、防止污染和维护健康的海洋生态系统。传统上,风险控制本身侧重于个人行为和后果之间的关系,随后分组考虑,以根据安全要求评估其可接受性。因此,本文介绍了对克罗地亚共和国具有重要经济意义的亚得里亚海异常污染的风险评估。首先,定义了分析区域,并提供了亚得里亚海东部海岸的气象描述。风险评估分三个步骤进行。第一步是描述水道,并分析各个区域的交通密度、法规和船只类型。第二步是对亚得里亚海事故的统计数据进行详细分析。最后,分析了最可能和最不可取的异常污染事件及其对克罗地亚经济的影响。此外,还介绍了克罗地亚部分海岸确定风险可接受性及其控制的实例和程序。
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引用次数: 1
Legal framework on pilotage in Croatia with special regard to 2021 amendments to the Ordinance on Sea pilotage 克罗地亚引航法律框架,特别是2021年《海上引航条例》修正案
IF 0.6 Q4 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.31217/p.36.2.21
Petra Amižić Jelovčić
Sea Pilotage in Croatia is regulated by the Croatian Maritime Code and the Ordinance on Sea pilotage. The Croatian Maritime Code contains general provisions on pilotage and defines non-compulsory pilotage, while the Ordinance on Sea pilotage determines what should be considered compulsory pilotage but also comprises provisions on pilotage company, pilots and Pilotage Exemption Certificate. Both of these legislations have been amended lately in order to align policies among themselves and with international and/or EU requirements. This paper gives an overview of contemporary legal framework of maritime pilotage in Croatia with a special reference to 2021 Amendments to the Ordinance. By using descriptive, comparative and compiling research method, the author analyzes the most important changes introduced by these amendments with the purpose to establish the level of alignment of relevant regulations as well as to assess if current provisions represent appropriate legal solutions of this important maritime institute.
克罗地亚的海上引航受《克罗地亚海事法》和《海上引航条例》的管制。《克罗地亚海事法》载有关于领港的一般规定,并对非强制性领港作出了定义,而《海上领港条例》则确定了什么应被视为强制性领港,但也包括关于领港公司、领港员和领港豁免证书的规定。这两项立法最近都进行了修订,以使它们之间的政策与国际和/或欧盟的要求保持一致。本文概述了克罗地亚当代海上引航法律框架,并特别提及2021年对该条例的修正案。作者采用描述性、比较性和汇编性研究方法,分析了这些修正案所带来的最重要的变化,目的是确定相关法规的一致性水平,并评估现行条款是否代表了这一重要海事机构的适当法律解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
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Pomorstvo-Scientific Journal of Maritime Research
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